考点46书面表达之观点看法类-2023年中考英语一轮复习（原卷版）

考点46书面表达之观点看法类一般来说，观点看法类文章的内在逻辑关系十分清晰，它除了考查考生的英文基础，还考查考生的逻辑能力。具体来说就是上下文的衔接过渡和文章层次的体现。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡性的词和短语来完成，在修辞中称为＂启、承、转、合＂。＂启＂就是开头，＂承＂就是承接，＂转＂是转折，＂合＂是综合或总结。1.用于表示＂启＂的过渡性的词和短语通常用在段落或文章的开头。此类过渡性的词和短语有first,firstofall,atfirst,inthefirstplace,firstly,tobeginwith,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,lately等。2.用于表示＂承＂的过渡性的词和短语通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中。此类过渡性的词和短语有second,inaddition,besides,then,moreover,what’smore,what’sworse,forexample,certainly,obviously,inotherwords,still,atthesametime,nodoubt等。3.用于表示＂转＂的过渡性的词和短语通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中。此类过渡性的词和短语有but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherwise,while,despite,inspiteof等。4.用于＂合＂的过渡性的词和短语通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中。过渡性词和短语有inaword,inshort,aboveall,afterall,finally,therefore,asaresult,onthewhole,insummary等。总之，要做好书面表达，需要大家把握以下几个原则：细读提示，抓要点：选择句型，准表达；确定线索，巧组合；适当发挥，保完整；规范书写，争高分；细查全文，除笔误。一、写作方法——十句作文法第一段为开头，包括两句。第一句为主题句，提出问题并通过问题点明全文主题；第二句为扩展句，进一步说明和支持主题句。另外，也可调整两句的顺序，由第一句说明情况，第二句提出问题。第二段为正文，共七句。第一句为主题句，提出本段的主题，它应与第一段的主题相一致。第二句至第七句为扩展句，说明和支持本段的主题。句与句之间要注意运用好过渡词，以使行文流畅。第三段为结尾，简化为一句，是对全文的总结，并说明作者自己的观点。三段之间的衔接要灵活运用＂启、承、转、合＂的过渡手段。二、应急百宝箱一代，五加，一扩＂具体说来就是：1.以实代虚——写实2.增加限定语——定语、状语等3.增加例子——forexample,suchas4.增加原因——进一步说明5.加套语（词块）6.加格言、谚语等——进一步说明7.扩充建议——自主发挥，点到即可三、注意事项1.观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点——主题。2.层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。3.最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。4.通常采用一般现在时。5.语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。一、开头句型Asfaras...isconcernedItgoeswithoutsayingthat...Itcanbesaidwithcertaintythat...Astheproverbsays...Ithastobenoticedthat...It’sgenerallyrecognizedthat...It’slikelythat...It’shardlytoomuchtosaythat...Whatcallsforspecialattentionisthat...需要特别注意的是There’snodenyingthefactthat...毫无疑问，无可否认Nothingismoreimportantthanthefactthat...What’sfarmoreimportantisthat...二、衔接句型Acaseinpointis...Asisoftenthecase...Asstatedinthepreviousparagraph如前段所述Buttheproblemisnotsosimple.Therefore...然而问题并非如此简单，所以……Butit’sapitythat...Forallthat...Inspiteofthefactthat...Further,weholdopinionthat...However,thedifficultiesin...Similarly,weshouldpayattentionto...not(that)...but(that)...不是……而是……Inviewofthepresentstation...鉴于目前形势Ashasbeenmentionedabove...综上所述Inthisrespect,wemanyaswell(say)...从这个角度上我们可以说……However,wehavetolookattheothersideofthecoin,thatis...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即……三、结尾句型Iwillconcludebysaying...Therefore,wehavethereasontobelievethat...Allthingsconsidered总而言之Itmaybesafelysaidthat...Therefore,inmyopinion,it’smoreadvisable...Itcanbeconcludedfromthediscussionthat...