《土木工程专业英语 第2版》 课件 Unit14 Design and Construction of the Burj Khalifa Tower

Unit14DesignandConstructionoftheBurjKhalifaTowerEnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher：Prof.ZhengLuE-mail:luzheng111@（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit14DesignandConstructionoftheBurjKhalifaTower14.1Introduction14.2DesignandConstruction14.2.1TowerForm14.2.2TowerSuperstructure—TheButtressedCore14.2.3WindEngineering14.2.4TowerFoundations14.2.5ConstructionMethodsandConcreteTechnology14.3ImpactandReflections14.3.1Impact14.3.2Reflections14.3.3TheNextGenerationofSupertallBuildings-LessonsLearnedfromBurjKhalifa14.1Introduction

Whilemostoftenworld’spasttallestbuildingswerealmostexclusivelyofficetowers,BurjKhalifachangedtheparadigmbycreatinganintegratedverticalcity,combiningresidential,hotelandofficespace.Creatingthetowerrequiredcollaborationandinnovationbydozensofexpertsworkingtogethertowardcommongoals.Thefinishedtoweristheresultofseveralnewadvancesinmaterialtechnologies,structuralengineering,windengineering,seismicengineeringandcomputertechnology,aswellasconstructionmethods.哈利法塔介绍paradigm范例14.1Introduction

The163storyToweristhecenterpieceofaUSD20+billiondevelopmentlocatedjustoutsideofdowntownDubai.Itisamixed-usebuilding,consistingprimarilyofresidentialandofficeusage,aswellasanArmanihotelandretailoutlets.TheprojectincludedtheTower,anadjacentpodiumstructure,andlow-riseofficeandpoolannexbuildings.Thetotalareafortheprojectis465000m2,withtheTowerportionbeing280000m2.ConstructionforthepreliminaryworksandfoundationsbeganinJanuary2004.Afterahiatusinworkonthesite,theconstructionofthesuperstructurestartedinApril2005andwascompletedinJanuary2009.TheTowerwasopenedinJanuary2010.annex附属建筑

；14.2DesignandConstruction

ThechallengeoftheBurjKhalifawasnotonlytocreatetheworld’stallestbuilding,butitwastodosoutilizingconventionalsystems,materials,andconstructionmethods,albeitmodifiedandutilizedinnewcapacities.Atowerofthisheighthadneverbeforebeenseen,whichrequiredmuchinnovation,bothintermsofnewideas,andindevelopingnewwaystouseandadvancecurrenttechnologies.Toachievethis,thedesignrequiredintensiveandconstantcollaborationbetweenarchitects,engineers,andspecialtyconsultantstodevelopabuildingformthataddressedstructuralefficiency,constructability,buildingaesthetics,andfunctionsimultaneously.哈利法塔设计和建造的挑战conventional范例

；consultants顾问；constructability施工能力

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.1TowerFormAprimaryconcernintheengineeringoftallbuildingsistheeffectofwindonthebuildings’structure.TheformoftheBurjKhalifaistheresultofcollaborationbetweenthearchitectsandengineerstovarytheshapeofthebuildingalongitsheight,therebyminimizingwindforcesonthebuilding,whilealsokeepingthestructuresimpleandfosteringconstructability.ThefloorplanoftheTowerconsistsofatriaxial,Y-shapedplan,formedbyhavingthreeseparatewingsconnectedtoacentralcore.AstheTowerrisesinheight,onewingateachtier“setsback”inaspiralingpattern,furtheremphasizingitsheight.结构形式triaxial三轴

；tier层14.2DesignandConstruction

Theresultis24differentprimaryfloorplates(plussomelessmajorvariations),creatingasteppinggeometrythatpresentsmultiplebuildingwidthsovertheheightofthebuilding,providinganenvironmentthat“confusesthewind”-thewindvorticesnevergetorganized,becauseateachnewtierthewindencountersadifferentbuildingshape.TheY-shapedplanisidealforresidentialandhotelusage,inthatitallowsmaximumviewsoutward,withoutoverlookinganeighboringunit.Thewingscontaintheresidentialunitsandhotelguestrooms,withthecentralcorehousingalloftheelevatorandmechanicalclosets.Additionally,theTowerisservicedbyfiveseparatemechanicalzones,locatedapproximately30floorsapartovertheheightofthebuilding.geometry几何；residential住宅；elevator电梯

