2022年上海奉贤中学高二下学期期中线上教学调研检测英语试题

2021-2022学年上海市奉贤中学高二下学期期中线上教学调研检测英语试题II.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.AmassivefiretorethroughthemainmarketinthecityofHargeisainnorthernSomaliaovernight,injuringabouttwodozenpeopleand____1____(destroy)hundredsofbusinesses,officialshavesaid.Images____2____(post)onsocialmediashowedflamesandhugecloudsofsmokeinthenightskyoverthecity,thecapitalofthebreakawayregionofSomaliland.Thecauseoftheblaze____3____devastatedthesprawlingWaheenmarket,thelifebloodofthecityandhome____4____anestimated2,000shopsandstalls,isnotyetknown.OfficialssaiditstartedonFridayeveningbutwaslargelybroughtundercontrolbydawnonSaturday,althoughsomesmallareaswerestillburning.“Thetownhasneverwitnessedsuchamassivecalamity,”Hargeisa’smayor,AbdikarimAhmedMooge,toldreportersatthescene.“ThisplacewastheeconomiccentreofHargeisaand____5____thefirefighters’besteffortsmadetocontainthefire,themarketisdestroyed.”Hesaidtheblazecouldhavebeenbroughtundercontrolbeforecausingsuchextensivedamagebutthatthefirefighters’attempt____6____(deny)duetoaccessproblems.Thevastmarketisacrowdedwarrenofshopsandmakeshiftstalls,withnoproperstreets,onlynarrowpathways.TheSomalilandpresident,MuseBihiAbdi,saidduringavisittoWaheen____7____about28people,nineofthemwomen,wereinjured,butthatsofarnolossoflife____8____(report).Hesaidthegovernmentwouldbereleasingonemilliondollarstohelpwiththeemergencyresponsetothedisaster.HargeisachamberofcommercechairmanJamalAideedsaidthelossofthemarketwasimmense____9____itaccountedfor40%to50%ofthecity’seconomy.“Ihavelosteverythingtonight,thisfirewasthebiggestIhaveeverseeninmylife,”saidmarkettraderBashiAli.“Ihadseveralbusinessesinthemarketandallofthemburnedtoashes._____10_____wecanlearnfromthisdisasteristoplanthemarketwell,”headded.【答案】1.destroying2.posted3.that##which4.to5.despite6.wasdenied7.that8.hadbeenreported9.as##since##because10.What【解析】【导语】本文是新闻报道。文章主要讲述索马里北部城市哈尔格萨的主市场一夜之间发生大火的事情。【1题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：索马里北部城市哈尔格萨的主市场一夜之间发生大火，造成约20人受伤，数百家企业被烧毁。分析句子结构可知，injuringabouttwodozenpeopleand____1____(destroy)hundredsofbusinesses是and并列的两个现在分词短语做结果状语。故填destroying。【2题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：社交媒体上的图片显示，索马里兰分离地区的首府城市夜空中燃起了大火，浓烟滚滚。分析句子结构可知，动词post和被修饰的名词Images是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词做后置定语。故填posted。【3题详解】考查定语从句。句意：大火摧毁了广阔的瓦楞纸板市场，这是城市的命脉，并且估计有2000家商店和摊位，但是大火的起因目前还不清楚。分析句子结构可知，____3____devastatedthesprawlingWaheenmarket是限制性定语从句，先行词theblaze在从句中做主语，指物，故填that/which。【4题详解】考查固定短语。句意：见第3题详解。behometo表示“是...的家”的意思，符合句意。故填to。【5题详解】考查介词。句意：这个地方是哈尔格萨的经济中心，尽管消防员们尽了最大的努力来控制火势，市场还是被毁了。分析句子结构可知，空格后面是名词短语thefirefighters’besteffortsmadetocontainthefire，和下文themarketisdestroyed是转折的关系，所以用介词表示“虽然，尽管”的意思。故填despite。【6题详解】考查谓语动词。句意：他说，大火在造成如此广泛的破坏之前本可以得到控制，但是由于通道问题，消防队员的努力被否认了。分析句子结构可知，空格处是and后面的小分句的谓语动词，这句话描述的是过去的事情，所以谓语用一般过去时，主语是thefirefighters’attempt，be动词用was。故填wasdenied。【7题详解】考查宾语从句。句意：索马里兰总统缪斯·比希·阿布迪在访问瓦欣期间说，大约有28人受伤，其中9人是妇女，但是到目前为止还没有人员死亡。