2025届山东省垦利区七下英语期中调研模拟试题含答案

2025届山东省垦利区七下英语期中调研模拟试题满分120分，时间90分钟一、完形填空(10分)1、

通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在每小题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案，并将答题卡对应题目所选的选项涂黑。Mr.Greenisaveryoldman.Every____1____hegoesforawalkinthepark,andhecomesback____2____at12:00forlunchinthemiddleoftheday.Buttodayapolicecarstopsathis____3____at12o’clock.Twopolicemenhelphimgetoffthecar.Oneof____4____saystoMr.Green’sdaughter,“Theoldman____5____findhiswayhomeinthepark.Heasksusto____6____himhome____7____thecar.”Mr.Green’sdaughterthanksthepolicemenandtheyleave.Thenshe____8____herfather,“Dad,yougototheparkeveryday.Buttoday____9____can’tyoufindtheway?”Theoldmansmileslikea____10____andsays,“Icanfindmywayhome.ButIdon’twanttowalkhome,youknow.”1.A.morning B.afternoon C.evening D.noon2.A.family B.apartment C.home D.house3.A.school B.house C.family D.hospital4.A.them B.you C.they D.their5.A.can B.can’t C.don’t D.needn’t6.A.make B.play C.stay D.take7.A.on B.into C.in D.with8.A.tells B.asks C.answers D.says9.A.when B.where C.why D.what10.A.girl B.woman C.man D.child二、阅读理解（40分）2、ChildrenClubTheChildrenClubisanafter-schoolclubforchildrenof4—13.Youcanlearnmusic,sports,drawinganddancinginthisclub.Allchildrencanhaveagoodtimehere.Joinus!Time:April20th-July4th,Monday-Friday,8a.m.—6p.m.Price:$5aday·Pleasebringyourlunch.·Youneedn’ttakeanyfruit.Fruitisfreehere.·Yourparentsdon’thavetodriveyouhere.Wehaveourschoolbus.Address:ChildrenClubHeadOfficeE-mailaddress:info@Telephonenumber:6987746/3353761.WhocanjointheChildrenClub?A.Three-year-oldJack. B.Ten-year-oldTom.C.Fourteen-year-oldJohn. D.Twenty-year-oldAmy.2.WhatcanchildrenlearnatChildrenClub?①sports②chess③drawing④dancingA.①②③ B.①③④ C.①②④ D.②③④3.IfPeterjoinstheChildrenClubfortendays,heneedstopay（支付）________.A.$150 B.$200 C.$50 D.$3504.WhatisfreeintheChildrenClub?A.Drinks. B.Breakfast. C.Lunch. D.Fruit.5.Theadvertisement（广告）isfor________.A.Children B.Parents C.Teachers D.Libraryworkers3、BrownisastudentofClass3,Grade7.Helikesputtingthingsaway,andhecleanshisroomeveryday.Hisbedisveryclean.Openingthedoor,wecanseesomebooksareonhisshelf.Thereisacomputeronhisdesk.Hisworkbooksandnewspapersarenexttohiscomputer.Thereisabasketballunderthebed.Brownisacarefulboy.Hissister,Lily’sbedroomisdifferentfromhis.Nowlet’scometoLily’sroom.Whyisaguitaronthebed?Oh,herclothesareallonthebookshelf.Andthebooksarefromthedesktothefloor.Wecanalsoseeakiteonthewindow.Lily’sroomisinamess(混乱).Sheisacarelessgirl.Sheshouldlearnfromherbrother.1.HowoftendoesBrowncleanhisbedroom?A.Everyday. B.Onceaweek.C.Twiceaweek. D.Threetimesaweek.2.WhatcanweseeonBrown’sdesk?A.Hisbooksandacomputer.B.Acomputer,someworkbooksandnewspapers.C.Hisclothesandabasketball.D.Hisbooksandajacket.3.WhereisLily’sguitar?A.Onthedesk. B.Onthewall.C.Onthebed. D.Ontheshelf.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“careless”inParagraph2probablymeaninChinese?A.粗心的 B.小心的 C.果断的 D.聪明的5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.BrownisLily’sbrother.B.Lilylikescleaningherroom.C.Lilyhasasister.D.Brown’sbooksaren’tontheshelf.4、Longyanisourcity.ItliesinthewestofFujian,soitiscalledMinxi.Thereareabout2,860,000peopleinLongyan.Itisdividedintosevenparts:Xinluo,Zhangping,Yongding,Shanghang,Wuping,ChangtingandLiancheng.It’sverybeautiful.Therearemanygreatbuildings,suchasYongdingTulouandPeitianAncientVillage(培田古民居)inLiancheng.GuanzhaiMountaininLianchengissowonderfulthatmanyvisitorsliketogothere.LongkongCave(洞穴)issurprisingandyoucan’tmissit.ThereisLongsaninit.Longsanisastonelikeanumbrella.Andyoucan’tmisstheSiteofGutianCongress(古田会议会址)inShanghang,either.Itisoneofthetoptenscenicspots(景点)inFujian.Tea-pickingLantern(灯笼)danceisakindofwonderfuldanceandithasahistoryof150years.ItcomesfromMeishan,Suban,Xinluo.Itisaboutfarmers’teapicking.Themusicisbeautifulandthedanceisgreat.NowitispopularwithmanypeopleanditisintroducedintomanyschoolsofXinluo.Studentsintheschoolslearnthedanceintheirafter-schoolservice.Theylikeitverymuch.Welcometoourcity.Ifyoucome,I’llshowyouaroundit.1.Accordingtothepassage,PeitianAncientVillageandGuanzhaiMountainarein________.A.Yongding B.Liancheng C.Shanghang D.Xinluo2.Theunderlinedword“introduced”means________here.A.介绍 B.引进 C.主持 D.将...提交讨论3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Tea-pickingLanternDanceisacourseinafter-schoolserviceinXinluoDistrcit.B.TheSiteofGutianCongressisthetopscenicspotinShandong.C.Longsanisanumbrella.D.Thereareabout2,860,000peopleinFujian.4.HowmanyscenicspotsofLongyanarementioned(提到)inthepassage?A.5 B.7 C.150 D.2,860,0005.Wherecanwereadthepassage?A.Apoliticsbook. B.Abiologybook.C.Ageographybook. D.Aphysicsbook.5、Size:181MBMeituPicisoneoftheappsdeveloped(研发)byXiamenMeituTechnologyCo.,Ltd,anditalsoproducedMeituPic,BeautyCamandPosterLabs.Theapphas52millionactivedailyusersand270millionmonthlyactiveusers.Youcanusethistooltobeautifyyourselfwithonlyoneclickandsmooththeskinandwhitenyourskin.MakeupPlusSize:132MBMakeupPlusistheperfectapptogiveyourselfafullvirtualmakeover(虚拟化妆)—fromlipstick,andeyelashes,tobrowsandhaircolourtofindalookyoulove,rightfromyourphone'scamera!ItisdevelopedbyMeituInc,ourfirstapponthelist.Size:124MBTianTianPiTuisabeautyappdevelopedbyChina’sInternetgiant(巨人)Tencent.Pituhas106millionmonthlyusers.ThoughthenumberisnotaslargeasthatofMeituPic,somepeoplethinkitwillattractmoreusersbecauseofitsfamouscompanyTencent.FaceUSize