专题03阅读理解(说明文)(二)原卷版

专题03阅读理解(说明文)(二)高频话题06人与自然—人与动植物Passage1[2025广东省三校高三下学期2月第一次模拟考试一模]Thewoollymammothisoneofthemosticonicanimalsoftheprehistoricera,yetitremainsshroudedinmystery.Oftendepictedasslow,clumsy,andillsuitedtoitsenvironment,anewwaveofresearchischallengingtheselongheldassumptions.Thewoollymammoth,amassiveherbivorewithlong,curvedtusks,roamedtheicylandscapesofEurasiaandNorthAmericaduringtheIceAge.Thesecolossalcreaturesstoodupto11feettallandweighedasmuchas6tons,makingthemlargerthanmodernelephants.Theysubsistedonadietofgrasses,shrubs,andothervegetation,usingtheirtuskstodigthroughsnowandicetoreachfood.Duetothescarcityofwellpreservedmammothremains,scientistshavehadlimitedopportunitiestostudytheseancientbeasts.However,recentadvancementsinpaleontologyandgeneticshaveallowedresearcherstopiecetogetheramoreaccuratepictureoftheirlives.ByanalyzingancientDNAandfossilizedfootprints,scientistshavediscoveredthatwoollymammothswerefarmoreagileandadaptablethanpreviouslythought.Oneofthemostsignificantfindingsisthatwoollymammothshadstrong,flexibletendonsintheirlegs,whichenabledthemtomoveswiftlyacrossthefrozenterrain.Fossilevidencealsosuggeststhattheylivedinplexsocialgroups,similartomodernelephants,andhadhighlydevelopedsurvivalstrategiestoenduretheharshIceAgeconditions.Woollymammothswentextinctaround4,000yearsago,likelyduetoabinationofclimatechangeandhumanhunting.However,theirextinctionwasnotduetoalackofintelligenceoradaptability.Infact,recentstudiesindicatethattheywerehighlyintelligentanimalswithstrongproblemsolvingabilities.Theongoingresearchintowoollymammothsispartofabroaderefforttounderstandtheecologyandbehaviorofextinctspecies.‌“Weareonthebrinkofuncoveringthetruenatureofthesemagnificentcreatures,”saidDr.ElenaIvanova,aleadingpaleontologist.‌“Thewoollymammothwasnotjustarelicofthepast,butahighlyevolvedandresilientanimalthatthrivedforthousandsofyears.”Asscientistscontinuetounravelthemysteriesofthewoollymammoth,wearegainingadeeperappreciationforthisancientgiantanditsplaceinthehistoryofourplanet.1.Whatwasthetraditionalviewofthewoollymammoth?A.Itwasaslow,clumsy,andillsuitedanimaltoitsenvironment.B.Itwashighlyintelligentandadaptable.C.Itwassmallerthanmodernelephants.D.Itwasasolitaryanimalwithnosocialstructure.2.Howhaveresearchersgainednewinsightsintothewoollymammoth?A.Bystudyingwellpreservedmammothremainsfoundinlargequantities.B.ByanalyzingancientDNAandfossilizedfootprints.C.Byobservingthebehaviorofmodernelephants.D.Byusingputersimulationstomodeltheirbehavior.3.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewoollymammoth’sextinctionfromthearticle?A.Itwasprimarilyduetoitsinabilitytoadapttochangingclimates.B.Itwasaresultofbothclimatechangeandhumanhunting.C.Itwascausedbyasuddenandcatastrophicevent.D.Itwasmainlyduetopetitionwithotherprehistoricanimals.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase‌“onthebrinkofuncovering”meaninthecontextofthearticle?A.Justbeginningtounderstand.B.Almostpletelysolved.C.Facingamajorchallenge.D.Reachingacriticalpoint.Passage2[2025江西省部分学校高三下学期2月一模考试]Toavoidhumans,mountainlionsintheGreaterLosAngelesareaarechangingtheiractivitypatterns.Thebigcatslivingnearareaswherehumanshike,runandcyclearebeingincreasinglymorenocturnal(夜行的).ThefindingsaredetailedinastudypublishedinthejournalBiologicalConservation.