分析句子结构可知，____7____about28people,nineofthemwomen,wereinjured是said的宾语从句，从句中基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，所以用连词that引导。故填that。【8题详解】考查谓语动词。句意：见第7题详解。分析句子结构可知，空格处是sofarnolossoflife____8____的谓语动词，句子中描述的是过去的事情，而且有时间状语sofar，所以用过去完成时。故填hadbeenreported。【9题详解】考查原因状语从句。句意：哈尔格萨商会主席贾马尔·艾迪德说，市场的损失是巨大的，因为它占该市经济的40%至50%。分析句子结构可知，空格前后2个小分句之间是因果关系。故填as/since/because。【10题详解】考查主语从句。句意：我们可以从这次灾难中学到的就是要把市场规划好。分析句子结构可知，____10____wecanlearnfromthisdisaster是主语从句，从句中缺少动词learn的宾语，表示“什么”的意思。故填What。SectionB从方框里选择合适的词语填空。imposemoraltoleratedangeringredientcontainloosingattitudespublishdisadvantagedexcusesAwisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthevictoryofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggleto____11____anepidemicofcrimes.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Asignificant____12____isdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether---honesty,kindness,andsoon---accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw---and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristo____13____accountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toobligethemselvestodoso.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities---smallertowns,usually---whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatdeclare:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenot____14____---theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsare____15____.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyou____16____him.Themaincauseofthisbreakdownisaradicalshiftin____17____.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwith____18____guidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequally____19____circumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendless____20____wherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.【答案】11.contain12.ingredient13.impose14.tolerated15.loosing16.anger17.attitudes18.moral19.disadvantaged20.excuses【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。在美国，迫切需要更多人相信，一个人犯了罪应该为其承担责任，责任感的缺失和人们自我约束力的松散助长了犯罪的发生，作者认为对纪律和标准的坚持才是遏制犯罪的主要手段并呼吁人们更加自律，重视责任感的价值。【11题详解】考查动词。句意：日复一日，我和我的同伴努力遏制犯罪的蔓延。这里说的是警察的职责，struggletodo，努力做某事，此处需要填动词原形，contain意为遏制，符合句意，故选contain。【12题详解】考查名词。句意：一个重要的因素正在消失，我想我知道它是什么：责任。根据前文“Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.（我们曾经引以为傲的美国生活方式出现了严重的问题。）”可知美国一个重要的因素正在消失，ingredient意为“因素”，符合句意，故选ingredient。【13题详解】考查动词。句意：作为一名警察，我的工作就是对那些拒绝或从未学会强迫自己这样做的人负责。根据句子主语Myjobasapoliceofficer可知，警察的职责就是将责任强加到不愿意承担责任的人身上，impose意为强加、迫使，故选impose。【14题详解】考查动词。句意：在这个家庭里，有些事情是不能容忍的——它们就是不能做!根据前面的句子“whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandards（哪里的学校维持纪律，哪里的父母机就会维持标准）”可知，在学校有规则，父母在家给孩子制定了规矩，那么一些事情是不容许做的，tolerate意为容忍、容许，用的是被动语态，此处需要填过去分词，故选tolerated。【15题详解】考查动词。句意：但在越来越多的地方，特别是在大城市和郊区，这些内心的束缚正在失去。根据Yet可知，这句话的内容与前面是相反的，即越来越多的地方，这些内在的约束正在消减，loosing意为松动、放宽，用的是现在进行时，此处需要填现在分词，故选loosing。【16题详解】考查动词。句意：如果你激怒了他，他会拿走他想要的，包括你的生命。