:54MBMewMewMew~Turnyourselfintothemostlovelylittlecat.FUNNY,LOVELY,PRETTY,withmorethan300kindsofstickersinFaceU,youwillalwaysfindoneyoulikemostEnjoythemotionstickerswithspecialeffectsandthefacerecognitiontechnology(人脸识别).1.Whichofthefollowingappscomefromthesamecompany?A.MeituPicandFaceU. B.PituandFaceU.C.MeituPicandMakeupPlus. D.MeituPicandPitu.2.IftherearealreadytoomanyappsandthingsinSusan’sphone,she’dbetterchoose________.A.FaceU B.Pitu C.MeituPic D.MakeupPlus3.Wecanknowfromthepassagethat________.A.PituhasmoreusersthanMeituPicB.youneedtoputonmake-upbeforeyouuseMakeupPlusC.thewriterthinksTencentisafamouscompanyinChinaD.therearefewerthan300kindsstickersinFaceU三、补全对话（10分）6、请通读下面对话，根据对话内容，从方框内的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有一项为多余选项。A:Jenny,Ineedtobuyaguitarforyourbrother.____1____B:Sorry,Mom.I’mbusynow.A:____2____B:No.I’mtakingatriponline(在线).A:Atriponline?____3____B:Yeah.Wecangoanywherewewant.A:____4____B:Sure.Wheredoyouwanttogo?A:____5____B:OK.Herewego!A.Thatsoundsinteresting.B.IwanttogotoShanghai.C.Canyoushowmehowtodoit?D.Areyoubusyplayingcomputergames?E.Doyouwanttogoshoppingwithme?F.Nowmanypeopleliketotaketripsonline.四、短文填空（10分）7、

Whenyouwalkonthestreet,youcanseethetrafficsigns.___1___Theyarethekeytosafedrivingtopeople.Weshouldknowaboutthetrafficsignsandobeythetrafficrulesallthetime.___2___Everyonemustobeythetrafficrules.Whenyouseethesign“”onthestreetorroad,youcan’tpark.Youmustkeepdriving.___3___Ifyouwanttostopyourcar,youhavetolookforaplacetostopyourcar.Insomecities,therearetoomanycarsandbuses.___4___Howcanyoufindaplacetoparkyourcar?___5___“P”isthefirstletteroftheword“Park”,andittellsyoutoparkyourcarthere.A.Ifyoudothis,youareright.B.Thetrafficsignsareveryimportanttopeople.C.Thetrafficsignsarepartofthetrafficrules.D.Thetrafficsign“P”canhelpyou.E.Youcan’tjustparkyourcarontheroad.五、语法填空（10分）8、

阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,从各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项。Mymotherisanurse.Sheusuallyleavesat5:45a.m.,soIhavetogetup,makebreakfast,andwalktotakethebusby____1____.Idon’tlikethat.Happily,mymomworksduringtheday,so____2____shecanpickmeupafterschool.Oneday,Isaw____3____oldladywalkingtowardsuswithabigsmile,butIdidn’tknowher.“Jenny!Jenny!”shesaid,callingmymother’sname.“Hello,”mymomanswered.“Howareyoufeeling?”“Verygreat!Thanks.Oh!____4____isthislovelyyounggirl?”sheaskedandlaughedcheerfully.“Thisismydaughter,Amy,”Momreplied.“Well,itisverynice____5____you,Amy.Ihopeyouknowhowluckyyouare!”shesaid.Ididn’tknowwhatshewassaying____6____Ididn’tfeelluckyatall.“Youhavethemostwonderful____7____caringmother,”shesaid.“WhenIwasinhospitallastmonth,shetookcare____8____meandmademebettereveryday.Ishallneverforgether.”Then,shekeptthankingher.Atthattime,Isuddenlyknewmore____9____mymom’sjob.Shewascaringforandlovingthosepeople,oftenduringoneof____10____timesintheirlives.ItwasthefirsttimeIunderstoodwhyIstoodatthebusstopeverymorning.1.A.I B.me C.my D.myself2.A.sometimes B.sometimes C.sometime D.sometime3.A.a B.an C.the D./4.A.Who B.Why C.What D.Where5.A.meet B.meeting C.tomeet D.met6.A.because B.if C.when D.though7.A.and B.but C.so D.for8.A.to B.by C.after D.of9.A.on B.about C.as D.at10.A.dark B.darker C.thedarkest D.darkly六、阅读表达（10分）9、

请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，回答5个问题。要求所写答案语法正确、语义完整，并把答案写在答题卡指定的位置。请仔细阅读下面材料，根据所提供的信息，MynameisLinda.IliveinanicenewbuildinginBeijing.Itisverytall.Ithaseighteenfloors.Thereareabouteightyfamiliesinthebuilding.Thatistosay(也就是说),abouttwohundredandfortypeopleliveinthebuilding.Myhomeisonthetwelfth(第十二)floor.Wehavetwobedroomsandalivingroom.Theyarebigandclean.Therearealotofbigtreesandbeautifulflowersaroundourbuilding.Ilikelookingoutofthewindowinmyroom.Icanseecarsandbusesrunninginthestreet.Theylooksosmall!HowbeautifulBeijingis!Iamhappytoliveinthisnice,newandtallbuilding.1.WheredoesLindalive?___________________________2.Howmanyfamiliesarethereinthebuilding?___________________________3.WhichfloorisLinda’shomeon?___________________________4.WhataretherearoundLinda’sbuilding?___________________________5.Doesshelikelivinginthisbuilding?___________________________七、书面表达（20分）

家有家规，校有校规。你们学校有哪些校规呢？你对校规有何看法呢？请你就此写一篇短文。内容包括：1.每个学校都有自己的校规。2.说说你知道的校规（至少4条）。3.你对校规的看法。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2.语句连贯，词数60个左右。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案一、完形填空(10分)1、1.A2.C3.B4.A5.B6.D7.C8.B9.C10.D【解析】【导语】本文讲述了格林先生是一位老人。他每天早上去公园散步，中午12点回家吃午饭。今天他让警察送他回家，只因为他不想走路回家。【1题详解】句意：每天早上他都去公园散步，中午12点回家吃午饭。morning早上；afternoon下午；evening晚上；noon中午。根据“Every...hegoesforawalkinthepark,andhecomesback...at12:00forlunchinthemiddleoftheday.”可知，格林先生每天早上去散步，故选A。【2题详解】句意：每天早上他都去公园散步，中午12点回家吃午饭。family家庭；apartment公寓；home家；house房子。根据“Every...hegoesforawalkinthepark,andhecomesback...at12:00forlunchinthemiddleoftheday.”可知，中午12点回家吃午饭。故选C。【3题详解】句意：但是今天12点一辆警车停在他家门前。school学校；house房子；family家庭；hospital医院。根据“Buttodayapolicecarstopsathis...at12o’clock.”可知，12点时警车停在他家房子前，故选B。【4题详解】句意：其中一个对格林先生女儿说：“老人在公园里找不到回家的路。他让我们开车送他回家。”them他们，宾格；you你，你们；they他们，主格；their他们的。of是介词，其后加宾格作宾语，故选A。【5题详解】句意：其中一个对格林先生的女儿说：“老人在公园里找不到回家的路。他让我们开车送他回家。”can能；can’t不能；don’t不；needn’t不需要。根据“Theoldman...findhiswayhomeinthepark.”可知，老人找不到回家的路，故选B。【6题详解】句意：其中一个对格林先生的女儿说：“老人在公园里找不到回家的路。他让我们开车送他回家。”make制作；play玩；stay待；take带。根据“Heasksusto...himhome...thecar.”可知，格林先生让警察带他回家，故选D。【7题详解】句意：其中一个对格林先生的女儿说：“老人在公园里找不到回家的路。