《高考英语学科复习关键问题指导与训练》-阅读理解中的问题突破与指导

2022届高三考英语学科复习关键问题指导与训练》第三次选送

——阅读理解中的问题突破与指导

阅读理解在新高考英语试卷中，赋予了较多的内容和较高的分值,

主要考查学生能否正确理解阅读文本并从文本中找到解决问题答案

的能力，对学生英诘学科素养要求较高，是高中英厝的教学与复习的

重点与难点。

目前，在高三复习阶段教学和测试中，学生在阅读理解中语篇整

体意义、逻辑关系和内在连贯等综合阅读能力方面把握不足，寻找关

键词能力较差，联系前后句、根据上下文意思把握不准，即使找到信

息也无法较好地对信息进行概括、整合与分析。语篇中长难句依然是

学生阅读理解过程中最大的障碍。在高考中考生在阅读理解中D篇

得分率较低，失分尤其突出。为了使阅读方面的复习更有针对性，有

效解决阅读中学生的问题，寻找进一步的突破，我们组织了中国教育

学会普通高中新课程实施“领航计划”福建省高中教师新高考适应能

力提升培训班的老师制作54个了“阅读中关键问题的突破和指导”

的课件，我们再推出18位老师的课件，供大家参考使用。同时，我

们也推出各设区市近年来选送的30篇阅读D篇供学生训练以及2022

届高三毕业班诊断性测试的部分地市的学生习作供参考使用。

（一）

Sometimes,thesimplestideasarethebest.Forexample,toabsorbheatfromthe

suntoheatwaler,youneedlarge,flat,blacksurfaces.Onewaytodothatistobuild

thosesurfacesspecially,ontheroofsofbuildings.Butwhygotoallthattroublewhen

citiesarcfullofblacksurfacesalready,intheformofasphalt（柏油）roads?

Tenyearsago,thisthoughtcameintothemindofAriandeBondt,aDutch

engineer.Hefinallypersuadedhisbosstofallowitup.Theresultisthattheirbuilding

isnowheatedinwinterandcooledinsummerbyasystemthatreliesonthesurfaceof

theroadoutside.

Theheat-collectorisasystemofconnectedwaterpipes.Mostofthemrunfrom

onesideofthestreettotheother,justundertheasphaltroad.Some,however,dive

deepintotheground.

Whenthestreetsurfacegetshotinsummer,waterpumpedthroughthepipes

picksupthisheatandtakesitundergroundthroughoneofthedivingpipes.Atadepth

of100metresliesanaturalaquifer（蓄水层）intowhichseveralheatexchangers（交

换器）havebeenbuilt.Thehotwaterfromthestreetrunsthroughtheseexchangers,

warmingtheground-water,beforereturningtothesurfacethroughanotherpipe.The

aquiferisthususedasaheatstore.

Inwinter,theworkingsystemischangedslightly.Waterispumpedthroughthe

heatexchangerstopickuptheheatstoredduringsummer.Thiswatergoesintothe

buildingandisusedtowarmtheplaceup.Afterperformingthattask,itispumped

undertheasphaltanditsremainingheatkeepstheroadfreeofsnowandicc.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.AriandeBondigothisideafromhisboss.

B.Large,flat,blacksurfacesneedtobebuiltincities.

C.TheDutchengineer'ssystemhasbeenwidelyused.

D.Heatcanalsobecollectedfromasphaltroads.

2.Forwhatpurposearethedivingpipesused?

A.Toabsorbheatfromthesun.

B.Tostoreheatforfutureuse.

C.Toturnsolarenergyintoheatenergy.

D.Tocarryheatdownbelowthesurface.

3.Fromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthat.

A.somepipeshavetobere-arrangedinwinter

B.thesystemcandomorethanwarmingupthebuilding

C.theexchangerswillpickupheatfromthestreetsurface

D.lessheatmaybecollectedinwinterthaninsummer

4.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?

A.Whatweshalldoifthesystemgoeswrong.

B.Whatweshalldoiftherearenoasphaltroads.

