2024年口腔医学专业英语题库四川大学华西口腔医学院

专英重點一、Parapharyngeal咽旁Septicemia败血病Sialolithiasis涎石病Periostitis骨膜炎Sialoductitis涎管炎Fracture骨折Comminution粉碎Hyperplasia增生Reparative修复性Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜RadiolucentX光透射Space间隙Infection感染Prosthesis义齿Oblique倾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy切片检查法Sialogram涎管X线造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic化脓性Mole胎块Devoid缺乏的Laceration扯破Hyperpyrexia高热Self-reduce自行使脱臼复位句子翻译Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若药液注射剂，针頭及技术准备妥當，在局麻注射過程中或之後都将很少出現，不過，醫生仍应做好应對罕見并发症的准备。Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于术後二三曰之後的疼痛，也許為非正常状况，需尤其仔细检查，其有也許由于干槽症或是锋利骨刺引起。Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓体現。這种感染也許由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其後遗的导管狭窄症。Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下颌骨愈加轻易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其他的面部骨都更常常发生骨折。Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.一般疾病會导致颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少見的。Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.几乎所有肿瘤和囊肿會发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才會发生在特定的器官。Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用来使用修复程序的對象是為了恢复功能或是增進美观或是两者兼具。包括了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、清除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包括在口腔和口外的手术ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松動3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠中部分有一种斜行的骨折线Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎時,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科措施為建立開放引流管道。Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部一般會由于提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常見二、anodyne镇痛剂apiciectomy根尖切除术analgesic止痛的adenocarcinoma腺癌anastomosis吻合alveolalgia干槽症appliance矫正器aggravate加重惡化advious迂回的apprehensive敏捷的紧张的ankylosis关节僵直appliance器具ameloblastoma成釉细胞瘤advanced晚期的bur园頭锉contraindication禁忌症chisel凿子cancellate松的cellulites蜂窝织炎condyle棵突comminution粉碎curettment刮除术coronoid冠状喙状crepitus捻发音cripple使残废circumferential围绕周围的chondrosarooma软骨肉瘤dermatitis皮炎devitalization失活去生肌detritus腐质dammedup阻塞的dilation膨胀扩大deformity畸形deviation偏向diffuse弥散的discoloration再生dissection解剖分析demonstrable可论证的employ使用ethylchloride氯乙烷enhance增强epinephrine肾上腺素ecohymosis瘀斑extraction拔出erupt萌出elevator牙挺excision切除effusion渗出exostosis外生骨疣edentulous無牙的extravasation外渗液enucleation摘除术eradicate根除消灭flap办片fracture骨折fibrosarcoma纤维肉瘤fixation固定fibroma纤维瘤ganglion神經节glenoid关节窝的hypodermic皮下hyperthyroidism甲抗hematoma血肿hematogenous血源性的hyoid舌骨的hypertrophy肥大hyperostosis骨肥厚hemangioma血管瘤instillation滴注inadvisable不妥當的infraorbital眶下的idiosyncrasy特异性质impacted阻生的infratemporal颞下的inward向内的isotope同位素jaundice黄疸lessen減少loop环圈lime石灰laceration扯破ligation結扎lymphangioma淋巴管瘤lipoma脂肪瘤lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤lining榇裏medication药疗法maxilla上颌骨myxofibroma粘液纤维瘤malposition錯位malposed异位的mallet槌mental颏的morbidity发病率masseter嚼肌melanomaco黑瘤muoperiosteal粘骨膜的muoperiosteum粘骨膜myxoma黏液瘤myeloma骨髓瘤metastasize转移marsupialization造袋术neurasthenic神經衰弱的neuralgia神經痛neuroma神經瘤nedule小节結notch切迹nonmalignant非惡性的ointment软膏opponent對抗肌odontoma牙瘤orthodontic正牙的osseous骨的osteomyelitis骨髓炎osteoma骨瘤osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死osteoid骨样的osteoclastoma破骨细胞瘤ossify使骨硬化paralyze使麻痹瘫痪prolong延長pericementitis牙周膜炎psychically精神上地periostitis骨膜炎pyemia脓毒症脓血症preanesthetic前驱麻痹precipitate促使加速premadicate术前用药pterygomandibular翼突下颌pterygoid翼状的palpation触诊periosteum骨膜periosteal骨膜的perineurium神經束膜parapharyngeal咽旁的pathognomonic特殊病症的pyogenic生脓的peripheral周围的periodontoclasia牙周溃疡pericoronal冠周的precox早发的periosteumpapilloma乳頭瘤paranasal鼻旁的retard延迟retrieval取回restricted受限制的retrozygomatic颧骨後的regeneration再生rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤sheath鞘succedaneous替代的spine刺脊柱symphysis联合sinus窦sequestrum死骨supernumerary多出的salt盐sepsis脓毒症败血症subcutaneous皮下的sialadenitis涎腺炎sialoductitis涎管炎septicemia败血症sialolithiasis涎石形成sialography涎管X线造影技术swallow吞咽splint夹板 suprahyoid舌骨上的tuberosity結节粗隆trismus牙关紧闭traumatize受外伤traumatism创伤病traumatogenic创伤性的thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎temporal颞的tendernoss触痛toruspalatinus腭隆凸transitonal转变的vicinity附近邻近三、内科1、Inevaluatingtheclinicalfeaturesofgingivitis,itisnecessarytobesystematic.Attentionshouldbefocusedonsubtletissuealteration,becausethesemaybeofdiagnosticsignificance.Asystematicclinicalapproachrequiresanorderlyexaminationofthegingivalforcolor,contour,consistency,position,easeandseverityofbleeding,andpain.我們必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特點。必须注意些微的组织变化,由于對诊断来說是故意义的。一种系统性的临床检查途径需照次序對牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血状况和疼痛程度進行检查。2、當患者出現牙龈炎時,最常見的体現為牙龈的水肿和增生Whenthepatientsuffersfromgingivitis,themostcommonsignsareedemaandproliferationofthegingiva.3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的經典特性之一Ulcerationofthesulcularepitheliumisoneofthetypicalsignsofacutegingivitis.外科L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，尽管通過五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬展現块状、扪诊無波動感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性症状缓和後，病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccursthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石是無自覺症状的，只有當发生部分或是完全阻塞的時候症状才會发展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.导致阻碍是由于石頭的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿，而导致的管腔狭窄。修复L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植术：再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。這种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝,且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入近来拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。3、Theautotransplant(atransplantfromoneplacetoanotherwithinthesamemouth)enjoysahighsuccessrateoftenwithindefinitesurvival,byvltueofprompttransferofthetoothtoitsnewsite.Autotransplantation’stoothisbestperformedwhentherootofthedonortoothisalmostcompletelyformedbutitsapicesarestillopen.Themostcommonlyuseddonortoothforautotransplantationtofirstandsecondmolarsiteisthirdmolar.Theallogenictoothprobablywasthefirsttransplantedhumanorgan.Teethhavebeentransplantedforcenturies.Thetoothinsertedmaybeanoldreservedonewhichhasbeenextractedforalongtime,oritmaybeafreshlyextractedtoothfromanotherindividual.自体移植物（同一种口腔内從一处到另一处的移植物）迅速转移到新的定植部位有著较高的成功率,但常常不确定与否能存活。當供体牙的牙根基本发育完毕但根尖尚未封闭時作為自体移植牙效果最佳。最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙也許是最早進行移植的人体器官。牙的移植已經有几世纪的历史。植入的牙可以使很早此前拔除後保留下来的牙,或者是刚從另一种個体拔除的牙。4、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.种植术是将人工牙植入一种新的牙槽窝(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分為四类,例如金属(钛和钴铬合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化铝)、以及碳。5、Bonegraftsarecommonlyusedtorestorethebonedefects.Bonegraftscanbecomposedofeithercompactorcancellousbone.Compactbonetransplantsmaybeusedintheformofsolidpiecesorintheformofchips.Cancellousboneiscommonlyusedintheformofchips.Thegraftsmaybetakenfromribsoriliaccrest.骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨构成。密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用。松质骨一般是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以從肋骨或髂嵴上获取L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次就诊的重點在于获得垂直距离及正中关系。這种关系固定後转移到合架上。此外,還要纪录反常的关系及髁导斜度。再這次就诊中可选择出前牙。2、Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比。無论是由于先天性的還是再吸取导致的根長過短的牙齿,都無法對冠提供足够的支持,也無法抵御颔骨多种运動所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也會导致此类牙作為桥基牙時修复失败。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.一种經典的可摘义齿应包括如下部分：一种或多种基托；一种或多种大连接体；某些小连接体；两個或多种直接固位体；一种或多种间接固位体；数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。當采用卡环作為直接固位体時,他一般包括一种合支托,一种卡环對抗臂,一种卡环固位臂。2、Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一种部分,由于基托得到的重要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.當卡环作為直接固位体使用時,作為它的一部分,必须有一种合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以制止装置對基牙的颈向运動。4、Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.构成卡环的第三個非常重要的部分是固位臂。每個卡环至少要有一种臂设计成抵御垂直向脱位。.它是通過把固位末端安顿在牙齿最大直径上实現的,一般被称為外形最高點。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.即刻义齿是現今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述,這种形式与全口义齿最大的不一样在于它是预先做好并在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙後立即戴入。2、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.针對拔除所有牙齿後出現的問題,可以采用多种移植物来提供义齿的支持。這优于單纯由粘骨膜来提供支持。3、Itshouldbeappreciated,however,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.然而,应當认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵御咬合力的理想构造。4、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。假如可以获得這种支持,就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人對于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。5、Apartfromprovidingthepossibilityofincreasedsupportandretentionforadenture,thepresenceofsomemodifiedteethmayalsogivetothedenturewearertheadvantagesofalveolarridgepreservationandbetterintraoraldiscriminatoryability.除了為义齿提供增長支持和固位的也許性,某些预备後的牙的存在也可予以戴义齿者保留牙槽嵴的优势和更好的口内辨别能力。6、Theappeartobelittledoubtthatifadentureisincontactwithorattachedtoroots,thepatienthasasignificantlyincreasedabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthesizeofobjectsplacedbetweentheteethandtosensedirectionandtocontroltheamountofforceappliedtothedentureanditssupportingtissues.Thisabilityisreducedmarkedlywhenthelasttoothorrootisremovedfromthedentalarch.毫無疑問地,假如义齿接触或附著于牙根部,患者對于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力會显著提高。當從牙弓中移除最终一颗牙或最终一种牙根時,這种能力會显著減少。