他让我们开车送他回家。”on在上面；into进入；in在里面；with和。根据“Heasksusto...himhome...thecar.”可知，此处是inthecar短语，意为“在车里”，故选C。【8题详解】句意：然后她问她的爸爸：“爸爸，你每天都去公园。可是今天你为什么找不到路呢？”tells告诉；asks问；answers回答；says说。根据“Dad,yougototheparkeveryday.Buttoday...can’tyoufindtheway?”可知，是女儿问的话，故选B。【9题详解】句意：然后她问她的爸爸：“爸爸，你每天都去公园。可是今天你为什么找不到路呢？”when何时；where哪里；why为什么；what什么。根据“Dad,yougototheparkeveryday.Buttoday...can’tyoufindtheway?”可知，女儿问爸爸为什么今天找不到回家的路，故选C。【10题详解】句意：老人像孩子一样笑着说：“我能找到回家的路。但是我不想走回家，你知道的。”girl女孩；woman女人；man男人；child孩子。根据“Theoldmansmileslikea...andsays”可知，老人笑得像个孩子，故选D。二、阅读理解（40分）2、1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了儿童俱乐部的详细信息。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“TheChildrenClubisanafter-schoolclubforchildrenof4-13.”可知，4到13岁的儿童可以参加儿童俱乐部，故选B。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据“Youcanlearnmusic,sports,drawinganddancinginthisclub.”可知，你可以在这个俱乐部学习音乐、体育、绘画和舞蹈，未提及象棋，故选B。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“Price:$5aday”可知，一天5美元，10天就是50美元，故选C。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据“Fruitisfreehere.”可知，水果免费，故选D。【5题详解】推理判断题。根据“TheChildrenClubisanafter-schoolclubforchildrenof4-13.Youcanlearnmusic,sports,drawinganddancinginthisclub.”可知，此篇广告是写给儿童的，故选A。3、1.A2.B3.C4.A5.A【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了布朗的房间很整洁，而妹妹莉莉的房间很乱。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“Helikesputtingthingsaway,andhecleanshisroomeveryday.”可知布朗每天都打扫房间，故选A。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据“Thereisacomputeronhisdesk.Hisworkbooksandnewspapersarenexttohiscomputer.”可知布朗的桌子上有电脑、一些作业本和报纸，故选B。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“Whyisaguitaronthebed?”可知莉莉的吉他在床上，故选C。【4题详解】词义猜测题。根据“Wecanalsoseeakiteonthewindow.Lily’sroomisinamess(混乱).”可知莉莉的房间很混乱，所以她应该是一个粗心的女孩，故选A。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据“Hissister,Lily’sbedroomisdifferentfromhis”可知布朗是莉莉的哥哥，故选A。4、1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了福建的龙岩，包括其有名的景点及龙岩采茶灯舞蹈。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“...PeitianAncientVillage(培田古民居)inLiancheng.GuanzhaiMountaininLianchengissowonderfulthatmanyvisitorsliketogothere.”可知，培田古民居和冠豸山都在连城县。故选B。【2题详解】词义猜测题。根据“Tea-pickingLantern(灯笼)danceisakindofwonderfuldanceandithasahistoryof150years...NowitispopularwithmanypeopleanditisintroducedintomanyschoolsofXinluo.”可知，采茶灯舞蹈现在被引入新罗的许多学校。此处的划线单词introduced应意为“引入，引进”。故选B。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“NowitispopularwithmanypeopleanditisintroducedintomanyschoolsofXinluo.Studentsintheschoolslearnthedanceintheirafter-schoolservice.”可知，采茶灯舞蹈被引入新罗的许多学校，学生们可以在学校的课后服务中学习该舞蹈。由此可知，采茶灯舞蹈是新罗区的一门课后服务课程。故选A。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段落可知，文章共提到了五处景点，分别是永定土楼、培田古民居、冠豸山、龙崆洞和古田会议地址。