《电子信息专业英语》（第3版） 课件Chapter 7 Computer Technology 计算机技术

活页式教材微课版电子信息专业英语行业PPT模板/hangye/Chapter7ComputerTechnology计算机技术

教学目标7.1★计算机硬件：掌握计算机硬件组成、主板、CPU、内存、硬盘、显示器、鼠标、键盘。★通过计算机硬件、操作系统、计算机网络三篇文章学习计算机技术。7.2★操作系统：掌握操作系统功能、图型界面操作系统和命令行操作系统、计算机操作系统和手机操作系统、嵌入式操作系统。7.3★计算机网络：掌握计算机网络功能、局域网、广域网、以太网网络协议、Internet网。7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件NewWordsTechnicalTerms技术词汇hardwaren.计算机硬件；五金器具softwaren.软件stuffn.材料；填充物；vt.塞满monitorn.监视器；班长；vt.监控motherboardn.母板；主板peripheraln.外围设备；adj.外围的expansionslot扩展槽，扩充插槽TechnicalTerms技术词汇alternativelyadv.二者择一地；作为一种选择carryoutvt.执行，实行；贯彻；实现instructionn.指令，命令；指示；用法说明arithmeticaladj.算术的；算术上的volatileadj.挥发性的；n.挥发物tensofbillions数百亿byten.字节7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Computerisasystem,consistingofmanycomponents.Someofthosecomponents,likeWindowsXP,andallotherprograms,aresoftware.Thestuffyoucanactuallyseeandtouchishardware.Computerhardwarecomprisesallofthephysicalpartsofthecomputersuchassystemunit,monitor,keyboard,mouse,speaker,andothers,asshowninFig.7-1.Thesystemunithasmotherboard,CPU,harddisk,RAM,CD-ROM,asshowninFig.7-2.Thesystemunitistheactualcomputer;everythingelseiscalledaperipheraldevice.Motherboard

–

ThemotherboardisthemaincircuitboardinsidethePC（Fig.7-3）.ItholdstheCPUandmemory,providesexpansionslotsforperipherals,andwhetherdirectlyorindirectlyconnectstoeverypartofthePC.Themotherboardissometimesalternativelyknownasthemainboard,systemboard.CPU

–

CPUorCentralProcessingUnitisthebrainofthecomputer.CPUcarriesouttheinstructionsofacomputerprogram,toperformthebasicarithmetical,logical,andinput/outputoperationsofthesystem[4].TheperformanceofthecomputerisdeterminedbytheCPUchip.Currently,theIntelprocessorchipisthemostpopulareventhoughthereareotherchipsavailableinthemarkettodaysuchasAMDandothers.Text7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件RAM

–

RAMorRandomAccessMemoryisamemorythatisbeingusedbythecomputertostoretheinformationtemporarily.ForexamplewhensomeworkisperformedonsomeapplicationsthatworkistemporarilystoredintheRAM.TheadvantageusingRAMtostoredataisthatRAMisveryfast.HardDisk

–

Alloftheinformationisstoredonthecomputer’sharddisk.UnlikeRAM,whichisvolatile,theharddiskcanholdinformationforever-withorwithoutelectricity.Mostmodernharddiskshavetensofbillionsofbytesofstoragespaceonthem.Monitors

–

Themonitorisanoutputdevicethatisusedtodisplaytheinformationonthescreen.Thesystemconvertssignalsintotextandpicturesanddisplaysthemonthescreen.TodaymostcomputersuseLCDscreens.Keyboard

–

Thekeyboardisusedtotypetextorinputinformationtothecomputer.Mouse

–

Everymoderncomputerrequiresamouseforfasteroperations.Generallyamousehastwobuttonsleftandrighttoperformdifferentfunctionsandasmallwheelbetweenthetwomousebuttons.Text7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Figures

Figure7-3CPUandmotherboardFigure7-1DesktopsystemFigure7-2Systemunit7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Ⅰ．Choosethebesttechnicaltermtocompletethefollowingstatements.Exercises()and()arecomputersoftwares;()and()arecomputerhardwares.A.WindowsOperatingSystem B.CPUchipC.ComputerGames D.mainboard()and()belongtocomputersystemunit;()and()arecomputerperipheraldevices.A.RAM B.monitor C.keyboard D.harddisk()isthecentralprintedcircuitboard(

PCB

)inacomputerandholdsmanyofthecrucialcomponentsofthesystem,providingconnectorsforotherperipherals.A.desktop B.notebook C.motherboard D.videocardNomatterwhattypeofcomputeryouhave,yourCPUworksbyexecutingaseriesofstored()knownasaprogram.A.process B.logic C.bits D.instructions7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Ⅰ．Choosethebesttechnicaltermtocompletethefollowingstatements.Exercises()ismuchfastertoreadfromandwritetothantheotherkindsofstorageinacomputer,suchasharddisk.However,thedatainstaysthereonlyaslongasyourcomputerisrunning.A.flashROM

B.RAM

C.floppydisk D.CD-ROMComputerinputperipheraldevicesinclude();andoutputperipheraldevicesinclude().A.monitor

B.keyboard

C.mouse

D.touchscreen7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingtypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationintoChinese.ExercisesTypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationManufacturer

Dell,HP,Lenovoorothergoodbrands Operatingsystem

WindowsXP,Windows7 Processor

IntelorAMDProcessor Type

IntelCoreDuoProcessor Speed

2.0GHz BusSpeed

1000MHz Motherboard

ATX,Micro-ATX Chipset

Intel945GExpress No.ofPCISlots

4 PeripheralConnectors(

Front

) USB2.0(2),

headphone/speakerout PeripheralConnectors(

Back

)