14.2DesignandConstruction

AbovetheoccupiedportionoftheTowerisalargelyopenspire,whichhousesmechanicalfunctionsandfuturecommunicationsusagesatitsbase.Theoverallshapeisanextremelyefficientsolutiontothepotentiallyconflictingstructuralrequirementsofasupertallresidentialtower.Startingfromaslendertop,thebuildingspreadsoutasthegravityandwindforcesaccumulate.Asaresult,eventhoughtheglobalforcesarelarge,theforcesintheindividualmembersarenot.conflicting相互冲突的14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.2TowerSuperstructure—TheButtressedCoreThestructuralsystemfortheTowerhasbeentermeda“buttressedcore”system.Thebuttressedcorerepresentsanewtypeofsystem,aconceptualchangeinstructuraldesignwhoseevolutionarydevelopmentbeganwithanearlierdesignforTowerPalaceIIIinSeoul.Thesystemallowsforadramaticincreaseinheight,usingconventionalmaterialsandconstructiontechniques.Itsessenceisathree-wingedstructureinwhichastronghexagonalcentralcoreanchorsthreebuildingwings.Itisaninherentlystablesysteminthateachwingisbuttressedbytheothertwo.塔式上层建筑-支撑核心buttressed加支撑的

；hexagonal六边形的14.2DesignandConstruction

Withinthewings,corridorwallsextendfromthecentralcoretoneartheendofthewing,terminatinginthickenedcrosswallsreferredtoas

hammerheadwalls.Thecentralcoreprovidesthetorsionalresistanceforthebuilding,whilethewingsprovidetheshearresistanceandincreasedmomentofinertia.Perimetercolumnsandflatplatefloorconstructioncompletethesystem.Atthemechanicalfloors,outriggerwallsareprovidedtotieallthewallsandcolumnstogetherallowingtheperimetercolumnstoparticipateinthelateralloadresistingsystem.Inthismanner,theBurjKhalifaactsasonegiantconcretebeamcantileveringoutofthegroundwiththesystemworkingtogetherasasingleunit.corridor走廊

；torsional扭转；inertia惯性

；outrigger外伸

；cantilevering悬臂14.2DesignandConstruction

Everypieceofverticalconcrete(andtherebyeverygravitationalforce)ispartofthisgiantbeam,usedtoresistthewind.Thegravitationalloadthenhelpsstabilizethestructurebyutilizingtheweightofthebuildingtoresistthewind.Theresultisaveryefficienttower,whichisalsoextremelystifflaterallyandtorsionally.Infact,becauseoftheshapeofthebuildingandtheharmonicsofthestructure,theforcesandmotionsweregreatlyreduced,andthemotionandaccelerationcriteriacouldbesatisfiedwithouttheuseofsupplementaldampingdevices.抵抗风载giant巨大的

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.3WindEngineeringThewindtunnelwasanessentialpartnerinthedesignprocessfromthebeginningoftheproject,asitwasimmediatelyapparentthatforabuildingofthisheightandslenderness,windforcesandtheresultingmotionsintheupperlevelswouldbecomedominantfactorsinthestructuraldesign.Anextensiveprogramofwindtunneltestsandotherstudieswasconductedutilizingboundarylayerwindtunnels.Thewindtunnelprogramincludedrigidmodelforcebalancetests,fullmulti-degreeoffreedomaeroelasticmodelstudies,measurementsoflocalizedpressures,pedestrianwindenvironmentstudies,andwindclimaticstudies(seeFig.14-1).UsingthewindtunneltounderstandandoptimizewindperformancewaskeytotheTower’sdesign.风工程slenderness细长

；dominant占主导地位的；boundary边界

；aeroelastic气弹性的14.2DesignandConstruction

SeveralroundsofforcebalancetestswereundertakenasthegeometryoftheTowerevolvedandwasrefined.Aftereachroundoftests,thedatawasanalyzedandthebuildingwasreshapedtofurtherminimizethewindeffects.Asaresultofthiseffort,severalrevisionstothebuildingweremade.SomewererelatedtothegeometryoftheTower:thesizeandshapeofthewingsweremodified,andthenumberandspacingofthesetbackschangedthroughouttheprocess,asweretheirlocations:theoriginalmassinghadthesetbacksoccurringinaspiralingcounterclockwisepattern,whichwasrevisedtobeinaclockwisedirection.reshape改造