故选A。【5题详解】推理判断题。通读全文后可知，本文主要介绍了福建的龙岩，所以我们最有可能在一本地理书中读到该文章。故选C。5、1.C2.A3.C【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了四款拍照应用程序。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“MeituPicisoneoftheappsdeveloped(研发)byXiamenMeituTechnologyCo.,Ltd,”和“ItisdevelopedbyMeituInc,ourfirstapponthelist.”可知MeituPic和MakeupPlus来自同一家公司，故选C。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据每个软件需要的内存可知，FaceUSize需要的内存是最小的，只有54MB，所以Susan可以下载这个软件，故选A。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“TianTianPiTuisabeautyappdevelopedbyChina’sInternetgiant(巨人)Tencent.”可知作者认为腾讯是很出名一家公司，故选C。三、补全对话（10分）6、1.E2.D3.A4.C5.B【解析】【导语】本文是珍妮与妈妈的对话，她们主要在谈论在线旅行。【1题详解】根据“Ineedtobuyaguitar”和“Sorry,Mom.”可知，妈妈要去购物，问珍妮是否想一起去，E项“你想和我一起去购物吗？”符合情景，故选E。【2题详解】根据“No.I’mtakingatriponline(在线).”可知，问句是一般疑问句，妈妈想知道珍妮在忙什么，D项“你正忙于玩电脑游戏吗？”符合情景，故选D。【3题详解】根据“Atriponline?”可知，妈妈对线上旅行很感兴趣，A项“听起来很有趣。”符合情景，故选A。【4题详解】根据“Sure.Wheredoyouwanttogo?”可知，妈妈也想体验线上旅行，C项“你能教我怎么做吗？”符合情景，故选C。【5题详解】根据“Wheredoyouwanttogo?”可知，回答是想去的地点，B项“我想去上海。”符合情景，故选B。四、短文填空（10分）7、1.B2.C3.A4.E5.D【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了一些交通标志。【1题详解】根据“Theyarethekeytosafedrivingtopeople.”可知交通标志对人很重要，选项B“交通标志对人们来说非常重要”符合语境。故选B。【2题详解】根据“Weshouldknowaboutthetrafficsignsandobeythetrafficrulesallthetime”以及“Everyonemustobeythetrafficrules.”可知此处是交通标志和交通规则的关系，选项C“交通标志是交通规则的一部分”符合语境。故选C。【3题详解】根据“...youcan’tpark.Youmustkeepdriving”可知看到不能停车的标志时，不能停车，要继续开车，这样做是对的，选项A“如果你这样做，你是对的”符合语境。故选A。【4题详解】根据“Insomecities,therearetoomanycarsandbuses”以及“Howcanyoufindaplacetoparkyourcar”可知路上有很多汽车和公交车，所以不能把车停在路上，选项E“你不能把车停在路上”符合语境。故选E。【5题详解】根据“Howcanyoufindaplacetoparkyourcar”可知此处介绍如何找一个地方停车，选项D“交通标志‘P’可以帮助你”符合语境。故选D。五、语法填空（10分）8、1.D2.B3.B4.A5.C6.A7.A8.D9.B10.C【解析】【导语】本文讲述作者通过跟一位女士和自己妈妈的对话了解到自己妈妈的工作，也终于理解了她的辛苦。【1题详解】句意：她通常在早上5点45分离开，所以我必须起床，做早餐，我自己步行去乘公共汽车。I我（人称代词主格）；me我（人称代词宾格）；my我的（形容词性物主代词）；myself我自己（反身代词）。根据上文“Sheusuallyleavesat5:45a.m,soIhavetogetup,makebreakfast”可知，作者自己步行去乘公共汽车。故选D。【2题详解】句意：幸运的是，我妈妈白天上班，所以放学后她有时可以来接我。sometimes几次；sometimes有时，副词；sometime一段时间；sometime某时。根据上文“Happily,mymomworksduringtheday”可知，作者的妈妈有时接她。故选B。【3题详解】句意：一天，我看见一位老太太带着灿烂的笑容向我们走来，但我不认识她。a一个（不定冠词，表示泛指，用在以辅音音素开头的单词前）；an一个（不定冠词，表示泛指，用在以元音音素开头的单词前）；the这个（定冠词，表示特指）。根据空后“oldlady”可知初次提到使用不定冠词，“old”以元音音素开头，使用不定冠词an。故选B。【4题详解】句意：哦，这个可爱的年轻女孩是谁？Who谁；Why为什么；What什么；Where在哪里。根据下文“Thisismydaughter,Amy”可知，老太太在问可爱的年轻女孩是谁。故选A。【5题详解】句意：嗯，很高兴见到你，艾米。meet遇见（动词原形）；meeting遇见（动名词）；tomeet遇见（动词不定式）；met遇见（动词过去式）。根据“it’s+形容词+todosth”可知，空处使用动词不定式。故选C。【6题详解】句意：我不知道她在说什么，因为我一点也不觉得幸运。because因为；if是否；when何时；though虽然。根据空前“Ididn’tknowwhatshewassaying”可知，因为作者一点也不觉得幸运，所以不知道为什么老妇人说她幸运。故选A。【7题详解】句意：你有一个最好、最体贴人的母亲。and和，表示并列或者顺承；b