全国统考2025届高考英语一轮复习模块二不可忽视的小词冠词代词和介词第3讲冠词代词和介词短语讲义教案

PAGE模块二不行忽视的小词:冠词、代词和介词第3讲冠词、代词和介词(短语)Ⅰ.语法填空1.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)Theplumtreesarethefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(溶化).2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations(模拟)andimaginethemselves(they)livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.3.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)Bambooplantsareassociatedwithhealth,abundanceandahappyhome.4.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)Theartistwasfinallyhumbled(谦卑)bythegreatestartistonearth,MotherNature.5.(2024·江苏高考)Takingonthischallengewillbringyouincontactwithsomeonewhosharesyourinterests.6.(2024·天津高考)Formyfifthbirthday,mymotherbakedmeacakeintheshapeofamonkey.Ⅰ.语法填空五谨记1.依据泛指或特指选择冠词假如空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词全部格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。2.依据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有许多带有冠词的固定句式或短语,记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。3.熟记常用的不定代词,如one,all,both,either,neither,each,many,much,little,few,other,another,something,nothing等。4.人称、物主、反身代词:“成分”是关键(1)假如句中缺少主语,则用人称代词的主格;(2)假如句中缺少宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格;(3)假如句中缺少定语,则用形容词性物主代词;(4)假如宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,则用反身代词。5.“四种方法”确定介词(1)依据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;(2)依据语境含义结合介词用法;(3)依据特别的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;(4)依据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。Ⅱ.短文改错1.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)ThenIputthetomatoesandthebeateneggsintopantogether.(pan前面加the)2.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)Forexample,everymorning,mydadhastohavethebowlofeggsoupwhileIhavetoeatanapple.(the改为a)3.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)“Notthatway,”mymomtriedtostopusbutfailed.(us改为me)4.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)BestofluckwithyourslearningkungfuinChina.(yours改为your或you)5.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)AfterthatIpouredoilintoapanandturnedoffthestove.(off改为on)6.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)I’mgladtoknowthatyou’vecomeChinatolearnkungfuinaschoolinmyhometown.(come后面加to)7.(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Iwantmycafetohaveaspecialthemesuchaslike“TangDynasty”.(去掉like)Ⅱ.短文改错三定法1.冠词解题技巧(1)看到以辅(元)音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n);(2)假如名词表示特指,则应用定冠词the;(3)看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词;(4)看到不行数名词表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠词;(5)牢记含冠词的固定搭配,确定冠词的增与删。2.代词解题技巧(1)避开张冠李戴,留意前后人称、性别、单复数的一样;(2)分析句子成分,正确运用人称代词、物主代词和反身代词;(3)系统驾驭it的用法,精确把握不定代词的用法。3.介词解题技巧(1)看有无介词,意义不同。如:knowsb./knowaboutsb.;shootsb./shootatsb.(2)勿画蛇添足,介词滥用。如:servethepeople;entertheroom(3)莫张冠李戴,中英混乱。如:becaughtintherain(不用by);leaveforsomeplace(不用to);introduceAtoB(不用for)(4)别丢三落四,结构缺失。如:dropinonsb.(别丢了on);dropinatsomeplace(别丢了at);lookdownupon(别丢了upon)一、冠词不定冠词用法英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。主要有下面两种用法:1.表示“一个”,意为one;指某人或某物,意为acertain。※AMrLiuiswaitingforyououtside.※Ateacherisapersonwhoteaches.※Anapplefallsdownbecauseofgravity.2.代表一类人或物。【点津】(1)不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前,an则用于元音音素前。留意此处不是指辅音字母和元音字母。(2)不定冠词的其他用法①不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。②knowledge,collection,understanding等名词后加of...时,其前常用不定冠词a/an。③“amost+形容词”表示“很……,特别……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very,而“the+most+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。※Foragreatmanymenandwomen,romancecanbeamostimportantpartofmarriage.※Itisoneofthemostoriginalworksofimaginationinthelanguage.定冠词用法1.表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。※YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。※Ithinkthetelephonewasinventedbefore(after)thecar.3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。※Therichwillbeaskedtocontributemoney;thestrongtocontributelabour.※TheGreenssaidyouwouldtravelwiththem,didn’tthey?4.用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。※ThisistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.5.表示世界上独一无二的事物,如themoon,thesun,theearth,theuniverse,theworld,thesky等。※Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.6.用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面。※Ifeltthepressureofbeingthefirstwomaninthejob.※Couldyougivemesomeadviceonthebestwaytodothis?【点津】当序数词不表示依次而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词,如asecondtime意为“再一次;又一次”。7.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前,如intheeast,inthenorthwest,playthepiano等。8.用于表示某世纪/年头/时期或朝代的名词前。※Hemovedtothesouthinthesixties.9.用在表示度量单位的名词前,如bythehour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。※Ihiredthecarbythehour.与冠词有关的固定搭配1.含不定冠词的固定搭配haveaknowledge/understandingof了解haveagoodviewof饱览inahurry匆忙地asaresult因此 asarule通常asawhole总体上 asamatteroffact事实上2.含定冠词的固定搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最终bytheway顺便说一下inthedistance在远处intheway挡道 onthewhole总的来说3.含零冠词的固定搭配atpresent目前takepartin参与inpeace安静 bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose有意 onsecondthoughts一再考虑aheadoftime提前 inadvance提前4.常用的固定词组辨析【小题快练】Ⅰ.单句语法填空①TheNewYorkTimesstartedanewtextmessagingservicethatdeliversthelatestnewstomobilephones.②ThewomanfromTaiwanisafamoussinger.Shehasalotoffans.③—Whynotopenthewindowstoletcoolairin?—I’dratheryoudidn’t.Theairinourtownisterriblypolluted.④Wehadtospendthreemorehourswaitinginacafeattheairportbecausetheflightwasdelayed.Ⅱ.单句改错①Itisindeedaremarkablethingforyoutohaveachievedsuchgreatsuccess.(such后加a)②Hewentrunningeverymorningandplayedthefootballeveryafternoon.(去掉the)③Peopledevelopapreferenceforaparticularstyleoflearningattheearlyageandthesepreferencesaffectlearning.(the改为an)④Knockedunconscious,thepersonwassenttoanearesthospitalimmediately.(a改为the)⑤IthinkEnglishisanusefullanguage,andit’salsoanimportantlanguage.(第一个an改为a)⑥Ihavejoinedahealthclubacrossthestreettogetinshape.(a改为the)二、代词人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表代词数人称代词物主代词人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词单数第一人称我Imemyminemyself其次人称你youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself复数第一人称我们weusouroursourselves其次人称你们youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最终,排列依次为:二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。※You,heandIareindifferentclasses.※MrWangaskedLiMingandmetohelphim.②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。※Heandsheweresittingfacetoface.(3)物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。※Shescannedthelistofnamestoseeifherswasonit.※Theauthorcanreportotherpeople’sresultswhichmoreorlessagreewithhers.it的用法1.it作人称代词的用法(1)it可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:※Wehave$500.Willitbeenoughforadeposit?(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:※Iwantthisbabyverymuch,becauseitcertainlywillbethelast.2.it作非人称代词的用法(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:※It’squitewarmatthemoment.(2)用于某些句型It’stimeforsth.该做某事了。It’stimetodosth.到该做某事的时候了。It’stimeforsb.todosth.某人该做某事了。It’s(about/high)time+that-从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)It’sthefirst(second...)time+that-从句.某人第几次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)It’s+时间段+since-从句.自从……有一段时间了。It’s+时间段+before-从句.过多长时间才……3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语(1)用作形式主语的重要句型It+be+adj.for(of)sb.todosth.某人做某事……※Itisnecessaryforustohavesomeexerciseeveryday.※Itisveryconsiderateofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard.(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n.(for/ofsb.)todo/从句②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that...(should)...【点津】某些及物动词或短语后不能干脆跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接从句,有此用法的动词(短语)有:like,dislike,hate,appreciate,dependon,relyon,counton,seeto等。※Ibelieveitimportanttoseparategoodfailuresfrombadfailures.※Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldhelpmetosolvethetechnicalproblem.※Ihateitwhenpeopletellmethattheyareunemployed.不定代词1.all,both,either,neither,any,each,none的用法比较:(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词运用范围为两者。※AsfarasIcouldtell,neitherofuswasunderobservation.(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。