根据前面的句子“Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants（他认为你的财产就是他的财产；他拿走他想要的，包括你的命）”可知，如果你激怒了他，他甚至连你的生命也不顾惜。anger用作动词，意为惹恼、使生气，故选anger。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：这种社会崩塌的主要原因是人们态度的根本转变。根据“Themaincauseofthisbreakdownisaradicalshift（这种社会崩塌的主要原因是一种根本性的转变）”可知，这种责任制的滑坡主要原因是宗教态度上的变化，即理想信念的动摇，所以使用attitude，意为态度，此处用复数表泛指，故选attitudes。【18题详解】考查形容词。句意：教会没有给予他道德上的指导。根据“bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread（不教他读书的学校）”和“bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.（因为父母没有提供稳定的家庭。）”可知，学校和父母都没有尽到应有的职责，那么该空指的是教堂也没有教育他礼节规范。moral意为道德上的，故选moral。【19题详解】考查形容词。句意：我不相信。许多同样处于不利地位的其他人选择不从事犯罪活动。“Idon’tbelieveit.”表明了作者的态度和看法，那么本句说明的是在同样不良的环境下许多人还是不会犯罪的，disadvantaged意为不良的、有缺陷的，故选disadvantaged。【20题详解】考查名词。句意：如果我们免除罪犯的责任，即使是部分免除责任，我们的社会就会充斥着各种借口，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。此处强调的是纵容犯罪的后果，如果我们纵容犯罪我们的社会就会充斥着各种借口，excuses意为理由（借口），此处用复数表泛指，故选excuses。【点睛】III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Thecontinuouspresentationoffrighteningstoriesaboutglobalwarminginthepopularmediamakesusunnecessarilyfrightened.Evenworse,it____21____ourkids.AlGorefamously____22____howasea-levelriseof20feetwouldalmostcompletelyfloodFlorida,NewYork,Holland,andShanghai,eventhoughtheUnitedNationssaysthatsuchathingwillnotevenhappen,____23____thatsealevelswillrise20timeslessthanthat.When____24____withtheseexaggerations,someofussaythattheyareforagoodcause,andsurelythereisnoharmdoneiftheresultisthatwefocusevenmoreonhandlingclimatechange.This____25____isastonishinglywrong.Suchexaggerationsdoplentyofharm.Worryingexcessivelyaboutglobalwarmingmeansthatweworrylessaboutotherthings,wherewecoulddosomuchmoregood.Wefocus,____26____,onglobalwarming'simpactonmalaria(疟疾)----whichwillputslightlymorepeopleat____27____in100years-insteadofdealingwiththehalfabillionpeople____28____frommalariatodaywithpreventionandtreatmentpoliciesthataremuchcheaperanddramaticallymoreeffectivethancarbonreductionwouldbe.Exaggerationalsowearsoutthepublic's____29____tocopewithglobalwarming.Iftheplanetiscertaintobedestroyedowingtoglobalwarming,peoplewonder,whydoanything?Arecord54%ofAmericanvotersnowbelievethenewsmediamakeglobalwarmingappearworsethanitreallyis.A____30____ofpeoplenowbelieve–incorrectly–thatglobalwarmingisnotevencausedbyhumans.Butthe____31____costofexaggeration,Ibelieve,istheunnecessaryalarmthatitcauses–particularlyamongchildren.AnarticleinTheWashingtonPostcitednine-year-oldAlyssa,whocriesaboutthepossibilityofmassanimal____32____fromglobalwarming.Thenewspaperalsoreportedthatparentsare____33____effectiveoutletsfortheireight-year-olds'concernwithdyingpolarbears.Theymightbebetteroffeducatingthemandlettingthemknowthat,____34____tocommonbelief,theglobalpolarbearpopulationhasdoubledoverthepasthalf-century,toabout22,000.