C.Howthesystemcoolsthebuildinginsummer.

D.Howthesystemcollectsheatinspringandautumn.

参考答案:DDBC

（二）

Childrenstuckinhospitalnolongerhavetomissoutonschoolwork,following

thelaunchofanavatarrobotthathelpskidsattendclassfromtheiihospitalbed.Inthe

roboticrevolution,whereArtificialIntelligence（AI）isgraduallybeingcombinedin

variouspartsofsociety,itseemsthatrobotscouldalsobeplayinganimportantrolein

thefutureofeducation.ThenewscameadaybeforeEducationSecretary,Damian

Hinds,announcedhiscommitmenttohelpplacetechnologyatthemostsignificant

positionofchildren'slearning.

Mr.Hindsisnowcallingfortechcompanies,suchasAppleandMicrosoft,to

helpmakehisvisionareality.Hesaid,“Schoolshavethepowertochoosethetech

toolswhicharebestforthemandtheirbudgets.Buttheycannotdothisalone.Itis

onlybybuildingastrongpartnershipbetweenthegovernment,technologycompanies

andtheeducationfieldthattherewillbeasustainable,focusedsolutionwhichwill

finallysupportandinspirethelearnersoftodayandtomorrow.”

ThisEast-midland-basedavatarrobotprojectwillreceiveafundof$544,143

fromtheDepartmentofEducation.Tocarryouttheproject,90"tele-visual“robots

willattendlessonsinschoolsandactasasubstitutefortheunwellstudent.Theavatar

robot,calledAVI,isalsoabletotakepaninclassroomdiscussionsandeven

communicatewithfriends.

Thechild,sufferingfromalong-termillness,canoperatetherobotfromthe

hospitalthroughaniPadandlistentotheconversationsoccurringinthelessons,by

simplyrotating（旋转）iherobot'sheadtogetafullviewoftheclassroom.Ifthechild

wantstoaskaquestion,theAVTsheadflashesblue.Additionalfeaturesincludea

whisperingmodethatpermitsthechildtoconverseinalowervoice,allowingonly

thechildrenwithincloserangetoheartherobot.

RoboticistsarehopefulthattheAVImachinewillhelpchildreninhospitalfeel

lessisolated（孤独的），andsimplifytheirreturntoschool.Announcingtheproject,

MinisterfbrSchoolStandardsNickGibbsaid:"Everychild,nomatterthechallenges

theyfaceintheirlife,shouldhavetheopportunitytoreachtheirpotentialthroughan

excellenteducation.Schoolstandardsinthiscountryarerising,butforchildrenwho

cannotattendmainstreamorspecialschools,thisqualityvariesgreatly,withlow

expectationsabouttheiroutcomesandfutures.”

I.HowcanAlfinallyhelpthestudentslearnaccordingtoMr.Hinds?

A.ByplacingAItechnologiesatthecenterofeducation.

B.Bygettingtechcompaniestomakeitareality.

C.Byplanningbudgetstochoosethebesttechtools.

D.Bycloseteamworkbetweenrelatedorganizations.

2.WhatmightnotbeataskofAV1?

A.Actingasasubstituteinthehospital.

B.Joininginclassroomdiscussions.

C.Attendinglessonsinschools.

D.Chattingwiththeunwellkids'friends.

3.WhatcanweknowfromParagraph4?

A.Thehospitalizedkidcontinueshisschoollife.

B.Thehospitalizedkidcanaskquestionswhenheneeds.

C.Thehospitalizedkidcanattendlessonsintheclassroom.

D.Thehospitalizedkidtalkswithclassmatesthroughtherobot.

4.WhydoRoboticistsdesignAV1forkidsinhospital?

A.Tohelpthemface:heirchallengespositively

B.Tomakethemregaintheirhealthinashorttime.

C.Tomakethemfeellesslonelyandwell-preparedforschool.

D.Togetthemthechancetoreachtheirfullpotential.

参考答案：DACC

（三）

AninternationalteamofastronomersinWashingtonD.C.announcedWednesday

ithadsuccessfullycapturedthefirst-everimageofablackholeandpublishedit.

Thepictureshowstheblackholehavingadarkcenter,encircledbyabright

orangeandyellowringspreadingoutward.Blackholesareareasinspacewhere

gravityissostrongthatnothing-notevenlight-canescapethem.Theyarebelieved

tobeformedbycollapsed（陨落的）stars.Thepresenceofblackholesaffectsthe

surroundingenvironmentinextremeways.Theyarenoteasytocaptureoncamera

becausetheyaresurroundedbythickdustmaterialandextremelyhotgases.

Butscientistssaytheywereabletoproducethenewimagefromdatacollected

fromaseriesofradiotelescopesaroundtheworld.HarvardUniversityscientist

SheperdDoeleman,wholeadstheEventHorizonTelescope（EHT）project,announced

theimagediscovery.uWearedelightedtobeabletoreporttodaythatwehaveseen

whatwethoughtwasunseeable.Wehavealsotakenapictureofit."Heexplainedthat

theimageresultedfromacombinedeffortinvolvingalleightoftheEHTradio

telescopesworkingatthesametime.Ithasamass6.5billiontimesgreaterthan

Earth'ssun.

ResearcherssaidthattheEHTprojectcreatedanEarth-sized"virtual（虚拟的）

telescope“tocapturethehighestpossibleimagequality.Thesizeandshapeofthe

shadowmatchestheprecisepredictionsofEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativity.

SheperdDoelemansaidthenewimageprovidesthefirstvisualevidenceto

confinnthattheory.Italsohelpstounlockthemysteryofblackholes.uWedidn'tsee

somethingthatwasunexpected.Wcsawsomethingthatreallyhadaringtoit.”

Eventhoughthedatawasfirstgatheredin2017,itrequiredahugeeffortto

producetheimagepublishedonWednesday.

1.WhichisTrueabouttheblackhole?

A.Ithasadarksurface.

B.Itconsistsofthickdust.

C.Itisvisibletotheeye.

D.Itswallowseverythingapproachingit.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”inParagraph2ref^rto?

A.Blackholes.B.Collapsedstars.C.Extremeways.D.Hotgases.

3.Howdidscientistsgeltheimage?

A.Bycollectingavailabledata.

B.Throughthecooperationofradiotelescopes.

C.Withthehelpofahugecamera.

D.FromEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativity.

4.Whatdoestheimagediscoverycontributeto?

A.Uncoveringthesecretofblackholes.

B.Confirmingpeople'swisdom.

C.Testingthefunctionofvirtualtelescopes.

D.Providingfirst-handevidenceforastronomers.

参考答案：DABA

（四）

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,two

scientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgetting

bittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.These

chemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whatthe

plantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganic

compounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.

It'saplant'swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecan

watchtheneighborsreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdo

doubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoare

naturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattacker

whowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelpthe

neighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,

relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethe

firstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,and

so,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”

thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierand

moreintimate（亲密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.

There'sawholelotgoingon.

1.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?

A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.

C.Itstandsquietly.D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.

2.Whatdocstheauthormeanby“thetablesarcturned"inParagraph3?

A.Theattackersgetattacked.

B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.

C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.

D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.

3.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.

A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsects

C.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary

4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore.

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems.

D.PeopleinDarwin'stimeweremoreimaginative.

参考答案：DABC

（五）

Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesign

yourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.You

canmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomeways

toturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.

Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelyto

encourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious（难为情）whenthey're

inpoorlylitplaces-andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn'thave

enoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.

Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,

peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayellow

orredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecold

colorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit'stimetorepair,goblue.

Don'tforgettheclock-ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsume

about70fewercaloriespermealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Begin

keepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast3（）minutes,Andwhile

you'reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,tumon

relaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.

Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Wceat

about22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.When

wechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake（摄入）jumpsby14percent.

Andwc'Hpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,

skinnyglass.

1.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout.

A.theirhomecomforts.B.theirbodyshape

C.housebuyingD.healthydiets

2.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople.

A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintake

C.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites

3.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoatmealtimes?

A.EatquicklyB.Playfastmusic

C.UsesmallerspoonsD.Tumdownthelight

4Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinner

C.ElectsofSelf-consciousnessD.IsYburHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?

参考答案：BBCA

（六）

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸储器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinking

waterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.Developedbytwodoctorsin

theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,

youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofind

naturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'x5,sheetofclear

orslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer-perhapsjusta

drinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepack

andfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacross

andthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher's

productivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplace

sothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup-andout

一thesideofthehole.

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwith

dirtandweightingthesheet'scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowforma

cone（圆锥体）with45-dcgrce-anglcdsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbe

centereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwater

evaporates（蒸发）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundown

thematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansuckthe

refreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytime

youneedadrink.

1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It'sdelicate.B.It'sexpensive.C.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher“inParagraph2referto?

A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.

3.Whal'sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?

A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.

C.Weightthesheet'scenterdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.

4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom.

A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole

C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet

参考答案：DBCD

（七）

AsInternetusersbecomemoredependentontheInternettostoreinformation,

arepeoplerememberingless?Ifyouknowyourcomputerwillsaveinformation,why

storeitinyourownpersonalmemory,yourbrain?Expertsarewonderingifthe

Internetischangingwhatwerememberandhow.

Inarecentstudy,ProfessorBetsySparrowconductedsomeexperiments.Sheand

herresearchteamwantedtoknowhowtheInternetischangingmemory.Inthefirst

experiment,theygavepeople40unimportantfactstotypeintoacomputer.Thefirst

groupofpeopleunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldsavetheinformation.Thesecond

groupunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldnotsaveit.Later,thesecondgroup

rememberedtheinformationbetter.Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindthe

informationagain,sotheydidnottrytorememberit.

Inanotherexperiment,theresearchersgavepeoplefactstoremember,andtold

themwheretofindtheinformationonthecomputer.Theinformationwasina

specificcomputerfolder（文件夹）.Surprisingly,peoplelaterrememberedthefolder

location（位置）betterthanthefacts.WhenpeopleusetheInternet,theydonot

remembertheinformation.Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled

"transactivememory（交互记忆）

AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbecomingpeoplewithpoormemoriesasa

resultoftheInternet.Instead,computerusersaredevelopingstrongertransactive

memories;thatis,peoplearelearninghowtoorganizehugequantitiesofinformation

sothattheyareabletoaccessitatalaterdate.Thisdoesn'tmeanwearebecoming

eithermoreorlessintelligent,butthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryis

changing.

1.Thepassagebeginswithtwoquestionsto.

A.introducethemaintopicB.showtheauthor'sattitude

C..describehowtousetheInternetD.explainhowtostoreinformation

2.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefirstexperiment?

A.TheSparrow'steamtypedtheinformationintoacomputer.

B.Thetwogroupsrememberedtheinformationequallywell.

C.Thefirstgroupdidnottrytoremembertheinformation.

D.Thesecondgroupdidnotunderstandtheinformation.

3.Intransaclivememory,people.

A.keeptheinformationinmind

B.changethequantityofinformation

C.organizeinformationlikeacomputer

D.rememberhowtofindtheinformation

4.WhatistheeffectoftheInternetaccordingtoSparrow'sresearch?

A.Weareusingmemorydifferently.

B.Wearebecomingmoreintelligent.

C.Wehavepoorermemoriesthanbefore.

D.Weneedabetterwaytoaccessinformation.

参考答案：ACDA

(A)

Scientistshavesolvedthemysteryofwhytheoverwhelmingmajorityof

mammothfossils(化石)aremale.

Muchlikewildelephantstoday,youngmaleIceAgemammothsprobably

travelledaroundaloneandmoreoftengotthemselvesintoriskysituationswherethey

weresweptintorivers,orfellthroughiceorintomud,lakesorsinkholesthat

preservedtheirbonesforthousandsofyears,scientistssay.

Females,ontheotherhand,travelledingroupsledbyanoldermatriarchwho

knewthelandscapeanddirectedhergroupawayfromdanger.

Withoutthebenefitoflivinginaherdledbyanexperiencedfemale,male

mammothshadamuchhigherriskofdyinginnaturaltrapssuchasmudholes,rock

cracksandlakes,“saidco-authorLoveDalenoftheSwedishMuseumofNatural

HistoryinareportpublishedonThursdayinthejournalCurrentBiology.

Thestudyusedgeneticdatatodeterminethesexof98woollymammothfossils

inSiberiaResearchersfoundthat69%ofthesamplesweremale,aheavily

unbalancedsexratio,assumingthatthesexeswerefairlyevenatbirth.

“Wewereverysurprisedbecausetherewasnoreasontoexpectasexbiasinthe

fossilrecord,saidfirstauthorPatriciaPecnerova,alsooftheSwedishMuseumof

NaturalHistory.""Therefore,researchersbelievethatsomethingaboutthewaythey

livedinfluencedthewaytheydied.Mostbones,tusks,andteethfrommammothsand

otherIceAgeanimalshaven'tsurvived,“explainedDalen.

ItishighlylikelythattheremainsthatarefoundinSiberiathesedayshavebeen

preservedbecausetheyhavebeenburied,andthusprotectedfromweathering.

Thesegiant,tuskedplanteatersdisappearedabout4,000yearsago.Whilethere

isnoscientificagreementaboutthecausesoftheirdisappearancefromtheplanet,

mostbelievethatclimatechangeexcessivehuntingbyhumansandthespreadofother

animalsintomammothfeedinggroundswereinfluentialfactors.

I.Theunderlinedword“matriarch“inparagraphmeans.

A.figureheadB.femaleleader

C.experiencedanimalD.maturemammoth

2.Whydothemajorityofmammothfossilscomefrommaleanimals?

A.Scientistsfinditeasiertostudymalefossilizedbones.

B.Thereweremoremalemammothsincomparisontofemales.

C.Malemammothswerebetterabletoadapttothechangingcircumstances.

D.Malemammothsmorefrequentlydiedinplaceswherefossilscouldform.

3.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedasareasonformammothsdyingout?

A.Theincreasingcompetitionforfood.

B.Thecoolingoftheearth'stemperature

C.Thedisappearanceofmalemammoths.

DTheriskybehaviorofyoungermammoths.

4.Whatisthetexttypeofthepassage?

A.Anewspaperarticle.B.Anacademicessay.

C.Ahistoricaldescription.D.Asciencefictionstory.

参考答案：BDAA

（九）

Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen（氮）dissolved

inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbyIhereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,if

thebubblesaccumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthe

bubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.

Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression（减压）sicknessif

theysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.That

theseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesof

nitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsin

thebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil

bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthe

bends.

BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebegana

studyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.

Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtothe

problemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhis

colleaguestraveledtheworld'snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsof

ichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceous

periods.

Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyounger

fossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.

Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicand

Cretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingle

Triassicspecimenshowedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.

Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidso

quickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDr

Rothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcaused

thechange.

Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapea

predatorsuchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasan

abundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaur

lunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.Inthe

Triassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,

theywerepreyaswellaspredator-andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.

I.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?

A.Atwistedbody.B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.

C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.D.Adropinbloodpressure.

2.ThepurposeofRothschild'sstudyistosee.

A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebends

B.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompression

C.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodies

D.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones

3.Rothschild'sfindingstatedinParagraph4.

A.confirmedhisassumptionB.speededuphisresearchprocess

C.disagreedwithhisassumptionD.changedhisresearchobjectives

4.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs.

A.failedtoevolveananti-dccomprcssionmeans

B.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebends

C.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodiles

D.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostit

参考答案：ABCA

(十)

WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportant

influencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemore

impressedbythemostrecentchanges?

Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.

However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.

ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)

revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswrongly

concludethatmakingthingsisso“yesterday“thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.

Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety“hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheir

manufacturingsector（制造业）withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.

Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrich

countrieshasmovedtheintern