四、Xerostomia口干症matrix基质Alveolalgia干槽症contraindication禁忌症Carbonhydrate碳水化合物perikymate采用柱横纹Pellicle薄膜glycoprotein醣蛋白Supragingival龈上的subgingival龈下的Niches小生境sulcus沟Odontoblast成牙本质细胞fibroblast成纤维细胞Mesenchymal间质的ischaemia缺血Granulation肉芽hyperplastic增生Calculus牙石periodontitis牙周炎Probing探查Scaling刮治术Curettage刮治RAU复发性溃疡性口炎(Recurrentulcerativestomatitis)Anodyne镇痛剂hematoma血肿Preanesthetic前驱麻醉paralyze使麻痹Elevator牙挺apicoectomy根尖切除术Cellulitis蜂窝组织炎periodontoclasia牙周溃壞Pericoronal牙冠周ecchymosis皮下瘀血Subcutaneous皮下的L9—L10Sepsis脓毒症败血症sialadenitis涎腺炎Septicemia败血病sialoductitis涎管炎Pterygomandibular翼突下颌的sialolithiasis涎石形成Parapharyngeal咽旁的excision切除Infratemporal颞下的pyemia脓血症Retrozygomatic颧骨後的nodule小結节Thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎dammed-up阻塞的Periostitis骨膜炎dilation膨胀扩张Osteomyelitis骨髓炎hematogenous血原性的Fistula瘘管Osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，尽管通過五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬展現块状、扪诊無波動感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性症状缓和後，牙齿的原病灶必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccurthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石并不是症状，只有當部分或是所有涎石变成阻塞物時候症状才會发展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.阻碍物是由于石頭的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿使的管腔狭窄。L13—L14Prosthesis义齿修复术impression印膜Undercut倒凹gingiva牙龈Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜alginate藻酸盐Retentive固位的articulator咬牙合架Hypertrophy肥大biterim牙合堤Depressor降肌hydrocolloid水胶体Nasalis鼻肌mastication咀嚼Buccinatoris颊肌L15Genioglossus颏舌肌abutment基牙Mentalis颏肌bridge桥Frenum系带contraindicate禁忌Frenectomy系带切除术monocarious單龋的Reposition复位术polycarious多龋的Ankylotomy舌系带切除术completeveneer全覆盖Ankyloglossia舌系带短缩calcify钙化Alveolectomy牙槽缘切除术margin边缘Exostosis外生骨疣casting铸件Malignancy惡性肿瘤grind(ground)磨Autotransplant自体移植物malpose錯位Polymer聚合物malrelate錯牙合Silicon硅invest包埋Raphe缝mesiodistally近中遠侧地Contour外形buccolingually颊舌地Creat脊rotation旋转Alar翼etiology病因學Prognathia上颌前突esthetics美學Cancollous网状骨L16Iliac查骨的connector连街体Torus隆凸porcelain瓷料Clasp卡环Resin树脂leverage杠杆作用occlusalrest牙合支托L17Overlay覆盖物implant移植物Hybrid混合的clench咬紧Threshold阈L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植是指牙因事故或曾經治疗故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植体高度符合此槽以及有较高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植為使用邻近的無用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自体移植(同一种体的口腔中從這处转植到此外一处)活络的生存力剧有高度的成功率，取决于牙移植的時机，自体移植牙的最佳時刻是供体牙根几乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未闭合。最常使用自体移植牙為第三磨牙来替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。异体牙移植大概是人类器官移植的開端，牙移植已經有数世纪的历史，被植入的也許是被此前拔出很久時间且寄存的牙或是才刚從其他個体拔出的新鲜牙。3、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.种植為植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分為四类：金属、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次的诊断重要是要获得正中关系和垂直关系的尺寸。這关系要修正以及转移到咬合架上。此外，非正中关系和髁导斜度也要确认。通過這次的疗程，就可以选牙排列前牙了。L151、RootLengthofAbutment：Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比，當根的長度因天生关系或是再吸取使長度過短，是無法充足提供冠或固位体抵御下颌骨发展的不一样咀嚼力道。外力對牙槽脊的影响會使基牙损壞。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.經典的局部可摘游离端义齿大体由如下部分构成：一种或多种基托；一种或多种大连接体；某些小连接体；两個或多种直接固位体；一种或多种间接固位体；数目不一样的树脂牙或瓷牙，或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。以卡环作為直接固位体者，一般包括一种合支托，一种卡环對抗臂，一种卡环固位臂。2、TheBase：Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一种构成單元，由于基托得到的重要的支持来自其下方牙槽脊。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.卡环的固位端被放置于颈部倾斜倒凹区的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以防止基牙上的装置的颈向移位元。4、TheRetentiveArm：Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.固位臂：构成卡环的第三部分是拾分重要的部分，這也是為何要设计卡环固位体。卡环至少应有一种臂能产生對抗垂直方向位移的力。這通過把卡环固位端放置于牙齿直径最大处的颈方来实現，该处一般指“外形高點线”。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.