从中我们可以得出这样的结论Frommypointofview,itwouldbebetterif...在我看来……也许更好四、万能句型Let’stake...toillustratethis.试举例以兹证明Let’staketheabovechartasanexampletoillustratethis.Itremainstobefurtherstudied...There’squestionishow...观点看法类作文的整体结构有一定的模式可循，可以先写对比的一方面，再写另外一方面；也可以将对比的两个方面的不同点——比较着写。观点看法类作文的整体结构有一定的模式可循，可以先写对比的一方面，再写另外一方面；也可以将对比的两个方面的不同点——比较着写。对比观点看法类作文的写作摸板Thetopicof主题isbeingmoreandmorepopularrecently.Therearetwosidesofopinionsaboutit.SomepeoplesayAistheirfavourite.Theyholdtheirviewforthereasonof理由一.What’smore,理由二.Moreover,理由三.WhileothersthinkthatBisabetterchoiceinthefollowingthreereasons.First,理由一.Second(Besides),理由二.Third(Finally),理由三.Frommypointofview,Ithink我的观点.Thereasonisthat原因.Asamatteroffact,therearesomeotherreasonstoexplainmychoice.Forme,theformer(later)issurelyawisechoice.（一）每个人都有自己的兴趣爱好，但并不是所有的人能依照自己的兴趣发挥所长。当下的青少年面临着学业压力、父母的过度安排，很多时候无法做自己的选择。请以“Canteensmaketheirowndecisions?”为题，用英文写一篇短文。要求：1.逻辑清晰，内容完整，书写规范。2.文中不得出现真实姓名、校名等信息。3.词数100左右。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（二）近日，教育部印发了有关学生管理的通知。通知中明确规定，中小学生不得将个人带入校园。通知一出，就引发了热烈的讨论。有人说，可以作为学习工具，有效辅助学习。有人说，带会分散学生注意力，干扰学校教学秩序。也有人说，课堂上和课余时间应该区别对待。请你就中学生是否应该带上学为话题，发表你的观点。要求：不得出现真实姓名和班级；100词左右；书写工整清晰。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（三）面对学习和生活中普遍存在的压力，我们应当积极面对并设法级解。请以“LessPressure,BetterLife”为题，结合你的个人经历，与同学们分享你缓解压力的好办法。要求：1．词数80100（开头已给出，不计入总词数）；2．文中不得出现真实姓名和校名等相关信息。LessPressure,BetterLifeNowadays,pressurehasbeeamonproblemformiddleschoolstudents.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（四）根据学校调查，我国大部分青少年每天劳动时间较少，请根据内容提示，说一说你平时参加劳动的情况，说一说你对养成良好劳动习惯的看法。提示词：社区志愿服务munityvoluntaryservice；生活技能lifeskills；责任感asenseofresponsibility；劳动教育laboureducation。注意：1，根据中文和英文提示，可以适当发挥：2.短文不能出现真实的人名和校名；3.词数90110。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（五）2021年9月，钟南山院士被授予“共和国勋章”。人们不会忘记84岁高龄的钟南山院士奋战在抗疫一线的场面，我们只有身心健康才能为国家、社会做贡献。请以“HowtoKeepHealthy”为题，写一篇英语短文。提示：1.早睡早起，每天有充足的睡眠。2.少吃垃圾食品，多吃蔬菜水果。3.多做运动，每周至少锻炼三次。4.我们更应外向，交更多的朋友，成为班上最受欢迎的学生之一。5.我想要成为一名医生，帮助更多的人。要求：1.紧扣主题及提示，适当发挥，以使行文连贯。2.词数80个单词左右。(开头已给出，不计入总词数)3.文中不得出现真实的人名和校名。HowtoKeepHealthyHealthisimportanttoeveryone.Buthowcanwekeephealthy?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（六）“双减”政策后，学校布置的作业形式更多样化了，也更贴近学生生活实际了，但另一方面，家长也频频反应更需要家长参与孩子的作业了。在作业帮App的评论区总结得出以下3种看法：Shouldparentshelpoutafterthe“DoubleReduction”policy?看法理由应该让老师节约时间来专注教学；了解孩子的学习情况……不应该检查作业是老师的事，老师检查作业好了解学生掌握情况……看情况家长检查听写类简单作业，老师检查难作业……请你根据以上总结写一篇题为“ShouldParentsHelpOutAfterthe‘DoubleReduction’Policy?”的短文向《21世纪英文报》投稿，并发表你自己对此的看法。要求：1.120词左右，开头已给岀，不计入总词数；2.文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。