____35____thepossibledisappearingofsummerArcticice,polarbearswillnotbecomeextinct.21.A.exhausts B.depresses C.terrifies D.exploits22.A.dismissed B.demonstrated C.deposited D.described23.A.measuring B.justifying C.estimating D.advocating24.A.faced B.identified C.equipped D.entitled25.A.announcement B.argument C.interaction D.dialogue26.A.forexample B.inaddition C.bycontrast D.inshort27.A.peace B.leisure C.ease D.risk28.A.suffering B.evolving C.developing D.prohibiting29.A.ability B.endurance C.willingness D.preference30.A.mixture B.majority C.quantity D.crowd31.A.smallest B.worst C.fewest D.least32.A.separation B.reservation C.isolation D.extinction33.A.turningout B.takingover C.searchingfor D.pullingthrough34.A.sensitive B.contrary C.related D.accustomed35.A.Despite B.Besides C.Without D.Except【答案】21.C22.D23.C24.A25.B26.A27.D28.A29.C30.B31.B32.D33.C34.B35.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了夸大气候变暖引起了一些不必要惊慌的现象。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，它吓到了我们的孩子们。A.exhausts使筋疲力尽，用尽；B.depresses使沮丧；C.terrifies使害怕；D.exploits利用，剥削。前文表明关于气候变暖的惊悚报道让我们感到恐惧，由此可知，此处表示它吓到了我们的孩子们。故选C。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：AlGore曾描述过海平面上升20英尺几乎会完全淹没佛罗里达、纽约、荷兰和上海。A.dismissed开除，解散；B.demonstrated证明；C.deposited放下，放置；D.described描述。根据后文“howasea-levelriseof20feetwouldalmostcompletelyfloodFlorida…”可知，此处指的是描述的内容。故选D。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管联合国说这样的事情根本不会发生，估计海平面上升的幅度将比这个数字低20倍。A.measuring测量；B.justifying证明；C.estimating估计；D.advocating支持，拥护。根据后文“thatsealevelswillrise20timeslessthanthat.”和背景常识可知，此处是预测的情况，需用动词estimate。故选C。【24题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们面对这些夸大其词的时候，我们中的一些人说，它们是为了一个好的理由，如果结果是我们更加注重处理气候变化，那肯定没有什么坏处。A.faced面临；B.identified确认；C.equipped装备；D.entitled使符合资格。根据空后“withtheseexaggerations”可知，空处需用faced，befacedwith…面临……，固定短语。故选A。【25题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种观点大错特错。A.announcement公告；B.argument争论；C.interaction相互影响；D.dialogue对话。文章前面两段都是在讲AlGore与联合国不同的观点，因此这里填争论。故选B。【26题详解】考查固定短语词义辨析。句意：例如，我们把重点放在全球变暖对疟疾的影响上——这将在100年内使更多的人处于危险之中——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜和更有效的预防和治疗政策来对付今天的5亿疟疾患者。A.forexample例如；B.inaddition另外；C.bycontrast相比之下；D.inshort简而言之。从上下文我们可以看出这句话是举例子，所以用forexample。故选A。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，我们把重点放在全球变暖对疟疾的影响上——这将在100年内使更多的人处于危险之中——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜和更有效的预防和治疗政策来对付今天的5亿疟疾患者。A.peace和平；B.leisure空闲；C.ease安逸；D.risk冒险。atrisk为固定短语，表示“有危险”。故选D。【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，我们把重点放在全球变暖对疟疾的影响上——这将在100年内使更多的人处于危险之中——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜和更有效的预防和治疗政策来对付今天的5亿疟疾患者。A.suffering遭受；B.evolving进化；C.developing发展；D.prohibiting禁止。根据后文疾病malaria可知，空处需用suffer，sufferfrom表示“遭受；患……病”，固定短语。故选A。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：夸大其词也削弱了公众应对全球变暖的意愿。A.ability能力；B.endurance忍耐力；C.willingness意愿；D.preference偏爱。根据后文“Iftheplanetiscertaintobedestroyedowingtoglobalwarming,peoplewonder,whydoanything?”可知，此处指公众应对全球变暖的意愿。故选C。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在大多数人错误地认为，全球变暖甚至不是由人类引起的。