电气控制技术 其他常见控制电路 学习课件

其他常见控制电路分析主讲人：郝称意直流电动机的分类：并励电动机：励磁线圈与转子电枢并联到同一电源上。串励电动机：励磁线圈与转子电枢串联接到同一电源上复励电动机：励磁线圈与转子电枢的联接有串有并，接同一电源上。M他励UfIfIaUM并励UIfM串励UM复励U他励电动机：励磁线圈与转子电枢的电源分开。永磁机励磁机1、要限制Iast的措施：（1）启动时在电枢回路串电阻。（2）启动时降低电枢电压。启动时,n=0Iast太大会使换向器产生严重的火花，烧坏换向器。一般Iast限制在(2-2.5)IaN内。一、直流电动机的起动控制线路起动特点和注意事项

E=0，若加入额定电压，则由于励磁转矩T=KT

Ia，

而

0

，电机将不能启动，2、注意直流机在启动时，励磁电路不能断开，而且启动时要满励磁。否则，可能产生以下事故：因此，反电动势为零，电枢电流会很大，电枢绕组有被烧毁的危险。一、直流电动机的起动控制线路起动特点和注意事项措施：他励直流电动机一定要有失磁保护。一般在励磁绕组加失压继电器或欠流继电器。当失压或欠流时，自动切断电枢电源U。M他励UfIfIaU1、并励直流电动机的起动控制线路特点：负载变化时，转速n的变化不大，属硬机械特性。应用：恒转矩的生产机械(TL一定，和转速无关），如：金属加工、起重机械等。KMKMRMQSE1E2SB2KMKMSB1KAKA+-U>QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LKM1SB2KA1KA2SB1KA2KA1I>KM1KM1KM3R2KM11.电枢回路串电阻二级启动控制线路（2）I<MR1KM1KT2KM3电路分析KT2QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LKM1SB2KA1KA2SB1KA2KA1I>KM1KM1KM3R2KM1I<MR1KM1KT2KM3合上电源开关QS，励磁绕组得电，KA1线圈得电，KT1,KT2线圈得电KT21.电枢回路串电阻二级启动控制线路（2）QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LKM1SB2KA1KA2SB1KA2KA1I>KM1KM1KM3R2KM1I<MR1KM1KT2KM3启动:按下SB1KM1线圈得电，KM1触头闭合,电动机串联电阻启动，KM1动断触头断开，KT1,KT2线圈失电KT21.电枢回路串电阻二级启动控制线路（2）QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LKM1SB2KA1KA2SB1KA2KA1I>KM1KM1KM3R2KM1I<MR1KM1KT2KM3继续启动:KT1经过整定时间，KT1动断触头延时闭合,KM2线圈得电KM2触头闭合，电动机串联R2继续启动KT21.电枢回路串电阻二级启动控制线路（2）QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LKM1SB2KA1KA2SB1KA2KA1I>KM1KM1KM3R2KM1I<MR1KM1KT2KM3KT2经过整定时间KT2动断触头延时闭合,KM3线圈得电KM3触头闭合切除全部电阻电动机全速运行KT21.电枢回路串电阻二级启动控制线路（2）2、串励直流电动机的起动控制线路（1）工作过程：KM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KM1KM1SB1SB2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KT2KM1KT1QS+-2、串励直流电动机的起动控制线路QSKM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KM1KM1SB1SB2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(合上电源开关QS：KT2KM1KT1(按下SB2KT1KT1延时到KM2KT2(KT2开始计时KT2延时到KM3正常运行KT1开始计时+-QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LSB2SB1KM1KM1KM3R22.自动启动控制线路MR1KM1KT2KM3电路组成分析KT2QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LSB2SB1KM1KM1KM3R22.自动启动控制线路MR1KM1KT2KM3KT2合上电源开关QFQFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LSB2SB1KM1KM1KM3R22.自动启动控制线路MR1KM1KT2KM3KT2按下SB1KM1线圈得电QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LSB2SB1KM1KM1KM3R22.自动启动控制线路MR1KM1KT2KM3KT2KT2经过整定时间KT2动断触头延时闭合进入正常工作QFKT1KT1KM1KM2L+KM2LSB2SB1KM1KM1KM3R22.自动启动控制线路MR1KM1KT2KM3KT2按下SB2，电动机停转串励电动机使用时，切忌空载或轻载运行2、串励直流电动机的起动控制线路应用：用于恒功率负载（P一定时，T和n成反比），如：电气机车等。特点:串励与并励直流电动机相比，主要有以下1是具有较大的启动转矩，（T∝Ia2)启动性能好。2是过载能力较强。3随负载转矩的增大，n下降得很快，属软机械特性。３、他励直流电动机的起动控制线路工作过程：

QS2KM2KM3KM1R1MR2KM1KT1KT2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KM1SB1SB2F1F2QS1+-+-３、他励直流电动机的起动控制线路合上电源开关QS1、QS2：

QS2KM2KM3KM1R1MR2F1F2QS1KM1KT1KT2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KM1SB1SB2KT2(KT1(按下SB2：

KT1、KT2开始计时KT1、延时到KT2延时到正常运行KM2KM3+-+-３、他励直流电动机的起动控制线路特点与应用：同并励直流电动机

QS2KM2KM3KM1R1MR2F1F2QS1KM1KM1SB1SB2KM1KT1KT2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(I＜失磁保护+-+-（1）改变励磁电流的方向（2）改变电枢电流的方向改变直流电机转向（改变电磁力矩）的方法：二、直流电动机的正反转控制线路FFU+–NS电刷换向片II直流电动机工作原理（串励）（并励和他励）1、并励直流电动机的正反转控制线路

（改变电枢电流的方向）KM1KM1RMQSE1E2SB2KMKMSB1KAKA+-KM2KM2E1E2SB3KM2KM1SB2KM2KM1KM1KM2SB1KM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2KAL+L-KTKAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MR并励直流电机正反转控制线路I＜QFKM2KM1电路分析KM2KM1KM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MR并励直流电机正反转控制线路I＜KM2KM1正转启动:合上QF励磁绕组得电励磁线圈KA得电，动合触头闭合KT线圈得电，延时闭合瞬时断开触头断开KM2KM1L+L-QFKM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1按下SB1KM1线圈得电，KM1触头动作电动机串联电阻正转起动KT线圈失电KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1KT经过整定时间KT动断触头延时闭合,KM3线圈得电KM3触头闭合切除电阻电动机全速运行KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1停:按下SB3KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1反转启动:合上QF励磁绕组得电励磁线圈KA得电，动合触头闭合KT线圈得电，延时闭合瞬时断开触头断开KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1按下SB2KM2线圈得电，KM2触头动作电动机串联电阻反转起动KT线圈失电KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKTKM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KAKM2SB3KM1SB1KTKM1KM1MRI＜KM2KM1KT经过整定时间KT动断触头延时闭合,KM3线圈得电KM3触头闭合切除电阻电动机全速运行KM2KM1L+L-QF并励直流电机正反转控制线路KM3KM1KM2KAKT2、他励直流电动机正反转控制线路QS2KM2KM3F1F2QS1KM1KT1KT2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KM1SB1SB2KM2KM2KM2KM1R1MR2KM1+-+-（改变电枢电流的方向）KM2SB3KM2KM1SB2KM1KM1KM2SB1I＜3、串励直流电动机的正反转起动控制线路QSKM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KT2KM1KT1KM1KM1SB1SB2KM2KM2+-（改变励磁绕组电流的方向）3、串励直流电动机的正反转起动控制线路QSKT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KT1KM1KM1SB1SB2KM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KT2KM1KM1KM4KM4KM1KM1SB1SB2+-KM1SB3KM1KM2SB2KM2KM2KM1SB1（改变励磁绕组电流的方向）3、串励直流电动机的正反转起动控制线路QSKT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KT1KM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KT2KM1KM1KM4KM4KM4+-KM1SB3KM1KM2SB2KM4KM4KM1SB1KM4KM1KT1(KM2KM3KT2(（改变励磁绕组电流的方向）KM3KM2KM2KM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2L+L-KTKM2SB3KM1SB1KM1KM1R串励直流电机正反转控制线路QFKM2KM1KT动断触头延时闭合，KM3得电，起动过程结束KM2KM1MKT

停止时用一个和电动机实际旋转方向相反的电磁力矩，作为制动力矩，迫使电动机迅速停转，机械制动：电气制动：制动分类依靠机械装置的摩擦力使电动机迅速停止三、直流电动机的制动反接制动能耗制动发电回馈制动比较准确直流电动机能耗制动原理U+–NSIIFFEE发电机RZD1、能耗制动I`I`FFRZD的选择：一般按IaZD≤2IaN能耗制动：停止时，在励磁电流不变的情况下，切断电枢绕组的电源后，在电枢绕组上并接电阻RZD构成回路，使机械能转换为电能消耗在RZD上QS2KM2KM3KM1R1MR2KM1KT1KT2KT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KM1SB1SB2F1F2QS1+-+-1)他励电动机的能耗制动