※Bothsidesarelookingforwaystosettletheirdifferences.※Therearemanytallbuildingsoneithersideofthestreet.(3)all(全部的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词运用范围为三者或三者以上。※Allthesoldierswerepraisedforbraveryinbattle.(4)all和both与not连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。※Notallthemachinesofthecompanyareimported.※Bothofthesubstancesdonotdissolveinwater.※Noneofyouhadthecouragetofacethesituation.(5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。※Ibelievethateachofuscancontributetothefutureoftheworld.2.another,other,theother,others的用法比较(1)another既可以单独运用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。※Ineedanothertenminutestofinishmyhomework.(2)other可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。※Theywillthenhavemoremoneytospendonotherthings.(3)theother指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词运用。※Hehasoneshoulderalittlehigherthantheother.(4)theother后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不行数名词。此时other作为形容词。※Sheturnedoveronherstomachontheothersideofthebed.※Heplayedtheviolin,andhestoodoutfromalltheothermusicians.(5)others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;theothers相当于“theother+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。※Hedemandsperfectioninothers,butcannotseefaultsinhimself.※Thesnowymainpeaktowersabovealltheothers.【小题快练】Ⅰ.单句语法填空①I’dappreciateitifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillcome.②I’mlookingforafriendofminewholiveshere.③Maryisalwaysfullofideas,butnoneisusefultomyknowledge.④Ithinkyoumayfindthat’sanotherthingwehaveincommon.⑤Insomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whileinothers,knivesandforks.⑥Wehavebeenpreparingourfighterstoadjustthemselvestocivilsociety.Ⅱ.单句改错①Hetoldmeallthenewsbutneitherofitwasveryexciting.(neither改为none)②Asisknowntousthatlifeisnotasmoothjourney,whichisfullofupsanddowns.Soneverloseheart.(As改为It)③OntheonehandIadmirehisgifts,butonotherhandIdistrusthisjudgment.(other前加the)④Whenwegottothemountaintop,thatstartedsnowingagain.(that改为it)三、介词(短语)介词的基本用法1.with/without复合结构介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景状况,常作伴随、方式、缘由、条件等状语。※Iwillhavetobuyanewonewithmyglassesbroken.※Withsomethingimportanttotalkaboutwithyou,youmuststayhere.2.表示工具、手段、方式的介词by,in,on三词都可表示旅行的方式(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如:bysea,bywater,byland,byrail,byair等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如:bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceship等。(3)步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamel等。3.with,by,in三词都可表示“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。※Wedonotseenaturewithoureyes,butwithourunderstandingsandourhearts.(2)by,in,on,over,through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如byhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescope等。4.of+抽象名词的用法(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+抽象名词的形容词形式(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+抽象名词的形容词形式※Basicresearchisofgreatimportanceinallscientificfields.=Basicresearchisveryimportantinallscientificfields.※Allourpersuasionwasofnouse;shewouldnotcome.=Allourpersuasionwasnotuseful;shewouldnotcome.5.介词but的固定搭配havenochoicebuttodo只得做某事;can’thelpbutdo不得不做……;can’tbutdo不得不只能做……;can’tchoosebutdo只得做某事;butfor要不是……。※Ihavenochoicebuttodoashetellsme.※Itrainedhard,sotheycouldn’tchoosebutstayathome.6.名词key,approach,solution,answer,entrance,visit,attitude等与to构成固定搭配※Wehaveaverycommunicativeapproachtoteachinglanguages.※Wemustfindasatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.7.介词by的用法(1)by+地点名词:表示方位,意为“在……旁边”。(2)by+时间名词:意为“到……时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。(3)by+名词:可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。※Icanfindtwotablesbythewindowforyou.※Canyouhaveyourreportreadyforthepressbynextweek?※IusedtotravelbyairagreatdealwhenIwasaboy.介词的习惯搭配一、与形容词构成的搭配1.be+adj.+aboutbeanxiousabout忧虑……becuriousabout对……新奇2.be+adj.+atbeangryat因……生气begoodat擅长3.be+adj.+inbeabsorbedin专注于…… beactivein主动于……bedressedin穿着…… beengagedin忙于……4.be+adj.+forbeeagerfor渴望…… befamousfor因……闻名befitfor适合,胜任…… bereadyfor打算好……5.be+adj.+frombeabsentfrom缺席 bedifferentfrom不同于6.be+adj.