“Peopleareincreasinglyenjoyingrecreatinginnature,whichisfantastic,”studycoauthorEllieBolassaidinastatement.“Thisflexibilityweseeinmountainlionactivityiswhatallowsustosharethesenaturalareastogether.”Mountainlionsaretopcarnivorouspredators(食肉捕食者)thateatawidevarietyofmeatincludingdeer,wildpigsandrabbits.Whilemountainlionsrarelyattackhumans,theycanstillbedangeroustohikers,runners,orcyclistswhospendtimeintheirhabitats.ThemountainlionsintheGreaterLosAngelesareafacenumerouschallenges—busyroadwayswherethey’reoftenhitbycars,thethreatofwildfires,harmfulchemicalsanddisturbedhabitats.Generally,mountainlionsprefertoavoidhumansaltogether.Butinanurbanareahometomorethan18millionpeople,thenaturalspotswheremountainlionslivearealsoheavilyusedbyrecreationists.“Theseresultsarereallyimportantinthattheyshowhowhumansmaybeaffectingwildlifeinlessobviouswaysthankillingthemwithvehicles,”SethRiley,astudycoauthor,saidinastatement.“Thestudyalsocontinuestodrivehometheamazingfactthatapopulationoflargefieldpredatorswandersinoneofthelargesturbanareasintheworld.Thatwouldnotbepossibleifmountainlionsweren’tabletoadjusttohumanactivity.”However,it’snotonlyuptothemountainlions.Peoplehavearoleinhelpingprotectthemselves,theirpets,andmountainlionsbybeingawareofthehightimeformountainlionactivity.Becarefulifyouhavetodriveatnight,whenmountainlionslivinginpopulatedareasaremorelikelytobeactive.1.WhatisEllieBolas’attitudetowardpeople’srecreationinnature?A.Unclear. B.Doubtful. C.Intolerant. D.Supportive.2.WhatcanwelearnaboutmountainlionsintheGreaterLosAngelesareafromparagraph3?A.Theirhabitatsareundisturbed. B.Theyareunderthreat.C.Theytendtogetclosetohumans. D.Theirattacksonhumansaremon.3.WhatdoSethRiley’swordssuggestaboutmountainlions’adaption?A.Itdisplaystheirdisastrousimpact. B.Itisaresultofhumanconservationefforts.C.Itiskeytotheircoexistencewithhumans. D.Ithasledtothedecreaseofhumanactivity.4.Whatistheauthor’sadviceforhumans?A.Enjoyactivityinpopulatedareas. B.Traintheirpetstogetactiveatnight.C.Avoidencounterswithmountainlions. D.Drivequicklytopassbymountainlions.Passage3[2025福建省厦门市高中毕业班第一次质量检测]Wildchimpanzeesseemtolearnskillsfromeachotherandthen—muchashumansdo—improveonthosetechniquesfromonegenerationtothenext.Inparticular,youngfemalesthatmigrate(迁徙)betweengroupsbringtheirculturalknowledgewiththem,andgroupscanbinenewtechniqueswithexistingonestogetbetteratsearchingforfood.Such“cumulativeculture”meanssomechimpanzeemunitiesarebeingmoretechnologicallyadvanced—althoughvery,veryslowly.“Ifchimpanzeeshavesomeculturalknowledgethatthemunitythey’removingintodoesn’thave,theymaypassiton—justinthesamewaywepassonthegenes(基因),”saysAndrewWhitenattheUniversityofStAndrews.“Andthenthatculturebuildsup.”Scientistsknewchimpanzeesusedtoolsandpassedontheknowledge,buttheirlackofsignificantinnovationparedtohumanspuzzledresearchers.CassandraGunasekaramattheUniversityofZurichsuspectedshemightbeabletoapplygeneticanalysistothepuzzle.Toseeifyoungfemalesbringtheirskillsetsintotheirnewgroups,sheandhercolleagueslookedatdatapreviouslycollectedbyotherresearchgroupsat35studysitesinAfricaandincludedinformationaboutwhattools,ifany,eachanimalused,aswellastheirgeneticconnectionsoverthepast15,000years.