A.mixture混合；B.majority大多数；C.quantity数量；D.crowd人群。根据前文“Arecord54%ofAmericanvotersnowbelievethenewsmediamakeglobalwarmingappearworsethanitreallyis.”可知，现在大多数人错误地认为，全球变暖不是人类造成的。故选B。【31题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我相信，夸张最糟糕的代价是它引起的不必要的恐慌，尤其是在儿童中。A.smallest最小的；B.worst最糟糕的；C.fewest最少的；D.least最少的。前面文章一直在讲夸大全球变暖问题所带来的坏处，这里是作者想强调的最坏的代价，所以用worst。故选B。【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇文章援引了9岁的Alyssa的话说，全球变暖可能会导致大量动物灭绝。A.separation分开；B.reservation预约，预定；C.isolation孤立；D.extinction灭绝。根据常识可知，全球变暖只有可能会造成大量动物的灭绝。故选D。【33题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：该报还报道说，父母们正在为他们8岁大的孩子寻找有效的途径来表达他们对濒临死亡的北极熊的担忧。A.turningout结果是，证明；B.takingover接管；C.searchingfor寻找；D.pullingthrough（大病后）康复。这里是说有些小孩子担心北极熊会灭绝，而这种担心显然对于他们来说是多余的，所以一些家长会寻找一些其他的东西来转移孩子们的注意力。故选C。【34题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们最好是教育他们，让他们知道，与人们普遍认为的相反，全球北极熊的数量在过去半个世纪里翻了一番，达到了大约22000只。A.sensitive敏感的；B.contrary相反的；C.related相关的；D.accustomed习惯的。contraryto为固定搭配，表示“与……相反”，此处表示与之前看法相反。故选B。【35题详解】考查介词词义辨析。句意：尽管北极夏季的冰有可能消失，但北极熊不会灭绝。A.Despite尽管，虽然；B.Besides除……之外；C.Without没有；D.Except除了。根据空前后句意可知，空处需用despite引导让步状语。故选A。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）OnthepristinecoastofthesouthernIndianstateofTamilNadu,asmallfishingvillagecalledMahabalipuramishometoMumuSurfSchool,oneofthemostpopularsurfingschoolsinIndia.ItisrunbyMukeshPanjanathan,alsoknownasMumu,wholivestwominutesfromtheschoolonthebeach.Everymorning,hewatchesthesunlightsparkleontheseawater,andpalmleavesswaywiththebreeze.Alongtheshorearekattumarams,whichheusedtosneakintotheseaasachildtoridethewaves.Butasbeautifulasitlooks,thebeachtownhasadarkside.Mumuwasonly12–theyoungestofsixsiblings–whenhisfather,whosufferedfromalcoholism-relatedhealthproblems,diedbysuicide.“Alcoholaddictionisanimmensechallengeforfishingcommunities.”VincentJain,thedeputychiefoftheSouthIndianFederationofFishermenSocieties,toldVICE.“Mostofthemstartdrinkingwhentheyreachtheirteensandstartearningsomemoney.”Itiscommonforfishermentodrinkuptothreetimesaday,andpayingfortheiraddictionusesupmuchofthemoneytheymake.Asthingsstand,theirincomehasbeendecreasingbecauseoflarge-scalecommercialfishingactivitiesandtheclimatecrisis.Mumu,now36,saidfishermenusealcoholasa“painkiller”becauseoftheexhaustingnatureoftheirjobs.Theypaddle（用桨划）theirboatsintotheseaasearlyasthreeinthemorning,sometimesinveryharshconditions,andreturnwithabatchoffishatsunrise.Thatis,ifthey’reinluck,therestofthedayleavesthemwithnothingtodo.“Drinkingmakesthemfeelbetter.Slowly,itbecomesahabit,”hesaid.“Butthingsarechanging.”Overthelast15years,theriseofsurfcultureinMahabalipuramhasnotonlytransformeditintooneofIndia’stopwatersportsdestinations,butalsoopeneddoorsfortheyoungtopursuealternativecareers.