专业英语文献阅读学习通超星期末考试答案章节答案2024年

专业英语文献阅读学习通超星期末考试章节答案2024年Thereactionsofbiotechnologicalprocessescanbecatabolic,inwhichcomplexcompoundsarebrokendowntosimplerones,(glucosetoethanol),oranabolicorbiosynthetic,wherebysimplemoleculesarebuiltupintomorecomplexones(antibioticsynthesis).

答案:生物工艺过程中的反应可以是分解过程的，在这一过程中复杂化合物被分解成简单的物质(例如葡萄糖降解成乙醇)；也可以是合成代谢或者生物合成的，在这一过程中简单的分子组合成更加复杂的分子(例如抗生素的合成)。However,itmustalsobeappreciatedthatmanyimportantnewbio-productswillstillbesynthesizedchemicallyfrommodelsderivedfromexistingbiologicalmolecules,e.g.,newdrugsbasedontheinterferons(干扰素).

答案:然而，必须意识到许多重要的新生化产品仍旧根据已存在的生物分子结构通过化学方法合成得到(例如基于干扰素的新药研发)。Ahighproportionofthetechniquesusedinbiotechnologytendtobemoreeconomic,lessenergydemandingandsaferthancurrenttraditionalindustrialprocessesandformostprocessestheresiduesarebiodegradableandnon-toxic.

答案:废物Thusbypriorsterilizationofthe

medium

andthebioreactorandwithengineeringprovisionfortheexclusionofincomingcontaminantsonlythechosenbiocatalystwaspresentinthereactor.

答案:培养基Thelattermaybefurthersubdividedinto:(1)formationofadesiredendproduct(e.g.酶[填空1],

antibiotics[填空2],

organicacids[填空3],steroids).

答案:enzymes;抗生素;有机酸New

recombinant

[填空1]DNAtechniquesinvolvebreakinglivingcellsgently,the

extraction

[填空2]ofDNA,its

purification

[填空3]andsubsequentselectivefragmentationbyhighly

specific

[填空4]enzymes。

答案:重组;提取；抽出；提取，抽出;净化；提纯；纯化；净化，提纯;专一的；专一性的Biotechnologyutilizes

bacteria[填空1]

,yeasts[填空2],fungi[填空3],algae,plantcellsorculturedmammaliancellsasconstituents

[填空4]

ofindustrialprocesses.

答案:细菌;酵母;真菌类；真菌;成分；组成部分；组成成分；组件，成分；成分，组成部分Biotechnologyincludes发酵(n.)[填空1]processes(rangingfrombeersandwinestobread,cheese,antibioticsandvaccines

[填空2]),waterandwastetreatments,partsoffoodtechnology,andanincreasingrangeofnovel

[填空3]

applicationsrangingfrombiomedicaltometalrecoveryfromlowgradeores.

答案:fermentation;疫苗；牛痘苗;新颖的；新型的；新奇的；新的；新颖的，异常的Allproteins,whetherfromthemostancientlinesofbacteriaorfromthemostcomplexformsoflife,areconstructedfromthesameubiquitoussetof20aminoacids,covalently(共价的)linkedincharacteristiclinearsequences.

答案:所有的蛋白质，无论是最古老的细菌株还是最复杂的生命形式，其结构都由(自然界)普遍存在的20种氨基酸通过共价连接的线性序列组成。Enzymereactionsarecarriedoutundermildconditions,theyarehighlyspecific,involveveryfastreactionrates,andarecarriedoutbynumerousenzymeswithdifferentroles.

答案:酶反应是在温和的条件下进行的，专一性强，反应速率快，需要不同功能的许多酶来参与。Highchemicalandenergyconsumptionaswellasharmfulby-productshavea

negative

impactontheenvironment.

答案:负面的Developmentsingeneticandproteinengineeringhaveledtoimprovementsinthestability,economy,specificity

andoverallapplicationpotential

ofindustrialenzymes.

答案:稳定性Amongtheseproteinproducts,theenzymesarethemostvariedandspecialized.

答案:专一的Manipulationofthegenomeofindustriallyimportantorganismsbysexualrecombinationandbymutationhaslongbeenpartoftheinnovativerepertoireoftheindustrialgeneticist.

答案:突变Proteinsalsooccuringreatvariety;thousandsofdifferentkinds,ranginginsizefromrelativelysmall多肽（n.复数）

[填空1]tohugepolymers[填空2]withmolecularweightsinthemillions,maybefoundinasinglecell.

答案:peptides;聚合物/star3/origin/3675a75fe6de11f182cd240a77e2a17c.jpg

答案:B；b;A；a;E；e;D；d;C；cWhatismostremarkableisthatcellscanproduceproteinswithstrikingly

differentpropertiesandactivitiesbyjoiningthesame20aminoacids

[填空1]inmanydifferentcombinations[填空2]andsequences.

答案:氨基酸;组合；结合，组合；组合，结合Harsh

and

hazardous

processesinvolvinghightemperatures,pressures,

acidity

[填空1]

or

alkalinity

[填空2]

needhighcapitalinvestment,andspeciallydesignedequipmentandcontrolsystems.

答案:酸性；酸度；酸性，酸度；酸度，酸性;碱性；碱度；碱性，碱度；碱度，碱性Parallelingthisdevelopmentofproductformationwastherecognitionoftherolemicroorganismscouldplayinremovingunpleasantwastesandthishasresultedinmassiveworld-wideserviceindustriesinvolvedinwaterpurification,

effluenttreatment(废水处理)and

wastemanagement(废物管理).

答案:（人们）对微生物在消除讨厌的垃圾方面作用的认识与（发酵）产品的形成发展是同时的，并因此形成了包括水的净化、废水处理与废物管理在内的大批世界性的服务行业。Theoriginsof发酵technologywerelargelywiththeuseofmicroorganismsfortheproductionoffoodsandbeveragessuchascheeses,yoghurts,alcoholicbeverages,fermentedpicklesandtheproductsofmanyotherOriental发酵.

答案:fermentationTo

overproduce

[填空1]

specific

essential

primarymetabolitessuchas

glycerol

[填空2],aceticacid,lacticacid,acetone,

butylalcohol,

butanediol,organicacids,aminoacids,vitamins,

polysaccharides

[填空3]

andxanthans.

答案:高产;甘油；丙三醇；甘油，丙三醇；丙三醇，甘油;多糖；多聚糖；多糖，多聚糖；多聚糖，多糖Sterilization[填空1]

isaprocesswhichensuresthecompleteeradication[填空2]

ofalllivingcellsandviruseswhereasdisinfection[填空3]

isavaguertermnormallyusedtoindicatetheremoval

ofpotentiallyharmful

microorganismsbutnotnecessarilyallothermicrobes.

答案:杀菌；灭菌；灭菌，杀菌；杀菌，灭菌;消灭；根除；根除，消灭；消灭，根除;消毒Itisthereforeessential[填空1]

thatthemethodsusedensurethatthereisnoorminimalcontactbetweentheworker,andothersinthelaboratory,withthemicrobe,eitherdirectlyorasaerosols[填空2].

答案:至关重要的；必要的；必不可少的;气溶胶Toproduceenzymesasthedesiredindustrial