“Thegeneticsgiveusakindoftimemachineintothewayculturehasbeentransmitted(传播)acrosschimpanzees,”saysWhiten.Somechimpanzeesusedplextools,forexampleadrillingstickandafishingbrushforhunting.TheresearchersfoundthechimpanzeeswiththemostadvancedtoolsetswerethreetofivetimesmorelikelytosharethesameDNAasthosethatusedsimpletoolsornotoolsatall,eventhoughtheymightlivethousandsofkilometresaway.Andadvancedtoolusewasalsomorestronglyassociatedwithfemalemigrationparedwithsimpleornotooluse.“Ourinterpretationisthattheseplextoolsetsarereallyinventedbyperhapsbuildingonasimplerformfrombefore,andthereforetheyhavetodependontransmissionbyfemalesfromthemunitiesthatinventedtheminitiallytotheothermunities,”saysWhiten.“Itshowsthatplextoolswouldrelyonsocialexchangesacrossgroups—whichisverysurprisingandexciting,”saysGunasekaram.1.Whichbestdescribes“cumulativeculture”inparagraph2?A.Theimmediateadoptionofadvancedtoolsforfood.B.Thegradualbuildupofculturalknowledgeovertime.C.Theindependentinventionoftoolswithoutpriorskills.D.Thepreservationofculturalknowledgeforgenerations.2.HowdidGunasekaram’steamconducttheirresearch?A.Byobservingchimpanzeesat35studysites.B.Byanalyzingexistingdataonchimpanzees.C.Byparingchimpanzeesintermsoftheirtooluse.D.Byinvestigatinggeneticconnectionsofchimpanzees.3.Whatledtochimpanzees’useofplextools?A.Humaninfluences. B.Foodhuntingstrategy.C.Socialpetition. D.Crossgroupinteractions.4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.Thelearninggapsbetweenchimpanzeesandhumans.B.Theenvironmentalimpactonchimpanzees’behaviors.C.Thegeneticdiversityofchimpanzeesinthewilderness.D.Theroleoffemalechimpanzeesinculturaltransmission.Passage4[2025安徽省合肥市高三上学期第一次教学质量检测]Itmightsurpriseyoutolearnthatdogsareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleasconservationists.Forcenturies,theyhavebeenknownasman’sbestfriends.Now,theirunique.abilitiesarebeingmadeuseoftohelpprotectsomeoftheworld’smostthreatenedspecies.Quickandloyal,dogspossessmanyqualitiesthatmakethemidealforfieldwork,butit’stheirextraordinarysenseofsmellthatmakestheminvaluableforconservationwork.Witharound220millionolfactoryreceptors(嗅觉受体)paredtojust5millioninhumans,dogscandetectscents(气味)andanalyzethemwithastonishingaccuracy,devoting40timesmoreoftheirbraintoscentanalysisthanwedo.Thankstothisincredibleability,somedogsarenowbeingtrainedtosaveatriskanimalsbysniffing(嗅)outtheirdroppings.AttheUniversityofWashington’sConservationCannesfacility,20speciallytraineddogshavesuccessfullytrackedkillerwhaledroppings,whichonlyfloatbrieflyontheocean’ssurface.Analyzingthesesamplesenablesscientiststomonitorthehealthofkillerwhalepopulations,whichareundersignificantstressfromfoodshortages,pollution,andboattraffic.Beyondtrackinganimaldroppings,conservationdogsarealsotrainedforliveanimaldetection,furthershowcasingtheirabilities.Theycanlocaterarespeciesintheirnaturalhabitats.Additionally,theyarenowusedtotacklethenonnativespeciesthatthreatenthesurvivalofthelocalwildlife.Dogsalsotakeonotherimportantroles.Forexample,atKenya’sMombasaport,dogssniffoutillegalwildlifeproductssuchasrhinohornsandivory.AcrossAfrica,theyworkonthefrontlinesagainstillegalhunting,servingasapowerfulsecurityforceenhancer.Whiledogsmaynotbetheultimatesolutiontoeveryconservationchallenge.theirinparableabilitiesmaketheminvaluablepanionsinthefighttoprotectourplanet’sbiodiversity.1.Whyarethefiguresmentionedinthesecondparagraph?A.Tohighlightthesuperiorityofdogs’senseofsmell.B.Tosuggesttheamazingaccuracyofdogs’analysis.C.Torecognizetheimportanceofconservationwork.D.Toshowdogs’impressiveachievementsinfieldwork.2.Howdodogshelpprotectkillerwhales?A.Bytrackingtheirmovements.B.Bydetectingtheirdroppings.C.Bymonitoringtheirpopulations.D.Byanalyzingthecollectedsamples.3.