“Thecominggenerationshavemuchmorefreedomtochoosewhattheywanttodo,insteadofsittingaroundandgettingdrunk.”saidMumu,whoisamongthefirstsurferstoemergefromthelocalfishingcommunity.36.Accordingtoparagraph2,theunderlineword“kattumaarams”probablyrefersto.A.thealternativefortheword“wave”inMahabalipuramB.akindofboatusedinMahabalipuramC.theanimalslivingalongtheshoreD.thefriendsofMumuwithwhomhewenttothesea37.WhydoestheauthorthinkMahabalipuramhasadarkside?A.Thedrinkingcultureherecausesalotoftrouble.B.Manypeoplediedyounginthisplace.C.Thepeopleherearetooaddictedtosurfing.D.Thenighthereislongerthanotherplaces.38.WhichofthefollowingisnotthereasonwhysomefishermeninMahabalipuramareaddictedtodrinking?A.Theyhavenothingtodoafterfinishingtheirjob.B.Drinkingreducestheirphysicalpaincausedbytheirjob.C.Theyaresousedtodrinkingthattheycan’tquitit.D.Drinkingrelievesthemofthetirednesscausedbytheirjob.39.Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthorisprobablygoingtowriteabout.A.howMumubecameasurferinthevillageandstartedMumuSurfSchoolB.thenewalternativecareerstheyoungcanchooseinthevillageC.howsurfingculturehelpsfishermeninthevillagegetridofdrinkingD.otherwatersportsdestinationsinIndia【答案】36.B37.A38.B39.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了印度南部一个名叫Mahabalipuram的小渔村——Mumu冲浪学校的所在地，曾经酗酒对这个海滨小镇来说是一个巨大的挑战，现在由于冲浪文化的兴起，不仅使其成为印度顶级水上运动目的地之一，而且为年轻人寻求其他职业打开了大门。【36题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二自然段“Alongtheshorearekattumarams,whichheusedtosneakintotheseaasachildtoridethewaves.（沿着海岸是kattumarams，他小时候经常用它们潜入大海乘风破浪。）”可知，关系代词which指代先行词kattumarams，在定语从句中作used的宾语。由此可知，kattumarams是他潜入大海的一种工具。B项“akindofboatusedinMahabalipuram（Mahabalipuram使用的一种船）”与划线词词义接近。故选B。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据第三自然段“Mumuwasonly12–theyoungestofsixsiblings–whenhisfather,whosufferedfromalcoholism-relatedhealthproblems,diedbysuicide.（Mumu只有12岁，是六个兄弟姐妹中最小的一个，他的父亲因酗酒导致的健康问题而自杀身亡。）”和第四自然段““Alcoholaddictionisanimmensechallengeforfishingcommunities.”（“酗酒对渔业社区来说是一个巨大的挑战。”）”可知，作者认为这个海滨小镇也有阴暗的一面是因为这里的饮酒文化带来了很多麻烦。故选A。【38题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Thatis,ifthey’reinluck,therestofthedayleavesthemwithnothingtodo.（也就是说，如果他们运气好的话，剩下的时间他们将无所事事。）”可知，A项“Theyhavenothingtodoafterfinishingtheirjob.（他们完成工作后无事可做。）”是渔民饮酒上瘾的原因之一；根据第五自然段“Itiscommonforfishermentodrinkuptothreetimesaday,andpayingfortheiraddictionusesupmuchofthemoneytheymake.（渔民每天最多喝三次酒是很常见的，为他们上瘾买单会消耗掉他们赚的大部分钱。）”可知，C项“Theyaresousedtodrinkingthattheycan’tquitit.（他们太习惯喝酒了，戒不掉。）”也是渔民饮酒上瘾的原因之一；根据倒数第三段第一句“Mumu,now36,saidfishermenusealcoholasa“painkiller”becauseoftheexhaustingnatureoftheirjobs.（现年36岁的Mumu说，渔民使用酒精作为“止痛药”，因为他们的工作很累。）”可知，D项“Drinkingrelievesthemofthetirednesscausedbytheirjob.（饮酒可以减轻他们因工作而产生的疲劳。）”是渔民饮酒上瘾的原因之一，且该句及全文都不能推断出“Drinkingreducestheirphysicalpaincausedbytheirjob.（饮酒可以减轻他们因工作引起的身体疼痛。）”。故选B。【39题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Butthingsarechanging.”（“但情况正在改变。”）”以及最后一段“Overthelast15years,theriseofsurfcultureinMahabalipuramhasnotonlytransformeditintooneofIndia’stopwatersportsdestinations,butalsoopeneddoorsfortheyoungtopursuealternativecareers.“Thecominggenerationshavemuchmorefreedomtochoosewhattheywanttodo,insteadofsittingaroundandgettingdrunk.”saidMumu,（在过去15年中，Mahabalipuram冲浪文化的兴起不仅使其成为印度顶级水上运动目的地之一，而且为年轻人寻求其他职业打开了大门。“后代有更多的自由选择他们想做的事，而不是坐在那里喝得酩酊大醉。”Mumu说，）”可知，接下来作者要谈论冲浪文化如何帮助村里的渔民戒酒的。故选C。（B）Gettingyourchildrentostoplyingischallenging.Therearemanyinfluences(TV,movies,videogamesandsomegreatbooks)inwhichliesarecommon.Childrenseeparentslietoothers,ifonlytobepolite.MostparentsaddtothatwithtalesaboutthelivesandactivitiesofSantaClausortheToothFairy,ortorelievefears.(“Thiswillnothurt!”)Parentsdothisoutoflove,butforsomechildren,lyingcanbecomeaproblem.Themostcommonreactionstochildrenwholieareexplainingwhyitiswrongandpunishment.Aswaysofchangingbehavior,theseareineffective.Herearethreebettertoolssupportedbyresearchtouseinstead.PRAISE:Youcouldaskyourchildtosaysomethingthathappenedatschoolthatistrue.Itisnotcriticalwhatthatis.Thisisaboutpractice.Whenyourchilddoesso,praisehimenthusiastically.Bespecific:“Thatwasgreat!YoutoldmewhathappenedjustlikeIasked.Wow!”andgiveyourchildahugorahighfive.Ifyourchildsayssomethingtrueinthecourseofherday,praisethatbehaviortoo.Aimforoneortwointeractionslikethisaday.Ifyouhappento“catch”yourchildinalie,bematter-of-factinyourdisapproval.Saysomethinglike,“Thatisnottrueandcouldgetyouintroubleoutsideofthehome;itisbettertosaythetruth.”MODEL:Tellthetruth.Thiscouldbeaboutsomethingthathappenedwhenyouwereachildorsomethingthathappenedduringtheday.Itneednotbedramatic.Anotheroptionistoplayagameatdinner.Eachpersontellsonethingthatwastruethatday.Again,givealittlepraisetothechildwhonormallyliesifsheplaysalong.DE-EMPHASIZEPUNISHMENTANDMORALIZING:Theyareunlikelytochangebehaviorordeveloptheconductyouwant.Thatdoesnotmeanignoringlyingorlettingitgo.Rather,useverylightpunishment(lightcriticism,abrieftime-out).Moresevere,harshorenduringpunishments(shouting,takingawaysomethingforaweek,hitting)arenotmoreeffectiveinactuallychangingthefrequencyoflying.Trytheseproceduresfortwoorthreeweeksandseewhereyouare.Usuallytheycanbedroppedbythen.Itisunlikelythatlyingwillbecompletelyeliminated,butwiththerightencouragement,itcanbedramaticallylessened.40.Accordingtothepassage,whyisitachallengetogetkidsnottolie?A.Theyhaveproblemstellingtruthfromlies.B.Theyarenotcriticizedproperlyforlying.C.Theyaremuchexposedtoliesinlife.D.Theytendtotellliesbynature.41.Accordingtothepassage,whatareparentsrecommendedtodo?A.Pretendnottohaveseenyourkidslieeveniftheylie.B.Praiseyourkidsiftheytellfewerliesinaday.C.Playagameofmakingupstoriesatdinner.D.Punishkidsforlyinginamildway.42.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Reasonswhyit’sdifficulttostoplying.B.Toolswithwhichtofindoutifyourkidslie.C.Properwaystopreventtourkidstellinglies.D.Proceduresofgivingyourkidsencouragement.【答案】40.C41.D42.C【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍3种让孩子改掉撒谎行为的方法。