《测绘专业英语》课件-16-Topographic survey

Topographicsurvey主讲人：LiSimengThislessoncontains3parts：thetermsofTopographicsurvey,theknowledgeoftopographicsurvey,andthesentenceanalysis01TopographicsurveyCONTENTS目录PARTONETopographicsurvey01Topographicsurveytopographicsurveying地形测量Configurationn.外形,轮廓Artificialadj.人工的Representationn.代表conventionalsymbol惯用符号Hydrographyn.水文学Vegetationn.植物，植被trail/treil/n.小径,林间小道canal/ko‘nal/n.运河，水道，沟渠planmetricmap平面图hypsometricmap地势图Tintingn.着色Governv.支配Efficiencyn.效率primarily/prai‘merili/adv主要地，首先地frameworkn.构架，控制网Hubn.结点，中枢Runv.操作，施测Simultaneouslyadv.同时地TheTermsoftheFieldNotesTopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicsurveysaremadetodeterminetheconfigurationofthesurfaceoftheearthandlocatethenaturalandartificialfeaturesthereon.Atopographicmapisalarge-scalerepresentationbymeansofvariouslinesandconventionalsymbols.Topographicmapsareproducedfromsurveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurface,showingtheculture,relief,hydrography,andperhapsthevegetation.Productsofhuman,suchasroads,trails,buildings,bridges,canalsandboundarylinesaretermedartificialfeatures.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicmapscanberegardedasthecombinationofplanmetricmapsandhypsometricmaps.Aplanmetricmapshowsthenaturalandculturalfeaturesinplanonly,Whileahypsometricmappresentsreliefbyconventionssuchascontours,hachures,shading,andtinting.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyThefirststepofatopographicsurveysisthenecessarycontrol:horizontalandverticalcontrol.Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopographygovernthespeed,cost,andefficiencyofatopographicsurvey.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyThescaletowhichamapisplotteddependsprimarilyonthepurposeofthemap,inotherwords,thenecessaryaccuracywithwhichdistancesmustbemeasuredorscaledonthemap.Thescaleofthemapmustbeknownbeforethefieldworkisbegunbecausethefieldmethodstobeemployedaredeterminedlargelybythescaletowhichthemanistobedrawn.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicdetailsareusuallybuiltuponaframeworkoftraversehubswhosepositionsandelevationshavebeenestablishedbycontrolsurveys.Itisadvisable,therefore,torun,check,andadjustthetraverseandlevelloopsbeforetopographicsurveyingistaken,ratherthantocarryonbothprocessessimultaneously.TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysis(1)Topographicmapsareproducedfromsurveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurfaceshowingtheculture,relief,hydrography,andperhapsthevegetation.本句出现了一个“of”的嵌套短语“surveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurface”,“portionof”意为“一小部分”,作“surface”的定语,采用顺序翻译,而“aportionoftheearth'ssurface”这一复合短语又修饰“data”,采用逆序翻译，为“部分地球表面的测量数据”;“showing…”构成动名词短语,作伴随状语,紧跟“Topographicmaps”进行说明TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysis(2)Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopographygovernthespeed,cost,andefficiencyofatopographicsurvey.译文:所选定旨在确定地形的控制(测量)的种类(三角测量、三边测量或导线测量和方法决定了地形测量的速度、经费和效率。本句的主语为Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopography;“selectedtoobtaintopography”为过去分词短语作定语,修饰“kind”和“method”;谓语为“govern”，宾语为thespeed,cost,andefficiency,同时被“ofatopographicsurvey”修饰。TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysisThescaleofthemapmustbeknownbeforethefieldworkisbegunbecausethefieldmethodstobeemployedaredeterminedlargelybythescaletowhichthemapistobeldrawn.译文:地图的比例尺必须在外业工作之前已知,因为所采用的外业测量的方法在很大程度上是由所绘地图的比例决定的。本句有四处被动成分,其中三处可主动化,而“aredeterminedby”翻译为“由……所决定”效果较好;连接词“before”引|导时间状语从句,而连接词“because”引导原因状语从句,从句子的关系上看,原因状语从句排在时间状语从句之后,表示前因后果:“tobeemployed”为不定式短语作定语修饰“methods”;“towhich…”是一个定语从句,修饰“scale”。TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysisTopographic,details,areusually,builtuponaframeworkoftraversehubswhoseposi