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph4?A.WildlifeproductsarepopularinAfricancountries.B.Nonnativespeciesaffectthesurvivaloflocalwildlife.C.Dogsareusedtodetectandpreventillegalwildlifetrade.D.Dogscanaccuratelylocatethenaturalhabitatsofrarespecies.4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Toappealtopeopletoprotectbiodiversity.B.Toreportvariousenvironmentalchallenges.C.Tointroducedogs’rolesinconservationefforts.D.Toprovetheconventionalclaimofdogs’qualities.Passage5[2025·浙江杭州·一模]“Growingfruittreesisaverysimplewaytostayinlovewithourworld,”saysVivianKeh,playwrightanddaughterofimmigrants,holdingabasketofpersimmons(柿子)she’scultivatedtofeelconnectedtoherKoreanancestors.Kehisjustoneofthe50remarkablesubjectsinnaturalistwriterAmyStewart’sTheTreeCollectors:TalesofArborealObsession,acollectionofportraitsofpeopletransformedbytheirloveoftrees.Initially,treesstruckStewartasanoddthingtocollect.Intriguedbythismunityofenthusiasts,shediscoverededucators,preservationistsandvisionaries,alldrawntoakindofcuration,motivatedbyreasonsdiverseastheirprojects.Theyplanttreesinpublicandprivatespacesbothmodestandexpansive,nurturing(培育)theircollectionstohonorbeloveddead,attractwildlife,preserverarespecies’connecttohistory,investinthefuture,growfoodandcreatebeauty.Stewardcategorizesthesetreecollectorsaccordingtotheirsenseofpurpose.KennethHoegh,oneofthebook’s“ecologists”,testswhichcoldlovingspeciesmightgrowinawarmingandhistoricallytreelessGreenland.“Healer”JoeHamiltonplantsloblollypinesonaparceloflandhegotfromhisenslavedancestorswithaneyetowardlongtermsustainableforestrywhichhehopeswillestablishasourceofgenerationalwealthforhisfamily.ReaganWytsalucyhasaplantorestoretraditionalpeachorchardsonNavajolandasoneofthe“munitybuilders”whoseektobringpeopletogether.Addingtothebook’scharmareStewart’swatercolor’illustrations—shegivesUsalookateachofherhumansubjectswhilealsocatalogingthemostwonderfulqualitiesoffeaturedtrees,suchasSeussianeucalyptusseedpodsanddelicatecamelliablossoms.Afterspendingtimeinthisvariedmonwealth,you’llundoubtedlyexperienceanintensedesiretorestundertheshadeofaleafyoak.Butsomethingevendeeperishappeninghere:bycreatingaspaceforpeopletotalkaboutsomethingtheylove.“Howoftendoanyofusgetachancetopourourheartsouttoastranger?”shewrites.“Somehow,talkingabouttreesmadeitpossible.”1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curation”inparagraph2mean?A.Connection. B.Collection. C.Treatment. D.Transformation,2.Whatpurposeofplantingtreesismentionedinparagraph3?A.Topreserverarespecies. B.Tohonorbeloveddead.C.Todevelopnewvarieties. D.Tostrengthensocialbonds.3.Whatdoesthequoteinthelastparagraphsuggestaboutdiscussingtrees?A.Itinspiresnewideas. B.Itrarelyhappensinpublic.C.Itallowsdeepemotionalsharing. D.Ithelpsresolveenvironmentalissues.4.Whatdoesthewriterthinkofthebook?A.plicated. B.Conventional. C.Inspiring. D.Intense.高频话题07人与社会—竞技/比赛Passage1[2025福建省厦门市高中毕业班第一次质量检测]AttheParis2024Olympics,sportclimbingfeaturedtwomedaleventsformenandwomen:SpeedandabinedBoulder&Leadevent.Behindthescenes,thereisacrucialbutoftenunseenfigure—MartinHammerer,headoftheexperiencedteamresponsiblefortheLeadroutes,whohasbeensettingroutesinternationallysince2007.