【40题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Gettingyourchildrentostoplyingischallenging.Therearemanyinfluences(TV,movies,videogamesandsomegreatbooks)inwhichliesarecommon.Childrenseeparentslietoothers,ifonlytobepolite.MostparentsaddtothatwithtalesaboutthelivesandactivitiesofSantaClausortheToothFairy,ortorelievefears.”(让你的孩子停止撒谎是很有挑战性的。有很多影响因素(电视、电影、视频游戏和一些伟大的书籍)，其中谎言是很常见的。孩子们看到父母对别人撒谎，即使只是出于礼貌。大多数父母还会讲述圣诞老人或牙仙的生活和活动，或者是为了减轻恐惧。)可知，让你的孩子停止撒谎是很有挑战性的原因是他们在生活中的很多情况都暴露在谎言里。故选C。【41题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Theyareunlikelytochangebehaviorordeveloptheconductyouwant.Thatdoesnotmeanignoring,lyingorlettingitgo.Rather,useverylightpunishment(lightcriticism,abrieftime-out).”(他们不太可能改变行为或发展成你想要的样子。这并不意味着忽视、撒谎或放手。相反，使用非常轻微的惩罚(轻微的批评，短暂的暂停)。)可知，当孩子撒谎时，父母们被建议使用轻微温和的惩罚手段。故选D。【42题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Themostcommonreactionstochildrenwholieareexplainingwhyitiswrongandpunishment.Aswaysofchangingbehavior,theseareineffective.Herearethreebettertoolssupportedbyresearchtouseinstead.”(对于说谎的孩子，最常见的反应是解释为什么说谎是错误的和惩罚。作为改变行为的方式，这些都是无效的。这里有三个由研究支持的更好的方法可以使用。)可知，这篇文章主要介绍让孩子改掉说谎的行为的方法。故选C。（C）Formillionsofyears,Arcticseaicehasexpandedandshrunkinarhythmicdancewiththesummersun.Humansevolvedinthisicyworld,andcivilizationreliedonitforclimatic,ecologicalandpoliticalstability.Butnowtheworldcomeseverclosertoafuturewithoutice.TheNationalSnowandIceDataCenterreportedthat2019’sminimumarcticseaiceextentwasthesecondlowestonrecord.Arcticsummerscouldbecomemostlyice-freein30years,andpossiblysoonerifcurrenttrendscontinue.Asthenorthernseaicedeclines,theworldmustunitetopreservewhatremainsoftheArctic.Althoughmostpeoplehaveneverseentheseaice,itseffectsareneverfaraway.Byreflectingsunlight,ArcticiceactsasEarth’sairconditioner.Oncedarkwaterreplacesbrilliantice,Earthcouldwarmsubstantially,equivalenttothewarmingcausedbytheadditionalreleaseofatrilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2)intotheatmosphereanddecliningseaicethreatenswildlife,fromthepolarbeartoalgaethatgrowbeneaththeseaice,supportingthelargeamountofmarinelife.Toavoidtheconsequencesthescientificcommunityshouldadvocatenotjustforloweringgreenhousegasemissions,butalsoforprotectingtheArcticfromexploitation.TheAntarcticshowstheway.Inthe1950s,countriesracedtoclaimtheAntarcticcontinentforresourcesandmilitaryinstallations.Enterthescientists.The1957-1958InternationalGeophysicalYearbroughttogetherscientistsfromcompetingcountriestostudyAntarctica,andcountriestemporarilysuspendedtheirterritorialdisputes(争议).In1959,12countriessignedtheAntarcticTreatytopreservethecontinentforpeacefulscientificdiscoveryratherthanterritorialandmilitarygain.Sixtyyearslater,wemustnowsavetheArctic.AnewMarineArcticPeaceSanctuary(MAPS)TreatywouldprotecttheArcticOceanasascientificpreserveforpeacefulpurposesonly.SimilartoAntarctica,MAPSwouldprohibitresourceexploitation,commercialfishingandshipping,andmilitaryexercises.Sofar,only2non-ArcticcountrieshavesignedMAPS;97moreneedtosignontoenactitintolaw.Scientistscanhelp—justastheydidfortheAntarctic—bygivingstatementsofsupport,askingscienti