ShouldParentsHelpOutAfterthe“DoubleReduction”Policy?Recently,manyhottalkshavestillbeenseenonHomeworkApp._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（七）2022年的四月是第34个爱国卫生月，今年的活动主题是“文明健康，绿色环保”。请以ToBeaCivilizedTeenager为题，结合自身的校园生活，谈谈怎样积极参与到这项活动中来。要求：1.短文内容可适当增加。2.文中不得出现真实姓名与校名。3.词数：80100词左右。4.短文首句仅供参考，不计入总词数。参考词汇：civilized文明的

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sort分类ToBeaCivilizedTeenagerAsateenagerinthenewagewecandosomethingmeaningfultosetanexampleasacivilizedmemberofourschool._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1．（2022·黑龙江牡丹江·中考真题）随着义务教育“双减”政策的实施，学校的作业少了，课外辅导班叫停了。作为政策的亲历者，你的课余生活发生了哪些变化？你如何看待这一政策？现你校英文报刊就“双减”这一话题开设专栏，展开讨论。请根据思维导图以“Changesafterthe‘DoubleReduction’Policy”为题写一篇短文，向该栏目投稿。提示词：the“doublereduction”policy“双减”政策要求：1.内容全面，语言流畅，层次清晰，可适当发挥；2.词数不少于90词，至少含有两个复合句，开头已给出，不计入总词数。Changesafterthe“DoubleReduction”PolicySincethe“doublereduction”policywascarriedout,mylifehaschangedgreatly.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．（2022·四川雅安·中考真题）“读万卷书，行万里路。”阅读已成为我们生活必不可少的一部分。你校英语社团将举办以“热爱阅读”为主题的征文活动。请根据以下提示，以“EnjoyReading,EnjoyLife”为题写篇短文，分享你对阅读的看法，并提出建议。内容要点：1.阅读给你和同学们带来了什么好处，如：开阔视野……；2.同学们在阅读中还存在什么问题，如：一些人不愿意阅读，一些人没时间阅读……；3.针对存在的问题，提出你的建议(至少2条)。提示词：开阔视野openupone’smind注意：1.词数80—100，已经给出的部分不计入总词数；2.短文必须包括所有要点，可以适当发挥，使其连贯、通顺；3.文中不得出现真实人名、校名和地名等相关信息。EnjoyReading,EnjoyLifeReadinghasbeepartofourlife________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．（2022·辽宁辽宁·中考真题）根据要求完成大作文。词数：80~100词。快乐阅读，健康成长。某校英语社团向同学们发出“爱读书、读好书、善读书”的倡议。请根据以下要点提示，用英文写一份倡议书。写作要点：1.Whatbooksdoyouwanttoread?2.What’syourplanforreading?3.Howareyougoingtodothat?4.Whatcanyougetfromreading?5….写作要求：1.要点齐全，可以适当发挥；2.文中不得出现真实姓名和校名；3.文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。Dearschoolmates,Booksareourbestfriends.Readingbookscanprovideuswithrichknowledge.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4．（2022·吉林·中考真题）随着年龄的增长，青少年需要在生活中不断提高自我管理能力，以便在衣、食、住、行等方面更好地管理自己。请以“LearningtoManageOurOwnLives”为题，用英语写一篇短文。内容包括：1.结合实际，谈谈在生活中提高自我管理能力的重要性。2.列举在生活中自我管理能力薄弱的现象(至少两个)，并提出合理化建议。3.发出在生活中提高自我管理能力的号召。写作要求：1.语言流畅，层次清晰，内容可以适当发挥。2.词数80100，开头与结尾部分已经给出，不计入总词数。3.书写规范，卷面整洁。4.文中不能出现考生姓名和学校名称。LearningtoManageOurOwnLivesThesedays,weChineseteenagersoftendependonourparentsinourdailylives.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inshort,theearlierwemanageourownlives,thebetteritisforourfuture.5．（2022·湖北恩施·中考真题）近期，恩施州《幺妹带你慢慢耍》职工工间操比赛掀起了全民健身的热潮，越来越多的人认识到了运动的重要性。请你为某网站写一篇文章，谈谈你最喜欢的运动。要点提示：1.你最喜欢的一项运动；2.这项运动的好处（至少2点）；3.做这项运动时的注意事项（至少2点）；4.建议人们多运动。写作要求：1.文中必须包含所有提示要点，可适当发挥；2.条理清晰，字迹工整；3.词数为80左右。开头已给出，不计入总词数；4.文中不得出现真实人名和地名等相关信息。Nowadays,moreandmorepeopletakepartinsportstokeephealthy.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6．（2022·广西·中考真题）在丰富多彩的初中学习生活中，你一定积累了很多学习方法和经验吧！现校刊英文专栏以“Learningtolearn”为主题征稿。请你根据以下提示，用英语写一篇短文投稿。写作要点：1.一个科目名称；2.此科目的学习方法（至少两个）；3.此科目的学习感受或期望。写作要求：1.将标题和首句补充完整；2.包含所有要点，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.