预成义齿修复是目前义齿修复中较為广泛使用的方式。這种方式，与之前的章节中所描述的全口修复体的区别在于，它們可以在從上颌或下颌牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙体之後，很快制作和戴入。L181、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.對于拔出所有牙齿所产生的問題，有時可尝试借助不一样类型的移植物，来提供义齿的支持，這种措施优于只使用粘骨膜進行支持。2、Itshouldbeappreciated,However,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.這种措施更应被选择，不過，自然牙的牙周膜是理想的适合對抗咬合压力予以支持的方式。3、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.自然牙的牙根因此也优于任何形式的人造植入体。假如也許使用這种自然支持，则不应當放弃這种措施，除非醫生确定患者會對一副常规的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口义齿感到满意。五、04卷子Parapharyngeal咽旁RadiolucentX光透射Scquestrum腐骨死骨Sialogram涎管X线造影片Septicemia败血病Pyogenic化脓性Sialolithiasis涎石病Devoid缺乏的Periostitis骨膜炎Mole胎块Sialoductitis涎管炎Nonmalignant良性的Fracture骨折Giant巨大Comminution粉碎Hyperpyrexia高热Self-reduceHyperplasia增生Laceration扯破Reparative修复性Biopsy切片检查法Prosthesis义齿Infection感染Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜Space间隙Oblique倾斜句子翻译1、Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若药液注射剂，针頭及技术准备妥當，在局麻注射過程中或之後都将很少出現，不過，醫生仍应做好应對罕見并发症的准备。2、Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于术後二三曰之後的疼痛，也許為非正常状况，需尤其仔细检查，其有也許由于干槽症或是锋利骨刺引起。3、Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓体現。這种感染也許由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4、Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其後遗的导管狭窄症。5、Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下颌骨愈加轻易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其他的面部骨都更常常发生骨折。6、Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.一般疾病會导致颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少見的。7、Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.几乎所有肿瘤和囊肿會发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才會发生在特定的器官。8、Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用来使用修复程序的對象是為了恢复功能或是增進美观或是两者兼具。包括了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、清除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。9、Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包括在口腔和口外的手术10、ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松動3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠中部分有一种斜行的骨折线11、Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎時,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科措施為建立開放引流管道。12、Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部一般會由于提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常見六、中翻英1、Conductionanesthesia(Blockanesthesia).Wheninjectedinthevicinityofanervetrunk,ananestheticsolutionpenetratesbywayoftheperineuriumintothecentralnervesubstance,inhibitingitsconductingfunction,andthusanesthetizingtheentireperipheralareassuppliedbythenerve.Conductionanesthesiaisthereforeancatheiaproducedbyeliminationoftheconductivityofthenervetrunk.Ininducinganesthesiainthismanner,itisdoubtfulwhethertheneedleoftenactuallypenetratesthenervesheath.Theinjectionismadeintheregionofthenerveandthesolutionthenisabsorbedthroughtheperineurium.阻滞麻醉(conductionanesthesia)。當注射神經干(trunk)的邻近区域(vicinity)時，麻药通過神經荚膜穿透進入中央神經胞质(centralnervesubstance)，制止(inhibit)其传导功能，從而麻醉由此神經支配的整個外周(peripheral)区域。因此阻滞麻醉通過減少神經干传导性而产生的麻醉效果。使用這种方式麻醉，不确定针頭与否实际上時常穿過神經鞘(sheath)。注射在神經分布的区域内進行，然後药液通過神經鞘膜吸取。2、Animpactedthirdmolarmaypressagainstthecrownofthesecondmolarandcausedecayofthetooth,oritselfbecomestheseatofcariesaroundthepointofcontact.Itmayalso