“Theactualdesigntookplaceattheclimbingwall.TheInternationalFederationofSportClimbing(IFSC)preselectedthematerial,whichwethenusedtosettheroutes,”HammererexplainedwhenaskedabouthisworkinParis.“Westartedwiththefinals—whichwasthehighlight—andworkedbackwardtothesemifinals.Afterpletingaroute,wephotographedit,removedandstoredtheholdsforlateruse.”Thefocusfortheroutesettersistoofferachallengingbutalsofairpetition.RoutesforthebinedBoulder&Leadeventwerecarefullydesignedtoensurethatspecialistsinonedisciplinedidn’thaveanunfairadvantage.“Ouraimistoofferabalancedpetition,”Hammerersaid.“Forthepodiums(领奖台),theathleteshavetobereallystronginbothdisciplines.”Routesettingreliesheavilyontheteam’screativity.Thestylehaschangedoverthepast15years,withtoday’srouteslooserandmoredynamic.“Thematerialsandstructureshavealsochangedgreatly,”Hammerersaid.“Everyseasonweadapttotheathletesanew.”Routesettingusedtobequiteindependentandgreatlyinfluencedclimbingstyle.“Butnow,federationssettrainingroutesforathletes.Whenweseethisonsocialmedia,wegetnewinputforourwork,”Hammererreflected.AsHammereroncesaid,“Climbersevolve,andsomustwe.”Hecontinuestoshapethefutureofclimbing—oneroute,onechallenge,onestoryatatime.1.WhatdoesHammererdo?A.Hepetesinsportclimbingevents. B.HecoachesathletesfortheOlympics.C.Hedesignsroutesforsportclimbing. D.Hejudgesclimbingpetitions.2.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A.Thematerialsusedforroutesetting. B.Theprocessofsettingclimbingroutes.C.Thecriteriaforroutesofvariedlevels. D.Thelocationselectedforroutesetting.3.HowdidHammerer’steamachievetheiraim?A.Bybalancinginnovationandadaptation.B.Bystickingtofederations’trainingroutes.C.Bypromotingtheirconceptthroughsocialmedia.D.Bydiscipliningthemselvestofollowstrictguidelines.4.WhatmessagedoesHammererconveyinthelastparagraph?A.Practicemakesperfect. B.Changeistheonlyconstant.C.Slowandsteadywinstherace. D.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.高频话题08人与自然—环境保护Passage1[2025广东省佛山市三校高三1月第一次模拟考试]Ifthefindingsofabunchofnewclimaticresearchesconductedrecentlyareanyguide,wearerapidlyapproachingmajorclimatechangeandtheeffectsonsocietyaswellastheenvironmentcouldbequitesevere.Geographershavemadeapredictionthatwithinthefutureeightyyears,currentworldclimatezonescouldshiftandchancesarethatsomecouldpletelydisappear.Polarregionswillgetcolderwhiletropicalregionswillgetevenhotter,forcinganimalstomigratenorth.Climatechangeslikethesecouldleadtothespreadofdiseases.Tropicalstormsandhurricaneswillnotonlyincreaseinnumbersbutinintensityaswell.Ifthechangesetooquickly,animalandplantspeciesmaynotbeabletoadaptfastenoughandcouldfaceextinction.AccordingtoScienceDaily,anewstudypredictsthatbytheyear2100,manyoftoday’sfamiliarclimateswillbereplacedbyclimatesunknownintoday’sworld.Itisurgentthatwereducetherisksofthesefarreachingconsequencesforthesakeofthewholeworld.Theplanetearthitselfhasbeenshowingsignsofchange,whichconcernsthescientificmunitydeeply.In2004,aserioustsunamicreatedbyamajorearthquakekilledthousandsinSumatraandin2008,thousandsdiedinChinabecauseofanothersevereearthquake.Egyptwashitin2009withamajorearthquakeandHaitiwasdevastatedin2010byyetanothermassiveearthquake.Withinjustthelastfewmonths,newreportsfromaroundtheworldhavebeeninginandmostagreethatourclimatesituationismuchworsethanpreviouslyexpected.Atthispoint,itdoesn’tmatterwhat’scausingit,butrather,whatcanbedoneaboutit.What’smore,ourworldisgettingmoreandmoreunstableeveryyear.Therehasbeenwarandthreatofwareverywhere.Naturaldisastersarebeingmorefrequentandserious.However,astronomicalobservationshavebeenshowingsignsthatotherplanetsareexperiencingglobalwarmingaswellasourownandsomescientistsbelievetheremaybesomeconnectionbehindsuchmysteriousphenomena.Yetnooneknowsanythingforsureatthispointbecausethereissimplynotenoughdata.