KM1RZDKM1RZD选择：使IZD≤2IaNI＜2）并励直流电动机能耗制动线路KMKMRMQSE1E2SB2KMKMSB1KAKA+-U>RZDKME1E2L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1L合上QFL+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1L按下SB1L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1LKT1瞬时断开延时闭合触头闭合L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1LKT2瞬时断开延时闭合触头闭合L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1L按下SB2L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1LKV闭合KM2线圈得电KM2闭合能耗制动开始L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1L速度减小到一定值时,KV分断L+KVQFKM2KAKA1VRKM1KM2KM1KM1KT1RBSB1KM1KT2KT1并励直流电动机能耗制动原理I<KM3SB2KM1KM1RBKAMU＜KM4KM4KM3KT2R1R2AKM1L电动机停转QSKT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KT1KM1KM1SB1SB2KM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KT2KM1+-3）串励直流电动机的能耗制动串励直流电动机的能耗制动分为自励式和他励式两种。(1)自励式能耗制动自励式能耗制动是指当电动机断开电源后，将励磁绕组反接并与电枢绕组和制动电阻串联构成闭合回路，使惯性运转的电枢处于自励发电状态，产生与原方向相反的电流和电磁转矩，迫使电动机迅速停转。KM3KVKM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2L+L-KTKM2SB2KM1SB1KTKM1KM1R串励直流电动机自励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1合上电源开关QFKM2KM1MKM2KM1KVKM2RBKM3KVKM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2L+L-KTKM2SB2KM1SB1KTKM1KM1R串励直流电动机自励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1起动控制：按下SB1，电动机串联电阻R起动，KT线圈失电KM2KM1MKM2KM1KVKM2RBKM3KVKM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2L+L-KTKM2SB2KM1SB1KTKM1KM1R串励直流电动机自励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1KT动断触头延时闭合，KM3得电，起动过程结束KM2KM1MKM2KM1KVKM2RBKM3KVKM1SB2KM2KM3KM1KM2L+L-KTKM2SB2KM1SB1KTKM1KM1R串励直流电动机自励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1当速度降低到较低时，KV释放，各电器触头复位，制动结束。KM2KM1MKM2KM1KVKM2RB

(2)他励式能耗制动制动时，切断电动机电源，将电枢绕组与放电电阻R1接通，将励磁绕组与电枢绕组断开后串入分压电阻R2，再接入外加直流电源励磁。QSKT1(KM2KM3KT2(KM1KT1KM1KM1SB1SB2KM2KM3KM1R1MD1D2R2KT2KM1+-3）串励直流电动机的他励能耗制动RZDKM1KM1SB2KM1KM2L+L-KM2SB1SQ2R3QFKM2KM1电路组成分析KM2KM1MKM2KM1SQ1RR1R2串励直流电动机（作伺服电动机）他励式能耗制动控制电路KM1SB2KM1KM2L+L-KM2SB1SQ2R3串励直流电动机（作伺服电动机）他励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1合上电源开关QFKM2KM1MKM2KM1SQ1RR1R2KM1SB2KM1KM2L+L-KM2SB1SQ2R3串励直流电动机（作伺服电动机）他励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1按下SB1KM2KM1MKM2KM1SQ1RR1R2KM1SB2KM1KM2L+L-KM2SB1SQ2R3串励直流电动机（作伺服电动机）他励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1松开SB1KM2KM1MKM2KM1SQ1RR1R2KM1SB2KM1KM2L+L-KM2SB1SQ2R3串励直流电动机（作伺服电动机）他励式能耗制动控制电路QFKM2KM1按下SB2KM2KM1MKM2KM1SQ1RR1R2２反接制动直流电动机反接制动原理U+–NSIIFFEEU+–IZIZFF注意事项１)Ｕ＋Ｅ＝ＩZRa

,必须串电阻限流:2)必须采取防反转措施定义：停止时在维持励磁电流方向不变的情况下，改变电枢电流的方向来制动L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2L电路组成分析MKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM4KM5KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2L合上QFMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2L按下SB1KM1线圈得电MKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LKM1触头动作电动机串联全部电阻启动MKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KT1经过整定时间KT1动断触头延时闭合,KM6线圈得电KM6触头闭合电动机串联R2继续启动KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KV线圈升高到一定值KV触头闭合电动机串联R2继续启动KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KT2经过整定时间KT2动断触头延时闭合,KM7线圈得电KM7触头闭合切除全部电阻电动机继续启动全速运行KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2按下SB3KM1线圈失电KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3KM1KM4KT2LMKASB3SB1KM1KM4KM2KM5KM3KM2KM2KM1KVKM1KM1KM2KM1KM2KM1KM2KM6KM7KM3KM6KM7RBR1R2KM1触头动作KM4KM5L+KVQFKM2KAKM1KM2KM5KM3KT1SB2KT2KT1I<KM3