文中不得透露个人信息；4.词数80左右。Methodsoflearning________Herearemymethodsoflearning_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7．（2022·黑龙江大庆·中考真题）2022年令世人瞩目，在过去的半年里，涌现出了很多为了梦想拼搏奋斗的人物。例如，圆梦航天，胜利返航的神舟十三的3名宇航员；开场失利，永不言弃，最终夺得亚洲杯冠军的中国女足运动员……正是这种对梦想执着追求的精神，使得他们为祖国做出了突出贡献。作为新时代的青少年，你的梦想是什么？请以“MyDream”为题，写一篇短文。要点：1.你的梦想是什么？2.原因是什么？3.为此你会怎么做？注意：1.词数90左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.文中不允许出现自己的真实姓名和学校。MyDream___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8．（2022·黑龙江·中考真题）话题作文：近期，教育部调整课程体系，把劳动教育从综合实践中单列出来，纳入中小学课程。请以“Howtodeveloplaborhabits”为题，按照提出的问题谈谈你的看法。1.Whathouseworkdoyouusuallydoathome?2.Whatkindofactivitiesaboutlaboreducationdoyoutakepartinatschool?3.Youradvicetostudentsabouthowtodeveloplaborhabits.提示词：laboreducation(劳动教育)注意：文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。HowtoDevelopLaborHabitsAguidelineonlaboreducationcameoutrecentlyinordertohelpmorestudentsofdifferentagestodeveloplaborhabits.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9．（2022·海南·中考真题）为创造美好的生活，青少年在成长的过程中应不断学习新的生活技能（如烹饪、种植、救护方法……)。请结合下列提示和自身的需求，以“LittleLifeSkillsAreaBigHelp”为题写一篇短文，在英语课堂上分享。提示：1.Whatlifeskilldoyouwanttolearn?2.Whydoyouwanttolearnthisskill?3.Howdoyoulearnthisskill?要求：1.内容须涵盖所有要点；2.语句通顺，意思连贯，语法正确，书写规范；3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名；4.80词左右（文章开头已给出，不计入总词数）。LittleLifeSkillsAreaBigHelpLifeskillsarenecessaryforusteenagers.Tolivemorehealthilyandhappily,wearesupposedtolearnmorenewskills..._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10．（2022·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·中考真题）中国共产主义青年团已经走过了百年历程。作为新时代青年中的一员，未来属于我们，希望寄予我们，奋斗的青春更美丽。请以“HowtoMakeMyselfBetter”为题，谈谈你将如何塑造更好的自己。要求：1.字迹工整，段落清晰，表达清楚，语法正确，行文连贯；2.思维导图中的提示词仅供参考，可适当发挥；3.词数：80100词。HowtoMakeMyselfBetter________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（2022·江苏·盐城市盐都区实验初中二模）你校举办了“中学生安全教育日”英语征文活动，请根据所给提示，以“LiveaSafeLife”为题，写一篇短文参赛。注意事项：1.词数：100词左右(文章开头已给出，不计入总词数)；2.文中不能出现真实姓名、校名等信息；3.文章必须包含所提供的主要信息，并作适当发挥。LiveasafelifeAsmiddleschoolstudents,weshouldalwayskeepsafetyinmind._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（2022·河北保定·三模）你所在学校的英语俱乐部正在举办以“文明城市，持续文明”为主题的征文活动，请你根据以下提示及要求以“CivilizedCityGoingon”为题写一篇短文应征，号召大家从点滴做起，争做文明中学生，为创建文明城市出一份力量。写作要求：（1）不得使用真实的姓名和校名；（2）包含以上所有要点，可适当增加细节，使内容充实，行文连贯；（3）字迹工整，语言精练，表达准确，条理清楚；（4）词数80左右（题目已给出，不计入总词数）CivilizedCityGoingonWearetryingtomakeourcityamongthecivilizedcities.Asstudents,weshouldhave______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________That’sall.Thankyou!（2022·山西·孝义市教育科技局教学研究室二模）近日，教育部发布的《义务教育劳动课程标准（2022年版）》，为不同年龄的学生安排了丰富的劳动项目：从收纳、整理到烹饪、木工；从动植物的养殖、种植到家用电器的使用与维修……这些都有助于培养学生的生活自理能力和劳动习惯，增强学生的家庭责任感和社会责任感。请结合生活中的经历，写一篇短文，谈一谈开设劳动课程的必要性。内容包括：●thenecessityoftakinglaborcourses●anexperienceyouhad/heard/saw●yourfeelingsorthoughtsaboutit要求：1、词数不少于80词；2、参考词汇仅供参考；3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。WORDBANKnecessityn.必要性