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“devastated”inParagraph3mean?A.shocked. B.destroyed. C.frightened. D.impacted.2.Theexamplesofseveraldestructiveearthquakesareusedtosupporttheideathat______.A.Earthquakeshavecausedsignificantdamagetothehumansociety.B.Measuresmustbetakentopreventfutureearthquakesfromcausingdamage.C.Somemajorchangesseemtobetakingplaceontheplanetearth.D.Theprobabilityofmoreearthquakeshappeninginthefutureremainsstrong.3.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,howshouldwereacttoclimatechange?A.Weshouldexplorethereasonsforclimatechange.B.Weshouldexplorepossiblemeasurestodealwithit.C.Weshouldstopenvironmentalpollutionpletely.D.Weshouldplantomovetootherplanetsassoonaspossible.4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Specieswon’tbeeextinctaslongasclimatechangehappensslowly.B.There’senoughdataathandforustopredictthefutureofclimatechange.C.Theworldisgettingmoreunstablebecauseoflargescalemigration.D.Theearthisnotaloneinexperiencingmajorclimatechangescurrently.Passage2[2025江西省高三下学期2月一模联考]Soundsignalsarevitalforanimalsdeepinthedarkoceanstomunicateandsearchforfood.Thatwayoflifehasbeenthreatenedfromincreasinghumannoise.Aleadingcauseisshippingnoiseemissions.Withroughly90%oftradedgoodstravelingbysea,quietingtheoceanthroughreductionsinshippingisuntenable.Effortstomakeshipsmoreefficientandlesspollutingmayalsoreducenoise.Butexpertssaythosemeasureswon’tdoenoughtorestorequiet.So,arangeoftechnologiesarebeingdevelopedtoallowhumansandotheranimalstocoexistintheocean.Muchoftheunderwaternoiseashipproducesesfromitspropeller(螺旋桨).Thelowfrequencynoiseitproducescantravelthousandsofmetresunderwaterwithoutlosingstrength,interruptingthemovementsofwhaleswhichusethesefrequenciestomunicate.OnesolutionbyresearchersattheUniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC),makesthemetalpropellerflexible,allowingtheirtipstobendandtwist,preventingbubblesfromformingandreducingthenoisethepropellerproduces,saysRajeevofUBC.Moreideasarealsoonthetable.Giovanni,amarineengineeringresearcher,isinvestigatingwhetheranacoustic(音响的)blackholecanhelp.Suchanobject,whichaimstotrapsoundlikeblackholestraplight,canbebuiltbyfixingsteelbeamstotheinsideoftheship.Laboratorytestsshowthiscanreducevibrationslikethebestavailablealternatives,withouttheaddedweightorfirerisktheseofteninvolve.TomSmith,aresearcherinnavalarchitecture,saysthattechnologicalsolutionsforreducingoceannoiseareabundant.Whatismissingisawillingnessforshipbuildersandownerstousethem.Refittingshipstobequieterisplexandcostly,andnotseenasapriorityatpresent.Thatmaychange.Someseaportsnowofferdiscountsequaltothousandsofdollarsforshipsthatmeetthehighestlevelofnoisereduction.SincetheInternationalMaritimeOrganisationhaspromisedtoreducecarbonemissionsfrominternationalshippingby70%by2040,thismayproveagooddeal.1.What’stheharmshippingnoiseemissionsdotoadeepseaanimal?A.Itshabitatispollutedbytheemissions. B.Itswayofmunicationisinterrupted.C.Itcan’tfindenoughneighboringanimals. D.Ithastotravelalongerdistanceforfood.