生物专业英语 Lesson-1--inside-the-living-cell学习资料

LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellPartsWarming–upWordsandphrasesTextAnalysisSimpleexerciseFurtherreferencesContentsWarming–up植物细胞模式图动物细胞模式图Glossary

---aboutthe

proteinsand

organellesinsidethelivingcellStructureandFunction---aboutthe

organellesinsidethelivingcellFocusin……1.actin

n.肌动蛋白Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosin,tobringaboutcontraction.Wordsandphrases2.n．肌球蛋白肌动蛋白3.

Microfilamentsaresolidrodsmadeofaproteinknownasactin.

4.

Microtubulesarebiopolymersthatarecomposedofsubunits.

5.cytoskeletonn．细胞骨架

6.cytoplasm

n.胞质7.centriolen.中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.8.chemotaxis

n.[动物]化学向性；[生物]趋化现象；趋药性

Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,anexternaldirectionalstimulus.9.Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.10.ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.11.

n.纤毛Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.12.

13.14.15.

16.

n．拟核，类核，核质体17.n．核仁18.n．胞核，神经核，核

19.

n．吞噬作用

20.

21.n.质体，成形粒质体是植物细胞中由双层膜包裹的一类细胞器的总称，可分为白色体、有色体和叶绿体。

22.

23.

24.

n．子座；基质25.26.27.endoplasmicreticulum

n.内质网

Theendoplasmicreticulumplaysanimportantroleinthebiosynthesis,processing,andtransportofproteinsandlipids.28.nuclearenvelope

n.核膜，核被膜29.Golgicomplex

n.高尔基复合体30.basalbody

n.基体

纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心II.TextAnalysis1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactoryMostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedtotheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.参考翻译1.细胞质：动力工厂与生命相关的大部分特性都来自于胞质中。绝大多数细胞都由这种质膜包被的半流体胞质组成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由丝状的细胞骨架所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流体中。2.TheNucleus:InformationCentralTheeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousethegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthe

nucleoid).Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.参考翻译2.细胞核:信息中心

在真核生物中，细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核的染色体上携带着遗传物质—DNA（原核生物的遗传物质位于拟核中）。细胞核含有1～2个核仁，核仁主要在细胞分裂的过程中发挥作用。含有多个核孔的核膜将胞核和胞质隔开，小分子物质能自由通过核膜，而大分子物质如mRNA、核糖体等则必须通过核孔穿梭于胞质和胞核中。3.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnitsAlleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsorganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,Vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.参考翻译3.细胞器:各司其职所有的真核生物都包含着多种细胞器，每一种细胞器又行使着不同的功能。本文主要介绍核糖体、内质网、高尔基体、液泡、溶酶体、线粒体和植物细胞中的质体等。Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthatribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmaller

subunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,“reading”thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.Severalribosomes

maybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;Suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.参考翻译细胞中核糖体的数量往往从几百到几千不等，数量之众反映出在细胞加工过程中核糖体提供了氨基酸装配合成蛋白质的场所，合成的蛋白就地使用或运到别处。完整的核糖体由大、小两个亚基组成。在蛋白质合成的过程中，两个亚基沿着mRNA移动，读取mRNA上编码的遗传信息并将其翻译成蛋白。几个核糖体往往串连到一条mRNA单链上，这样形成的复合体叫做多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体合成，转运蛋白和膜蛋白的合成则通常与内质网有关。动画播放Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwith

polysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.TheSERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.参考翻译内质网是一个连续的膜囊和膜管网，可分为粗糙内质网和光滑内质网两种类型，两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。其中的糙面内质网上附着多聚核糖体，它可能是细胞分裂后形成核膜的来源；光面内质网无多聚核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。总之，两种类型的内质网都可以发挥隔离室的作用，相关产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.参考翻译转运囊泡能够将转运分子从内质网转运到其他的膜包被的细胞器（高尔基体）中，在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。蛋白质由内质网向高尔基体的运输

新合成的分泌蛋白内质网腔小泡出芽经高尔基体分泌泡发育成酶原颗粒移到细胞的游离端排出分泌蛋白补充知识：蛋白质进入高尔基体后，便分别被运送至不同的目的地，如溶酶体、质膜或分泌出细胞外。蛋白质是通过膜小泡（vesicle）的作用，在其中运送的。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis

(Theintakeofparticularmatter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).参考翻译液泡看似一个空囊，实则充满了流质和可溶性分子。大液泡存在于植物细胞中，储留水分、糖分和其他分子。动物细胞中的液泡主要起胞吞和胞饮的功能。Asubsetofvacuolesistheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.参考翻译溶酶体是液泡的亚单位，其中含有的多种消化酶是由高尔基体包装转运的。这些消化酶能够降解大多数生物大分子、食物颗粒和损伤的细胞碎片。高尔基复合体与溶酶体的形成溶酶体的酶是由rER上的核糖体合成rER腔内运输小泡高尔基复合体（加工修饰）溶酶体的酶内含有甘露糖-6-磷酸，高尔基复合体反面扁囊膜上有甘露糖-6-磷酸受体，能特异与其结合，诱导溶酶体酶聚集并‘出芽’离开高尔基复合体形成溶酶体。补充知识：动画播放Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionary

descendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.参考翻译线粒体是所有细胞中细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物。线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，可能是独立生存的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。Therearetwotypesofplastids:Leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembedded,inamatrixcalledthestroma.参考翻译质体有两种类型，分别是白色体和有色体。白色体不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白质、油脂的储存库；有色体含有色素，其中最重要的一类是叶绿体。叶绿体含有光合作用所需的叶绿素，其内部结构由基质和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的类囊体垛叠在一起）组成。4.ThecytoskeletonAlleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlike

microfilamentcomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.参考翻译

4.细胞骨架所有的真核生物都有细胞骨架，细胞骨架是由细丝和小管形成的交错盘旋的网格结构，这种结构几乎充斥了细胞中所有可利用的空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架主要由微丝组成，微丝主要是可伸缩的肌动蛋白。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.细胞骨架的另一个主要的结构成分是微管，它由球状微管蛋白组成，起稳定细胞形态的支架作用。Cytoskeletal

intermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytockeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。“机械酶”类如肌球蛋白、动力蛋白、驱动蛋白与微丝和微管相互作用从而产生动力，驱动细胞运动。5.Cellularmovements细胞运动Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenabletomovebycreepingorgliding.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微管、微丝及其相关蛋白却仍能够使细胞以爬行或滑翔的方式运动。Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.这种运动需要一个能使细胞附着的固体基质，并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis,theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.有些细胞还表现出趋化能力，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。Certainprokaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplike

ciliaorflagella.某些原核细胞可在液体环境中通过鞭子似的纤毛或鞭毛推动进行自由地泳动。Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的内部结构：9对微管排列成环纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.纤毛或鞭毛生长于细胞表面的基体双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.在大多数植物细胞中，营养物质、蛋白质及其他物质在胞质流体中四处流动。Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.这个过程伴随附着在细胞器上的肌球蛋白推动遍布于整个细胞中的微丝而发生。微丝和微管负责几乎所有主要的胞质内运动。Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindle—assembledfromtubulinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentrioles—movethechromosomes.在细胞分裂期间，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亚基装配成纺锤体的微管，这些微管负责染色体的移动。Haveatry?Keyterms:matchingMatcheachtermontheleftwiththemostappropriatedescriptionontherightPolysomea.proteinsynthesisPinocytosis

b.baglikestructureExocytosisc.powergeneratorPlastidd.whereflagellagrowGolgicomplexe.towardorawayfromachemicalstimulusFlagellaf.engulfmentPhagocytosis

g.RNAandribosomesLysosomeh.weblikeBasalbodyi.inplantsonlyChemotacticj.controlroomNucleusk.expelVacuolel.vacantRibosomem.whiplikeCytoskeletonn.celldrinkingMitochondriono.packagingMultiplechoise:1.Mostofthepropertiesassociatedwithprocessesoflifearepropertiesof_______.A.ThenucleusB.DNAC.ThecytoplasmD.endosymbiontsE.Noneoftheabove2.Ribosmes_______.A.areorganellesinvolvedinproteinsynthesisB.arethecell’ssitesforstarchC.areinvolvedinthebreakdownofproteinsD.arethecell’smainenergysourceE.Noneoftheabove3.DuringproteinsynthesisasinglemRNAmoleculemaybeassociatedwithseveralribosomestoform_______.A.AgeneB.AlysosomeC.ApolysomeD.SmoothendoplasmicreticulumE.Noneoftheabove4.Proteinssynthesizedonendolasmicreticulumaremodified_______.A.invacuolesB.inthecellmembraneC.intheGolgicomplexD.InlysosomesE.Noneoftheabove5.InprokayoticcellstheDNAis_______.A.foundinthenucleusB.organizedintoanumberofdiscretechromosomesC.condensedintoanunboundedareacalledthenucleoidD.condensedintonucleoliE.enclosedinanuclearenvelopeAdditionalInformation:1.NamesofChemicalElementSymbolscommonlyUsed:HhydrogenClChlorineCCarbonZnZincAlAluminiumHgMercuryCaCalciumOOxygenFeIronMgMagnesiumPbLeadPPhosphorusNNitrogenKPotassiumNaSodiumAuGold2.Mathematicalsymbolscommonlyused:a2asquareorasquaredb3bcubeorbcubedc4c(raised)tothefourth(power)f-1ftotheminusone0.4zero(ornought)pointfour0.01point(ordecimal)noughtone10.34tenpointthreefour3.Symbolsoflength,CapacityandWeightcommonlyused:μmicronmmmilimetremm2squaremillimetremm3cubicmillimetrecmcentimetrecm2squarecentimetremmetrem2

squaremetreKmkilometre

mL

millilitremgmilligrammekgkilogrammellitreggrammeReviewtheteachingcontentWords:Actin

myosin

centriole

nucleoid

chemotaxisnucleoli

chloroplastnucleus

chromosomephagocytosis

ciliapinocytosis

cytoplasmplastid

cytoskeletonpolysome

dyneinribosome

flagellastroma

lysosome

tubulin

microfilamentvacuole

microtubulemitochondrionlistentoavideoandthinkaboutthestructureandfunctionofinternalcellparts.VideowatchingListen,Look&SayReviewthewords:Actin------肌动蛋白centriole------中心粒chemotaxis-------趋化性chloroplast--------叶绿体chromosome--------染色体cilia-------纤毛Cytoplasm-------胞质cytoskel