；counterclockwise逆时针方向；clockwise顺时针方向

14.2DesignandConstruction

Takentogether,thesemeasureshadasignificantimpactinencouragingdisorganizedvortexsheddingovertheheightoftheTower.Anotherrevisionwasrelatedtotheorientationofthebuilding.TheTowerhassiximportantwinddirections,allparalleltothemajoraxesofthewings—threedirectionswherewindisblowingintothe“nose”ofeachwing,andthreedirectionswherewindisblowingintothe“tail”ofeachwingatthecenterofthebuilding.TheorientationoftheTowerwasthenselectedtobetteraccommodatethemostfrequentstrongwinddirectionsforDubai:northwest,south,andeast.vortex涡

；orientation朝向；parallel平行

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.4TowerFoundationsTheTowerisfoundedona3.7mthicksolidreinforcedconcreteraft,supportedby194boredcast-in-placepiles.Thepilesare1.5mindiameterandabout43mlong,withacapacityof3000t.Thediameterandlengthofthepilesrepresentedthelargestandlongestpilesconventionallyavailableintheregion.Apileloadtestingprogramwasconductedpriortoproductionpiling,wherebythe1.5mpilesweretestedtomorethantwicetheratedcapacity(over6000t).ThepilesutilizedC60self-consolidatingconcrete(SCC)andwereplacedbythetremiemethodusingpolymerslurry.基础raft阀板

；pile桩；self-consolidatingconcrete自密实混凝土性的14.2DesignandConstruction

Thefoundationsystemisapiledraft,aformoffoundationthatisbeingusedincreasinglytosupporttallstructureswheretheloadsareexpectedtobeexcessivelylargeforaraftaloneandwheretheraftandthepilesareabletotransferloadtothesoil.Animportantcomponentofthedesignofapiledraftfoundationisthedetailedassessmentofthesettlementanddifferentialsettlementofthefoundationsystem,andtheircontrolbyoptimisingthesize,locationandarrangementofthepiles,andtheraftthickness.桩阀基础settlement沉降14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.5ConstructionMethodsandConcreteTechnologyThelatestadvancementsinconstructiontechniquesandmaterialtechnologywereusedbytheprimecontractortoconstructtheBurjKhalifa.Threeprimarytowercraneswerelocatedadjacenttothecentralcore,witheachcontinuingtovariousheightsasrequired.Oneofthekeystospeedandtofacilitateconstructionwastominimizethetimethesecraneswereneeded:automaticself-climbingformworkwasemployedtoformthewallsandperimeterbladecolumns:wallreinforcementwasprefabricatedonthegroundin8msegmentstofacilitaterapidplacement;andhigh-speed,high-capacityconstructionhoistswereusedtotransportworkersandmaterials.Thenosecolumnswereformedwithcircularsteelforms,andthefloorslabswereplacedonpanelformwork.AspecializedGPSmonitoringsystemwasdevelopedtoensuretheverticalityofthestructure.施工crane起重机

；self-climbingformwork自爬升模板14.3ImpactandReflections14.3.1ImpactWhenBurjKhalifaopenedin2010,itwasnotonlythetallestbuildingintheworldbutalsosetavarietyofotherfirsts:Tallestfree-standingstructureintheworldHighestnumberofstoriesintheworldHighestoccupiedfloorintheworldHighestoutdoorobservationdeckintheworldElevatorwiththelongesttraveldistanceintheworldTallestserviceelevatorintheworld影响