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“untenable”inparagraph2mean?A.Impractical. B.Sensible. C.Irregular. D.Universal.3.What’sthedifficultyinadoptingtechnologicalsolutionsaccordingtoTom?A.Thetechnologyisn’treliabletobeused. B.Itmaydogreatharmtotheenvironment.C.It’splicatedandaddstothecostofships. D.Ithasdrawncriticismfromthegovernment.4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Theimportanceofsoundsignalsintheocean.B.Theroleofshippinginglobaltradeanditsenvironmentalimpact.C.Thechallengesfacedbymarineengineersinreducingnoisepollution.D.Theimpactofshippingnoiseonmarinelifeandthepotentialsolutions.Passage3[2025河南省焦作市博爱县第一中学高三上学期一模]MostpeopleintheNetherlandsareconvincedthattheirconsumptionpatternsaffecttheenvironment.Manyofthemarelookingforwaystoreducetheirfootprint.However,therealityismoreplicated,accordingtoaresearchbyLeidenPhDcandidateLevonAmatuni,whostudiedcarsharingandthereuseofphones.Heusedhisbackgroundinputerscienceandmathematicstomodelandmeasurethebenefitsofsuchpractices.Hisresearchshowsusersofcarsharingplatformsreducetheirimpactbyonly3to18percent—muchlessthan51or37percentclaimedinpreviousresearch.Thisiscausedbysocalled“reboundeffects”,whicharerarelyaccountedforbypaniesorevenresearchers.Forexample,sharedvehiclesarereplacedwithnewmodelsmorefrequentlythanprivatecars.Additionally,theintroductionofsharingschemes(方案)canencouragepeopletodrivewhentheywouldhaveotherwisetakenpublictransport.Thesereboundeffectsturnouttobehighlyinfluential.Amatunialsofoundusersofsharingplatformsdon’tsignificantlyreducetheirdriving.“Andiftheydo,theyoftentakebusesandtrains,whicharen’temissionfree,”hesays.Whilepublictransportisusuallyabetteroption,itsimpactisnotnegligible.So,thisdatamustbeincludedtomakeanaccurateassessment.Similarly,Amatunidiscoveredthatasecondhandphoneonlyoffsets(抵消)aboutonethirdofanewphone’sproduction.Reboundeffectsarethecause.Ifpeoplecouldn’tselltheirolddevices,theywouldusethemforlonger.Inotherwords,reusebothextendsthelifetimeofadevice—bygivingitanewowner—butalsoshortensit,aspeopletendtoselltheirnewlyboughtdevicessooner.Amatunidoesn’twantpeopletoconcludetakingsmallstepstowardssustainabilityispointless.“Ourintentionsarestillwhat’smostimportant,”hesays,“butmeanwhile,peopleneedtorealisethere’renoeasyfixes.”Heremendsprioritisingoverallconsumptionreductionratherthancontinuingcurrenthabitswhiletryingtomakethemmoreefficient.1.WhatisthefocusofAmatuni’sresearch?A.Thewaysofreducingpeople’sfootprint.B.Thebenefitsofcarsharingandphonereuse.C.Thedamageofpublictransporttotheenvironment.D.Theknowledgeofputerscienceandmathematics.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“negligible”inparagraph3mean?A.Small. B.Permanent.C.Direct. D.Immediate.3.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsaphonereboundeffect?A.Buyingnewphonesoften. B.Keepingoldphonesinuse.C.Takingcareofnewphones. D.Sellingusedphonescheaply.4.WhatisAmatuni’ssuggestiononpromotingsustainability?A.Stopecofriendlyhabits. B.Increaseproductionefficiency.C.Reducetotalresourceuse. D.Seekeasysolutionstoecocrisis.Passage3[2025湖南省长沙市高三上学期新高考适应性考试]Decadesofincreasingcornandsoyabeanproductionhaveturne