laborn.劳动

enrichv.使充实，使丰富

societyn.社会responsibilityn.责任___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（2022·江苏·无锡外国语学校二模）假设你是无锡市第五中学的张颖，你的英国笔友珍妮想了解中国学生课外阅读的情况。请根据下图提示，给她回一封电子邮件。注意事项：1.回复的邮件须包括所给内容要点，要求语句通顺，意思连贯，并展开合理想象，作适当发挥；2.所给斜体字提示为非限定性内容，仅供参考；3.词数在100个左右，回复邮件的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；4.回复的邮件中不得使用真实姓名、校名和地名等。DearJenny,Thankyouforyouremail.Iwouldliketotellyousomethingabout___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bestwishes!Yours,ZhangYing（2022·陕西师大附中模拟预测）假如你是李明，你初三的同学Sam常因学业压力大与父母争吵，特向你求助。请你根据提示词给予他建议，帮助他改善现状。要求：1.文中不得出现真实人名、校名和地名等相关信息；2.词数：不少于70词；开头与结尾已给出，不计入总词数。提示词：dohousework,understanding,

talkaboutyourfeelings,

propermunication,takeawalk,listentomusicDearSam,I’mgladyouaskedmetohelpdealwithyourconditions.Herearesomeusefulsuggestions.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hopethingswillworkoutfine.Yours,LiMing（2022·江苏·梅岭中学教育集团运河中学二模）假如你是心理老师Mrs.Wang，九（2）班同学给你发了一封求助邮件，请你根据邮件内容，用英语给Peter回一封电子邮件，帮助他分析情况并提出合理建议。DearMrs.Wang,

I’mPeterfromClassTwo,GradeNine.Ihavemetaproblem,beingshorterthanotherstudentsinmyclass.Andtheyoftenplayjokesonme.I’mfeelingangryandoftenwanttofightwiththem.Couldyouhelpme?Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yours,Peter要求：1.表达清楚，语法正确，上下文连贯；2.必须包括提示中的所有信息，并适当发挥；3.词数在100词左右；开头和结尾已给出，不计入词数；4.不得使用真实姓名、校名和地名等。DearPeter,Thanksforyourletter.IhopeIcanhelpyou._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________