14.3ImpactandReflectionsDowntownDubai,anchoredbyBurjKhalifa,wasspecificallydesignedtooffermixofattractionsandservices.WhenBurjKhalifaopened,DowntownDubaiwasalreadyathrivingcommunity,withbusinesses,hotelsandresidences.Still,BurjKhalifahadanimpact.Rentalratesforapartmentsrose13percentinthetwomonthsafterBurjKhalifaopened,accordingtoLandmarkAdvisory.“ThemostsignificantimpactofthelaunchofBurjKhalifawillbeontheoverallmasterdevelopmentsurroundingthetower,”MichaelMichaelsaid.Whilemanycommunitiesaroundtheworldhavestruggledinthewakeoftheglobaleconomicslowdown,DowntownDubaihasbeenoneofthequickestareastorecover.Inthefirstquarterof2011apartmentrentsinDowntownDubaiincreased6percent,accordingtoCBRichardEllis.TheDubaiMall,themostvisitedshoppingandleisuredestinationintheworld,attracted54millionvisitorsin2011,a15percentincreasefrom2010.Theprojectcontinuestoevolve.Constructionisexpectedtostartsoononan820-meterair-conditionedglasswalkwayconnectingtheDubaimetrostoptoTheDubaiMall,providingafurtherlinktotherestofthecity.

14.3ImpactandReflections14.3.2ReflectionsBurjKhalifaisaudacity,dreamsandoptimismconvertedintotherealityofconcrete,glassandsteel.Itisacoherentsetofideasabouttechnology,design,artandambition.Itisalso,moreimportantly,areminderthatanationisrisingandwillcontinuetoriseledbyastrategyofhardworkandunshakabledetermination.BurjKhalifaisavirtuososculptor’smasterpiece.Itisanextraordinaryunionofartandengineeringandamonumenttopassionandleadership.Greatbuildings,afterall,speakofthecitieswheretheyresideandtheaspirationsoftheirleaderswhobuiltthem.Buildingsarewherewestoreourmemories.Theyareplaceswherewecanevokehistory.Theyareaformofimmortality,aplaceandaportaltohistory.Thetruthofatimeandplaceisalwayselusive,butBurjKhalifaspeaksirrevocablyofthefuture.几点思考audacity无畏

；immortality不朽14.3ImpactandReflectionsAsweforgeaheadintothefuture,itisalwaysworthwhiletolookbackfromtimetotime,toseewhatwecanlearnfromthosewhohavegonebefore.Greathumanfeatsareachievedthroughadvancesintechnology,throughinnovationsintechnology.Thereisalso,however,thehumanelement,thespiritandthewilltogetthingsdone,theconfidenceandcreativitytotakethatimaginativeleap,thesheerdeterminationtoprovethedoubterswrong.Veryoften,theimpossibleissimplythatwhichhasnotyetbeenachieved.Whatisthedifferencebetweenabigbuildingandagreatbuilding?Thequestionissimple:Isitgoodforthehuman?Hasitbeendesignedproperlytopositivelyaffecttheresidentsandvisitorstothebuilding?InthecaseoftheBurjKhalifawebelievethattheanswerisaresoundingyes.14.3ImpactandReflectionsAsKotkinwrote:“Humankind’sgreatestcreationhasalwaysbeenitscities.Theyrepresenttheultimatehandiworkofourimaginationasaspecies,testifyingtoourabilitytoreshapethatnaturalenvironmentinthemostprofoundandlastingways.”TheEmaarChairmanhasalwaystoldusthatwewerenotonlybuildingtheworld’stallestbuildinginDowntownDubai,butthatweweretryingtocreatethemostprestigioussquarekilometerofrealestateintheworld,withanarrayofbuildingsandfeatures,includingEmaarBoulevardwhichformsthespineofthedevelopment,tocomplementandenhanceBurjKhalifa.Thenumberofvisitorstothedevelopmenthasexceededallofourexpectationsandistestamenttothevisionformedsomeeightshortyearsago.handiwork手工；prestigious著名的14.3ImpactandReflections14.3.3TheNextGenerationofSupertallBuildings-LessonsLearnedfromBurjKhalifaThefinaldesignoftheBurjKhalifaisanappropriateresponsetoitsmanyinfluences.However,ananalysisofthedesignandconstructionoftheBurjKhalifagivesanopportunitytoinvestigatethefurtherrefinementofsupertallbuildingdesignandthebuttressedcoreonsubsequentprojectproposals.Thisanalysisassistsinthedevelopmentofthenextgenerationofstructuralsystems,whichcanallowforeventallerheightswithgreaterefficientandconstructionspeed.Onesuchrefinementistoconsidereliminatingthesteppingsetbackscharacteristicto(the)Burj,andinsteadprovideataperedtower.Thisestablishesanenvironmentinwhichth