+tobecloseto接近…… bedevotedto致力于……beequalto等于……befamiliarto对……来说熟识7.be+adj.+ofbeawareof意识到…… befondof喜爱……8.be+adj.+withbebusywith忙于…… befamiliarwith对……熟识bepatientwith对……有耐性二、与名词构成的搭配1.“at+n.”表示状态ataloss不知所措 atpeace处于和平中atwar在斗争中 atwork在工作2.“on+n.”表示状态onexhibition/show在展出 onfire着火onsale出售,打折 ontheway在途中3.“by+n.”表示方式byaccident偶然 byair/plane乘飞机bychance偶然 bydesign有意4.“in+n.”表示方式incash用现金付款 indepth在深度上indetail具体地 inheight在高度上5.“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)ofbenefit有好处的 ofuse有用的6.“outof+n.”表示状态outofbalance失去平衡 outofbreath上气不接下气7.“with+n.”表示方式withdelight/joy兴奋地 withdifficulty困难地【小题快练】Ⅰ.单句语法填空①TheEnglishclassendedwithallsinginganEnglishsong.②Aseriousstudyofphysicsisimpossiblewithoutsomeknowledgeofmathematics.③Iftheletteryougetfrommeiswritteninblueink,itistruewhatIsaid.④Knowledgeisatreasure,butpracticeisthekeytoit.⑤Itwasalongjourneybyshipbutwereallyenjoyedit.⑥Itisofnousetotrytodoitagain.Ⅱ.单句改错①Shewasatlosstoexplainwhyshe’ddoneit.(loss前加a)②Ourvillageisverydifferentinwhatitwasbefore.(in改为from)③Thiscityappearssimilartomine,butI’mnotfamiliartoitatall.(其次个to改为with)④Hawaiiisfamousasitsbeautifulbeaches.(as改为for)Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.InaWeibopost,hethankednetizensfortheir(they)loveandpraise.2.Obesechildrenarelikelytobecomeobeseadults,puttingthematriskofserioushealthproblems,includingtype2diabetes(糖尿病),heartdisease,stroke(中风)andcertaintypesofcancer.3.Heneverwentoutsidebuthewastiredofstayingathomeandwantedtogooutforonce.4.ThenIwenttoapostofficetohavethem(they)deliveredbyairwithoutdelay.5.Otherssaythataccesstotheseveryspecialpartsoftheworldshouldnotberestrictedtoonlyresearchersandscientists.Ⅱ.语法填空Dogswerefirstraisedathomeatleast150centuriesago.Sincethen,thedog1.__________(be)humans’bestfriend.Now,theyhaveanotherjob—toassistdoctorstodiagnose(诊断)cancer.Afteralong-standingresearchofsmell,aFinnishprofessorhassaidthatcertain2.__________(type)ofcancerareabletobedetectedbytheirsmell,makingitpossibletotraincancer-sniffingdogs3.__________(help)diagnosethedisease.Aprofessor,JoukoVepsalainenfromtheUniversityofEasternFinlandinKuopio,hasfocused4.__________nitrogencompounds(氮化合物).Thecompoundsincrease5.__________(great)whencancercellsgrowinanuncontrollableway,6.__________(allow)themtobedetected,theFinnishnewspaperKarjalainenreported.That’swherethedog,man’sbestfriend,maystepinwiththeirkeensenseofsmell.Accordingtothenewsagency,researchersinFinlandhavetriedtotraindogstodothejob,but7.__________willtakeadogmonths,evenyears,totellthe8.__________(different)betweensickandhealthypeople.“Anyone9.__________knowshowdifficultearlycancerdetectionis10.__________(understand)whatanopportunitythisis,”associateprofessorAnnaHielm-BjorkmanoftheUniversityof【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了某种癌症可以通过气味来检测,这使得训练嗅癌犬帮助诊断癌症成为可能。1.【解析】hasbeen。考查时态。依据时间状语Sincethen可知,此句要用现在完成时,主语是单数,故填hasbeen。2.【解析】types。考查名词。依据后面谓语are可知,主语要用复数形式,故填types。3.【解析】tohelp。考查非谓语动词。此处是考查非谓语动词作状语,训练嗅癌犬是为了帮助医生诊断疾病,作目的状语要用不定式,故填tohelp。4.【解析】on/upon。考查介词。句意:来自Kuopio东芬兰高校的教授JoukoVepsalainen始终致力于探讨氮化合物。focuson/upon是固定搭配,意思是“专注于,致力于”,故填on/upon。5.【解析】greatly。考查副词。设空处所给提示词要修饰动词increase,副词用来修饰动词,因此要用great的副词形式,故填greatly。6.【解析】allowing。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处是作句子的状语,所给提示词为动词,要用其非谓语形式,此处的逻辑主语为compounds,与allow之间是主动关系,用其现在分词形式,故填allowing。7.【解析】it。考查代词。but连接两个并列结构,依据上文可知,此处是指训练狗得须要几个月甚至几年,指代上文提到的事,下文再次出现要用代词指代,故填it。8.【解析】difference(s)。考查名词。设空前有冠词the,冠词用来修饰名词,所给提示词是形容词,要用其名词形式。9.【解析】who。考查定语从句。这是个定语从句,先行词是Anyone,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who。10.【解析】understands。考查主谓一样。本句句式较为困难,设空处所给提示词是作主句的谓语,主句的主语是Anyone,谓语要用第三人称单数形式,故填understands。Ⅲ.短文改错Itwas7:15inthemorningofFebruary8,2024.IwaswalkingalongParkRoadtowardstheeastwhileanoldmancameoutoftheparkontheothersidesofthestreet.ThenIseeayellowcardriveupMiltonStreetandturntherightintoParkRoad.Thenextmoment,thecarhitthemanwhileshewascrossingtheroad.Hefellwithacry.Tosurprise,thecardidn’tstopanddroveoffatfullspeed.InoticedthedriverwasayoungwomanworeapairofglassesbuttheplatenumberwasAC864.Twominuteslate,Istoppedapassingcarandtooktheoldmantothenearesthospital.答案:1.【解析】第一句in→on。考查介词。在具体的某一天的早上要用介词