尚学考研近10年考研英语真题解析

考

研

英

语

十

年

真

题

题

语试

试英

一考

学统

生入

研究

硕士

全国

4年

201

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)

Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmental

clarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember]weputthekeysjusta

momentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthe

brain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments."3seemingly

innocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,

social,andpersonal5.

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthat

there'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthe

samewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasic

cognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toa

certainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceis

inherited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientists

believethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.

Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst"brain

trainingprogram^^designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.

TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryand

attentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback

17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhances

thegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping—muchlikea(n)_20

exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.

1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12.[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof

13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Inorderto"changelivesforthebetter“andreduce"dependency“GeorgeOsborne,

ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe^upfrontworksearch^^scheme.Onlyifthejobless

arriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingfbrworkwill

theybeeligiblefbrbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.What

couldbemorereasonable?

Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitfbrthe

jobseeker'sallowance,"Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingfbrwork,notlookingto

signon."heclaimed."We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoff

benefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfester."Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,this

wasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith

“refdrms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewly

unemployedtofindwork,andsubsidizeslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,

washiszealfbr^fundamentalfaimess^^—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingand

ensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.

Losingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,

delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinancially

terrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimaland

extraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarily

hardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthat

offerspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyour

familyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandthe

answerisalways:ajob.

ButinOsbomeland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyif

youcangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20

yearsofever-tougherrefbnnsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemnever

happened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainstthe

riskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventhevery

phrase'jobseeker'sallowance^^isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa'jobseeker"whohadno

fundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurance

contributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,“conditionalonactively

seekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousinthe

EU.

21.GeorgeOsborne'sschemewasintendedto.

[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits

[B]encouragejobseekers9activeengagementinjobseeking

[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily

[D]guaranteejobseekers,legitimaterighttobenefits

22.Thephrase,t€tosignon”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans.

[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre

[B]toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance

[C]toregisterfbranallowancefromthegovernment

[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram

23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?

[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.

[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.

[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.

[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.

24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel.

[A]uneasy

[B]enraged

[C]insulted

[D]guilty

25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers,laziness.

[B]Osborne'sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.

[C]Thejobseekers5allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.

[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.

Text2

Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyother

profession-withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.Buttherearefewplaceswhereclients

havemoregroundsfbrcomplaintthanAmerica.

Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrew

twiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermore

studentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyofthem

insteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.

Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.Thereis

justonepathfbralawyerinmostAmericanstates:afbur-yearundergraduatedegreeinsome

unrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbythe

AmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationfbrthebarexam.Thisleavestoday's

averagelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-school

debtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhave

toworkfearsomelyhard.

Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashave

beenaroundfbralongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentoo

conservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduate

degree.Anotheristoletstudentssitfbrthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebar

examistrulyastemenoughtestfbrawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbe

allowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbya

third.

Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureof

thebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalaw

firm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressurefbrchangefromwithinthe

profession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofa

lawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.

Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimprove

servicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessional

managerstofocusonimprovingfirms?efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaand

Britain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.

26.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto.

[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients

[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation

[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfinns

[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards

27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?

[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.

[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.

[C]Pursuingabachelor'sdegreeinanothermajor.

[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.

28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom.

[A]lawyers5andclients'strongresistance

[B]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession

[C]thestemexamfbrwould-belawyers

[D]non-professionals,sharpcriticism

29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered^restrictive^partlybecauseit.

[A]bansoutsiders,involvementintheprofession

[B]keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares

[C]aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade

[D]preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits

30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses.

[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses

[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica

[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit

[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation

Text3

TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,as

AlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromthe

onlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawards

forresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysics

Prize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.

Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheir

wealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.

What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNews

Feature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuy

theirprizestheprestigeoftheNobles,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionfbr

thosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemof

peer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydo

notfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.

Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,others

todrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.

AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscience

prizes—bothnewandold―aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launched

thisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobel

Foundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeen

outgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodemresearch-aswillbedemonstratedbythe

inevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggs

boson.TheNobleswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecided

whathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhem

legitimacy.

Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.

First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelya

goodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairto

criticizeandquestionthemechanism-thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall——butitisthe

prize-givers5moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeand

grace.

3l.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas.

[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs?wealth

[B]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes

[C]anexampleofbankers9investments

[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers

32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit.

[A]theprofit-orientedscientists

[B]thefoundersofthenewawards

[C]theachievement-basedsystem

[D]peer-review-ledresearch

33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves.

[A]controversiesovertherecipients^tatus

[B]thejointeffortofmodemresearchers

[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes

[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings

34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobles?

[A]Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.

[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.

[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.

35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare.

[A]acceptabledespitethecriticism

[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch

[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges

[D]unworthyofpublicattention

Text4

“TheHeartoftheMatter,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsand

Sciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocial

sciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,

thereport'sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycause

moreharmthangood.

In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASasking

thatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,

foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers^^to''maintainnationalexcellence

inhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmerican

AcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthe

commission's51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and

businessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicand

journalism.

Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentative

governmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthe

studyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;and

encouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,the

reportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprove

students9abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increased

fundingfbrteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthe

greatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,

internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.

Unfortunately,despite2/yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter”nevergetstothe

heartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesand

universities.ThecommissionignoresthatfbrseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversities

haveproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandare

thusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeen

replacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesfbrpublicizing

“progressive,“orleft-liberalpropaganda.

Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressive

publicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberal

ideas-suchasfreemarketsandself-reliance-asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,and

sometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.

TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmfbrliberaleducation.Yetitsreportmaywellsetback

reformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtheAAAS'sreport?

[A]Critical

[B]Appreciative

[C]Contemptuous

[D]Tolerant

37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowto.

[A]retainpeople'sinterestinliberaleducation

[B]definethegovernment'sroleineducation

[C]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation

[D]safeguardindividuals9rightstoeducation

38.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggests.

[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory

[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects

[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies

[D]fundingfbrthestudyofforeignlanguages

39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare.

[A]supportiveoffreemarkets

[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation

[C]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy

[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheMatter”

[B]IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter”

[C]TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducation

[D]ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducation

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredto

reorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthem

intothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAndEhavebeencorrectlyplacedMarkyouranswerson

theANSWERSHEET(10points)

[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-fbrexample,the

ParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengein

southernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshave

beenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.

OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterally

fellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingof

theMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.

[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyears

systematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnow

MexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsin

theworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalso

hundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.

[C]Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarclookingforwhenthereis

nothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketest

excavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyielduseful

information.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelarger

landscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.

[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,many

researchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsof

smallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveys

onfoot.Theresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftherural

populationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopan

collapsed.

[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsanda

varietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesof

radarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststo

learnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasof

interestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.

[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetout

tolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthat

thetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamenexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.

CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetomb

in1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvancombedantiquedealers5storesin

Athens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaean

culturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsofthese

engravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knossos)ontheislandof

Crete,in1900.

[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbe

successful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmall

fragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterials

atselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusing

suchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologists

commonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoand

three-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,and

presentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.

41.1A-42.rE-43.—44.—45.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendiflerentthingstothe

samepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmight