考研英语真题全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

PartIClozeTest

Directions:

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked

[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1by

blackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyup

peopleinvolvedinprominentcases]thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,

willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwill

strictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselect

committee,LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatself

regulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.

9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotest

whenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbeleft

tojudges12toParliament

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13the

EuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritain,laiddownthateverybody

was15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesand

theirfamilies.

"Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,"hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin

1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriesto

newspapers.Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheir

storiesincourtto20guiltyverdicts.

1.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas

2.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening

3.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft

4.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper

5.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity

6.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as

7.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed

8.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate

9.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure

10.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash

11.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]

demonstration

12.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]sooner

than

13.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns

14.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining

15.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

16.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by

17.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue

18.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told

19.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that

20.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure[D]guarantee

PartIIReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionsthere

arefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoose

thebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1

byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

Passage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationof

scientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancould

continuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.But

specialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingthe

processofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:

exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur“doescarrya

connotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity

and,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe

nineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,

impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymost

obviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,

andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfreveals

notsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinition

ofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,local

geologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentieth

century,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyifthey

incorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,have

continuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomake

entrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeen

reinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthe

nineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.As

alogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimed

mainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessof

differentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneor

twospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesor

tocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

Althoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunder

wayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayed

untilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbe

reckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

21.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseenin

sciencessuchas.

[AJsociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology

[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry

22.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

23.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.

[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications

[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs

24.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis.

[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation

[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademic

societies

Passage2

Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisionof

theworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.

MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisible

then,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Thereare

reasonstobeoptimistic.

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternet

becomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalize

access-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreand

moregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.

Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenetted

together.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwideninthe

yearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerful

toolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe'veeverhad.

Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn'ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternet

isnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.

Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheir

outdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthink

foreigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof

infrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.Whenthe

UnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn,thavethecapitaltodoso.Andthatis

whyAmerica'sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsand

soon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandthe

FrenchwereinvestinginBritain/sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericans

builtthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.Ibelievethesamethingwouldbe

trueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.Themoreforeigncapitalyouhave

helpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,

thebetteroffyou'regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,or

lettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportant

theycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantage

oftheInternet.

25.Digitaldivideissomething.

[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor

[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday

26.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit.

[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds

[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld

27.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof.

[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital'scontrol

[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment

28.Itseemsthatnowacountry,seconomydepandsmuchon.

[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainst

immigrants

[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica'sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasover

foreigncorporations

Passage3

WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmerican

SocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationis

deepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.

Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactual

errorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlement

aboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.

Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworld

throughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday'sevents.In

otherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesa

backboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.

Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhich

helpsexplainwhythe"standardtemplates"ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Ina

recentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthe

country,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephoned

atrandomandaskedthesamequestions.

RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytolivein

upscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey'reless

likelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsincommunity.

Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirwork

tendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenews

mediaisn'trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworld

viewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.

Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisa

troubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.

Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhy

customersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundto

noticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifit

did,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,and

lookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.

29.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.

[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.

[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.

[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.

30.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe.

[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory

[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial

31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir.

[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle

[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground

32.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingto

its.

[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters

[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceand

gender

Passage4

Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.

TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountries

withunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:

"Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitive

force?"

There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinational

corporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureis

morethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growing

segmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.In

Argentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%to

almost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhas

createdseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmen

andovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.

IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesame

thatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,

lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperations

capableofmeetingcustomers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,to

consumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.

Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishard

toimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatsto

competitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrust

wasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobring

higherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,

thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationis

increasing-witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappearthat

consumersarebeinghurt.

Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,Alan

Greenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingto

supervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeing

created?Won'tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgets

toostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitself

theroleof"defendingcompetition"onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.

vs.Microsoftcase?

33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?

[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]toinvestmoreabroad.

[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.[D]totradewithmorecountries.

34.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis

[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.

[C]agrowingproductivity.[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.

35.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat.

[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers

[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts

[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous

[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition

36.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe.

[A]optimistic[B]objective

[C]pessimistic[D]biased

Passage5

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImight

becomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblocked

myprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareer

although,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming

"Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily".

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhatthe

Americansterm“downshifting“hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihave

beentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof"havingitall",

preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoa

womanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromthe

editorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyour

life",andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting“bringswithitfargreater

rewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.Nothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothe

kindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressured

deadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton

"qualitytime".

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisa

well-establishedtrend.Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas"voluntarysimplicity"has,

ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Therearea

numberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheir

lives;therearenewsletter's,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousands

ofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;

thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentof

droppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdeclineafterthe

massredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80sandisstilllinkedtothepolitics

ofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,we

havedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,

downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifegrowing

yourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintooneasapersonalrecognitionof

yourlimitations.

37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?

[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.

[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.

[C]"Alateralmove"meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.

[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.

38.Thewriter,sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting__

[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife

[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrine

ofShemagazine

39."Jugglingone"slife"probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby.

[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything

[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism

40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof

[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man'sadventurousspirit

[C]man/ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituation

PartIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Inlessthan30years'timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetween

thebrain'snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,

allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

41)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollution

monitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.42)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequipped

withpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalities