英语阅读训练-归纳概括主题

英语阅篌钊《.一一%的秘据主题

(TitleandMainIdea)

归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，若查考生通过阅读理解，总结归纳,

找出文章中心意思的能力。要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看

到树木，更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。

找出主题句(topicsentence)是一个有用的方法。

中心意思(mainidea)通常是一个完整的句子,它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨;

最佳题目(thebesttitle)可以是一个短语词组,它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读

者,引发阅读兴趣的任务“

考察文章主题的提问方式常用的有：

①Thesubjectofthepassageis.

②Themainideais.

③Thetitleis.

@Thepassagemainlytalksabout.

⑤Whattopicistreatedinthispassage.

@Thepointofthepassageisthat.

⑦What'sthetopicofthefirstparagraph?

@Thebestheadlineforthepassagewouldbe.

⑨Whichtitlebestgivestheideaofthepassage?

⑩What'sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

1.主题句位于段首

其特点是演绎式，开门见山提出论点，再分别说明。例如：

Peoplehaveknownaboutgoldforaverylongtime(主题句).Theearlycavepeopleknewof

gold(论据).Goldcupswereusedbypeoplewholivedmorethan5,000yearsago(论据).

GoldnecklacesandotherthingsmadeofgoldhavebeenfoundinEgypt.Theyarealsomore

than5,000yearsold(论据).

0：Themainideaofthepassageis.

A.goldiswidelyused

B.manythingscanbemadeofgold.

C.goldwasknownbypeoplelongtimesago.

D.goldwasfound5,000yearsago

［分析］第一句是文章的主题句，其后分3个论据来论叙这一主题。答案C与

文章主题同义。在阅读中要注意，所有用语证明论点的根据和理由都应具一定的逻辑关

系-我们可以按照这种逻辑关系推断出结论。

2.主题句位于段尾

其特点是归纳式，即细节在前，概括在后。例如：

Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney.Goldcanbeusedtomakerings,earrings,

andotherthings.Goldisalsousedtomakegoldleaf,averyflatribbon（带）ofgoldthatis

oftenusedonpictureframes.Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmany

uses.

Q:Thebesttitleofthispassageis.

A.themostimportantusesofgold

B.wideusesofgold

C.manythingsmadeofgold

D.theimportanceofgold.

［分析］这一段是从金子最主要的用途谈起，然后用also,often等词列举出其他用

途，最后归纳出“goldhasmanyuses”这一主题，与B选项一致。

3.主题句位于段中

其特点是：引题一主题一解释或提问一回答一解释。例如：

Aportisaplacewhereshipsstaywhentheyarenotsailing.Shipsusuallyloadorunloadata

port.So,aspaceportisaplacewhere“spaceships"staywhentheyarenotflying.Ithasspecial

buildingswherethespaceshipsarekept.Italsohassuppliesneededforspacetravel.

Q:Thepassagemainlytellsus.

A.whataspaceportis

B.thataportisaplacewhereshipsstay

C.thataspaceportisaspecialbuilding

D.whataportandaspaceportare

［分析］本段是由“港口是船不航行时停留的地方”这一人人都明白的概念引出“宇

航港是宇宙飞船不飞行时停留的地方”这一抽象难懂的概念，进而加以解释。其中心就

是向人们介绍什么是宇航港，所以A选项是主题。

4.首尾呼应的主题句

通常是指文章开头和结尾相互对应。了解这一点有利于根据文章开头和结尾进行综合推

理。例如：

ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1,000peoplebittenbysnakes.44Itwasseeingpeoplewith

snakebitesthatledmetothiscareer."hesaid.

“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeople

bittenbysnakes."Shusaid.

Q:Whatdoyouthinkthewritertalksaboutinthemissingpartofthearticle?

A.Thesadstoryofthepeoplebittenbysnakes.

B.HowdidShuhelpthepeople?

C.WhydidShuhelpthepeople?

D.HowmuchdidShulikehiscareer?

［分析］从文章开头“看到被蛇咬伤的人们使我选择了这一职业”和段末“这悲惨的故事

使我如此震动，因此我决定把一生献给这些人们”可以看出本文的主题是“苏普龙如何成

为蛇医”。那么中间一段是说明“那悲惨的故事”的，答案是A。

5.无主题句

依据文中事实，细节，观点，综合归纳成一般概念。例如：

Goodafternoon.Thisisyourcaptainspeaking.Wehavebeenwarnedofthedangerof

strongairturbulenceaheadforthenextfortymilesorso.Passengersarethereforestrongly

askedtoremainintheirseatswiththeirseatbeltonfortheirsafetyandnottousetherestrooms

duringthatdangerousperiodifatallpossible.Duringthetimeyoungchildrenshouldbefirmly

fastenedintotheirseats.

Pleaseobservetheseprecautionuntiltheseatbeltwarringsignhasgoneoff.Lunchwill

beservedafterwehavepassedthroughtheairturbulencezone.Thankyou.

Q:Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.

A.TheCaptainandthePassengers

B.SomethingAbouttheStrongAirTurbulence

C.ForyourOwnSafety

D.Don'tMoveAroundandKeepStill

［分析］此文是一篇广播通知，告知旅客飞机可能遇到强气流前的注意事项，完全出于安全

考虑，由此可判断此文的中心是选项C所给内容。此问不是知识介绍，不选B。答案D

中心不突出，不明确，旅客一听或许以为是飞机被劫持了。

ReadingTrainingCourse

Paragraph1

Whatarethetallestplantsintheworld?Manypeoplewouldsaythatgiantredwoodtreesof

California.Actually,thetallestplantsareintheoceans.Theseareseaweedsthatgrowalmost

sevenhundredfeettall.Comparedtothisheight,thegiantredwoodsarepygmiesofonlyfour

hundredfeet.Togetsomeideaoftheseheights,considertheStatueofLiberty.Thishuge

figurerisesonlythreehundredfeet.

1.Thepassagecanbeentitled.

A.RedwoodsinCaliforniaB.TheStatueofLiberty

C.SeaweedD.TheTallestPlants

Paragraph2

here,365addedto7576is7941.

Thefinalstepisthis:Subtract615fromthenumberthatyouhave.Takeaway615fromthe

total,Inourexample,7941minus615is7326.

Theresulthere-7326-isthetrick.Thefirstpartofthenumberistheaddressandthelast

partofthenumberistheageoftheperson.Thatis,73istheaddressthatwestartedwith,and

26istheagethatweused.

5.Thebesttitleofthepassageis.

A.ThenumbertricksB.Atrickwithnumbers

C.AninterestingproblemD.Howtoworkoutadifficulttrick

Passage6

AnAustralianwildlifeparkattendantsurvivedacrocodileattackafterherfatherjumped

onthehugecrocodile'sbackanddugoutitseyesasthehorrifiedtouristslookedon.

KarlaBredl,21,wasinafairlygoodconditioningoodcareinhospitalwithabrokenbone,

abrokenlegandsomeinjuriesaftertheattack.

The4.5-metrecrocodilecaughtKarlaBredlaroundthelegandthenthewaistwhenshe

fellduringacrocodilefeedingshowfortourists.

Karla'sfatherseizedalong-handledtoolandbeatthecrocodileabouttheheadtoforceitto

letgoofher,butthetoolwasdoingnothing.Sohejumpedonitsbackandstuckhisfingersin

itseyesandthecrocodileletgoofher.

1.Thebesttitleofthepassageis.

A.TheHatefulCrocodileB.FatherSavedDaughter'sLife

C.ATerribleAccidentD.TheDangerousPlace

猜词法(MeaningsGuess)

该题型常见的设题方式rr：

■l.Thewordcouldbestbereplacedby.

■2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword.

■3.Bythewritermeans.

■4.1ntheparagraph,theword**"means(refersto)

■5.Theunderlinedwordisclosestinmeaningto.

方法1：定义，解释法(Definition)

通过下定义的方法，来解释说明某个生词或短语的意义。

信息词：is,was,means,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,referto...

□1.Abiowraph、isthestoryofaperson'slifewrittenbyanother.

□2.Toboycottastoremeanstorefusetoshopinthestore.

[No.l]（NMET1998B篇）Hewasoneof80middleschoolstudentsfromChinaattending

amonth-long"YouthSummit**...........TheYonthSummitwasaimedatincreasing

understandingandfriendshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisits

anddiscussion.

55.Thewords**YouthSummitMreferto.

A.visitstotheNixon'sLibrary

B.theChinesestudents'visittotheUS

C.ameetingdiscussingrelationsbetweenChinaandtheUS

D.activitiestostrenghenthetiesbetweenChinaandtheUS.

[No.2]（2005年广东卷B篇）

Leadershipmeanspower,commandsrespectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement.

UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefully

cultivated.

6（）.Theunderlinedword“cultivated"roughlymeans.

A.developedB.comparedC.examinedD.encouraged

[No.3]（2005江西卷D篇）

Theplantisoftenprunedsothatitremainsonly60to90centimetershigh.Pruningis

importantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.Itisfromthese

shootsthatthebestteaisgot.

68.Inthefirstparagraph,theword“pruning"means.

A.Regularcuttingoftheplants

B.Frequentwatering

C.Regularuseofchemicals

D.Growingtheplantshighinthemountain

方法2：同义法(Synonym)

在词或短语之间有并列连词或它们所连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此

确定生词的词义。

■Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltopeople'shealth,Theyalsoregard

drinkingasharmful.

■例2.（2001年北京春季B篇）Hecalledtousthattherewasnoonethere,sowe

randowntothebank,lookingeverywherecarefully.Wecouldnotunderstand

wherethemanhadgone.Whenitgotdark,wewentbacktoourcampfeeling

bewildered.

■57.Theword"bewilderedMinthetextprobablymeans.

A.ashamedB.nervous

C.unabletounderstandD.eagertoknowsomething

方法3：反义法(Antonym)利用反义词说明生词的意义。

■信息词：however,but,while,instead,unlike,ontheotherhand...

■l.JanewastalkingwithotherswhileTomremainedreticentallthetime.

■2.Hisofficesisadrabplaces,buthernewofficeisabright,cheerfulplace.

■例3・（NMET1999B篇）Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforother

peopletobecome"comDiiter-literate''........Thecomputerexpertshaveto

learnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerall

questionspeopleask,peopledon'thavetolearncomputerterms（术语），butthe

expertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming

npeople-literateu.

■57.Wecaninferfromthetextthat"computer-literate**means.

A.beingabletoaffordacomputer

B.beingabletowritecomputerprograms

C.workingwiththecomputerandfindingoutitsvalue

D.understandingthecomputerandknowinghowtouseit

方法4:上下文分析法（context）

生词上下文起解释说明作用的句子，为我们猜测生词提供了大量的信息。

[No.l]（2004年江苏卷D篇）

buthiswifewasalwaysmadathimforhisidleness（懒散）.Morning,noon,andnight,her

tonguewasendlesslygoing,sothathewasforcedtoescapetotheoutsideifthehouse——the

onlysidewhich,intruth,belongstoahenueckedhusband.

70.Theunderlinedwords“henpeckedhusband“probablymeansamanwho.

A.likeshuntingB.isafraidofhens

C.loveshiswifeD.isafraidofhiswife

[No.2]（2003年北京卷B篇）

Thenewplanetmovesaroundastarmuchlikeoursun,however.Scientistsdiscoveredthe

planetbyusinganewplanet-searchingmethod,called“transittechnique''.

59.The“transittcchniquc,,can.

A.helpdim（使暗淡）thelightofastar

B.helpscientistswithasearchlight

C.helpdiscoverabeeonaplanet

D.helpfindaplanetmovingbeforeitsstar

[No.3]（NMET1997A篇）The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschool

studentsundertheageof14.nManyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupils

canfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!'*saidateacherfromGuang-dongprovince.

]54.Tlieunderlinedphrase"Figureout**inthetextmeans.

A.guessB.addupC.workoutD.study

方法5：逻辑关系（Logicalmethod）（对比,转折,因果,让步等）

Heisgenerous,thoughheisnotrich.

方法6:根据举例（Examples）

从所举事例处分析:生词的后面常常出现“fbrexample,forinstance,suchas”一类的词，这

是作者通过举例来表述词义，表达观点

[No.l]（2002年全国卷E篇）

Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingto

BelhAneclerio,anEvasionmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.

74、Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?

A.apartydesignedbypecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthought

C.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests

[No.2]（2003年全国卷C篇）

Fermat'sLastTheorem（定壬电）.FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermat

intheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword"baffle"asitisusedinthe

text?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovidepersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

[No.2JIliketoreadsomeEnglishperiodicalslikeChinaToday,EnglishSalon,Overseas,

etc.

方法7：同位重述（appositive）

在文章中变换不同的词句表达同一种意思的习作手法叫重述。原句和重述句之间是同位

语的关系。

[No.l]（2004的辽宁卷B篇）

TakeV8forexample.Formanyyears,thebrightredcoloroftomatoesandcarrotsonthethin

bottlemakesyoufeelthatitisverygoodfbryourbody.Andtheword“green“todaycankeep

foodpricesgoingup.

63.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatV8isakindof.

A.vegetabledish

B.healthyjuice

C.iceddrink

D.redvegetable

[No.2]（2002年上海卷D卷）

Thecommonestproblemwasinformation“storagefailures''.Forexample,peopleforgotthe

namesofpeoplewhosefacetheyknew,wentintoaroomandforgotwhytheywerethere,

mislaidsomething,orsmokedacigarettewithoutrealizingit.

85.Accordingtothepassage,theinformation“storagefailures“referto.

A.thedestructionofinformationcollectingsystem

B.theelimination（除去）ofone'stotalmemory

C.thetemporary（暂时的）lossofpartofone'smemory

D.theseparationofone'sactionfromconsciousness

[No.3]（2001年全国卷A篇）

Thelargestplayer---ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCenteroffersawidevarietyofchoices

-deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches.Santanasedansarcthebigfavorite.

56.Thewords“deluxesedans"，“minivans”and"stationwagons“usedinthetextrefer

to.

A.carsinthemakingB.carrentalfirms

C.carsfbrrentD.carmakers

方法8：如标点（Punctuation）（冒号，破折号）构词法（Formation）

[例1]Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

[例2]Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8am—thisweek.

[例3]Theyaregooddiggers,andinRanthambhorc（awildlifeparkinNorthernIndia）

arenocturnal:theyonlycomeoutatnight.

中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀

super-（超）,inter-（在...之间），-able（能....的），mini-（极少的，微型的），

micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），sub-（分支的,底下），co-（共同），post・（后）,

pre-（前），trans-（超越；转换），under-（在...之下；低于....;不足）,-hood

（状态；性质；时期），-ish（如...的；有点儿……的）；-proof（防……的；……不

能穿透的），-scope（^）,・ship（身份；资格；权力；性质），-some（引起/易于...

的），-wards（向），mis-（误；恶），un-（不；非），in-（不；非），ini-（不；

非），dis-（不），non-（不；非），-less（不；无），anti-（反；防），sino-（中国）

练习：

[例1]Don、listentohisnonsense.

[例2]Jasonisalanguagespecialist.

[例3]Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.

[例4]Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweakness

waspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.

[例5]Youcantakeanyoftheueriodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguage

TeachinginSchools,orEnglishLearning.

[例6]Apply（涂抹）ancuitiseutic、suchasalcohol（酒精）,ontheskin.

[例7]Ifyouareridingabikewhenasmallchildsuddenlyappearsinfrontofyou,

you'llhavetousethefrontandhind（back）brakestomakeyourbikestopatonce.

[例8]Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwith

theirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.

[例9]Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.

（例10]Towrite,youneedashamtoolandaquickmind（thefirstofwhichcanbeeasily

gotfromashop）.

[No.l]（2004年北京卷D篇）

KatewasDerplexed.Shecouldn'tunderstandwhyNadiadidnotliketospeak.Thenshe

realizedthatmovingtoanewcountryprobablywasn'ttheeasiestthingtodo.

72.Theunderlinedword“perplexed“probablymeans?

A.puzzledB.angryC.shockedD.serious

[No.2]（2004年北京卷B篇）

Grown-upsalsohaveasenseofobjectDermanenae.Wcknowthatifweputaboxinaroom

andlockthedoor,theboxwillstillbetherewhenwecomeback.

69.Intheparagraph,"'objectpermanence“meansthatwhenoutofsight,anobject.

A.stillexistsB.keepsitsshape

C.stillstayssolidD.isbeyondreach

[No.3]（2004年辽宁卷A篇）

Parentswhoknowwhat'sgoingonintheirteenagers,livesareinthebestpositiontohelpthem.

Tobreakdownthewallofsilence,parentsshouldcreatechancestounderstandwhattheir

childrenwanttosay,andtryiofindwaystotalkandwritetothem.

58.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“thewallofsilence”inthelastparagraph?

A.Teenagerstalkalotwiththeirfriends.

B.Teenagersdonotwanttounderstandtheirparents.

C.Teenagersdonottalkmuchwiththeirparents.

D.Teenagerstalklittleabouttheirownlives.

阅读小结

在英语试卷中，阅读理解在分数上占到了40分，所以对考试成败有至关重要的作用。

可以毫不夸张的说，如果阅读理解题部分没有做好，那么就很难在考试中取得高分。既

然阅读理解题如此重要，那么如何提高阅读理解的解题速度和解题正确率就成为一个非

常现实的话题了。采用行之有效的解题方法，对攻克阅读解题这一堡垒具有很重要的实

用价值，下面具体从四个步骤来展开：

第一步：通读全文，把握文章大意

拿到阅读文章，第一步就是要求通读全文，力争把握文章体裁和脉络，做到能够回答

when,where,who和what等问题。

如下面一篇文章：

ThelotteryoftheWorldCupdrawhashandedAsiaagoldenopportunitytomakeits

wonderfulperformanceyetontheglobalfootballstage.Decemberlastyear,thedrawofthe

2002FIFAWorldCupfinalswasaskindasitcouldhavebeentothreeoutoffouroftheAsian

teamswhowilldobattleinJapanandSouthKoreainthesummer.

China,JapanandSouthKoreacartallholdrealistichopesofadvancingfromwhatare

likelytobecloselyfoughtfirstroundgroups.OnlySaudiArabiahasbeenleftwithwhatlooks

likeanimpossibletask,afterbeingpooledwithGenrany,IrelandandAfricanchampions

Cameroon.

China'sdebut(thefirstappearance)intheWorldCupfinalswillprovidethehighlightfor

theAsianteams,aftertheywerelineduptofaceBrazil,TurkeyandCostaRica."Wcknow

Brazilwillbedifficultbutthatisokay,^^saidChina'sYugoslavcoachBoraMilutinovic.Brazil

mayhavestruggledthroughtheSouthAmericanqualifyingcompetitionbutfewdoubtthey

willbeamuchmoredangerousoutfitbythetimetheactiongetsunderwayparticularlyifstar

strikerRonaldocompleteshiscomebackfrominjury."BrazilarestillBrazil,“acknowledged

Milutinovic.uYoucanneverwritethemoff.”

ForMilutinovic,thematchagainstCostaRicawillbeaspecialoccasion.Thecentral

AmericanteamisoneofthefoursideshehaspreviouslycoachedatWorldCupfinalsandthe

team'scurrentcoach,AlexanderGuimaraes,isoneofhisformerassistants.

Beingjointhosts,SouthKoreaandJapan,wereequallysmileduponbythegodsoffortune.

SouthKorea,inparticular,willbe