USB2.0(5),VGAout,Ethernet(

Rj-45

),StereoLine-in,

Microphone,Speaker/Lineout,SerialandParallelports 7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

计算机硬件Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingtypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationintoChinese.ExercisesTypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationHardDriveCapacity 200GB HardDriveInterface SATA,7200RPM MemoryType

DDR2SDRAM InstalledMemory

1GB,Upgradableto4GB CD/DVDDrives

DVD-RW Monitor

LCDorCRTScreen Diagonalsize

17inchormore VideoCard

IntelGraphicsMediaAccelerator Videocardmemory 256MB SoundCard

IntegratedDigitalAudio Keyboard

USB104-keykeyboard Mouse

USBOptical2-ButtonScrollmouse 7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统NewWordsTechnicalTerms技术词汇operatingsystem操作系统resourcen.资源，财力keypadn.小型键盘addressbook通讯簿；住址名册dialern.拨号器；拔号盘stableadj.稳定的；牢固的GraphicalUserInterface图形用户界面iconn.图标menun.菜单graphicn.图形；adj.图表的textn.文本；课文v.发短信command-line命令行TechnicalTerms技术词汇preloadvt.预加载opensource开放源码；开放资源distributevt.分配；散布；发行proprietaryn.所有权；adj.所有的servern.服务器laptopn.膝上型轻便电脑tabletcomputer平板电脑mp3playerMP3播放器fully-featured功能齐全calendarn.日历；日程表v.排入日程Embeddedoperatingsystem嵌入式操作系统7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统Anoperatingsystem,orOS,isasoftwareprogramthatenablesthecomputerhardwaretocommunicateandoperatewiththecomputersoftware.Withoutacomputeroperatingsystem,acomputerwouldbeuseless.Atthesimplestlevel,anoperatingsystemdoestwothings:1．Itmanagesthehardwareandsoftwareresourcesofthesystem.Inadesktopcomputer,theseresourcesincludesuchthingsastheprocessor,memory,diskspaceandmore.Onacellphone,theyincludethekeypad,thescreen,theaddressbook,thephonedialer,thebatteryandthenetworkconnection（Fig.7-4）.2．Itprovidesastable,consistentwayforapplicationstodealwiththehardwarewithouthavingtoknowallthedetailsofthehardware（Fig.7-5）.ModernoperatingsystemsuseaGraphicalUserInterface,orGUI(

pronounced‘gooey’

).AGUIletsyouuseyourmousetoclickonicons,buttons,andmenus,andeverythingisclearlydisplayedonthescreen.BeforeGUIs,computershadacommand-lineinterface,whichmeanttheuserhadtotypeeverysinglecommandtothecomputer,andthecomputerwouldonlydisplaytext.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统

Eachoperatingsystem’sGUIhasadifferentlookandfeel,soifyouswitchtoadifferentoperatingsystemitmayseemunfamiliaratfirst.However,modernoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeeasytouse,andmostofthebasicprinciplesarethesame.ThethreemostcommonoperatingsystemsforpersonalcomputersareMicrosoftWindows（Fig.7-6）,AppleMacOS（Fig.7-7）,andLinux（Fig.7-8）.MicrosoftcreatedtheWindowsoperatingsysteminthemid-1980s.

Overtheyears,therehavebeenmanydifferentversionsofWindows,butthemostpopularonesare

Windows10(

releasedin2015

),WindowsVista

(

2007

),and

WindowsXP

(

2001

).Windowscomespreloaded

onmostnewPCs,whichhelpstomakeitthemostpopularoperatingsystemintheworld.Linux

isafamilyof

opensourceoperatingsystems,whichmeansthattheycanbemodifiedanddistributedbyanyonearoundtheworld.Thisisverydifferentfromproprietarysoftware

likeWindows,whichcanonlybemodifiedbythecompanythatownsit(

Microsoft

).TheadvantagesofLinuxarethatitisfree,andtherearemanydifferentversionsthatyoucanchoosefrom.Eachdistributionhasadifferentlookandfeel,andthemostpopularonesincludeUbuntuandredhat.Mostservers

runLinuxbecauseit’srelativelyeasytocustomize.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统Theoperatingsystemsthatwe’vebeentalkingaboutweredesignedtorunondesktoporlaptopcomputers.Mobiledevicessuchastabletcomputersandsmartphonesareverydifferentfromdesktopandlaptopcomputers,sotheyrunoperatingsystemsthataredesignedspecificallyformobiledevices.ExamplesofmobileoperatingsystemsincludeAndroid,AppleiOS(

Fig.7-9

),andWindowsPhone.OperatingSystemsformobiledevicesgenerallyaren’tasfully-featuredasthosemadefordesktoporlaptopcomputers,andtheyaren’tabletorunallofthesamesoftware.However,youcanstilldoalotofthingswiththem,suchaswatchingmovies,browsingtheinternet,managingyourcalendar,playinggames,andmore.Embeddedoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeusedinembeddedcomputersystems.Theyareabletooperatewithalimitednumberofresources.Theyareverycompactandextremelyefficientbydesign.WindowsCEanduCLinuxaresomeexamplesofembeddedoperatingsystems.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统Figures

Figure7-4Managessystemresources

Figure7-5Consistentapplicationinterface

7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统FiguresFigure7-8UbuntuLinuxFigure7-9AppleiOSrunningonaniPad7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统Ⅰ．Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementistrueorfalse,andexplainyouranswers.Exercises1．Withoutanoperatingsystem,ausercannotrunanapplicationprogramontheircomputer.2．Anoperatingsystemofcellphoneincludesthekeypad,thescreen,theaddressbook,thephonedialer,thebatteryandthenetworkconnection.3．Anoperatingsystemactsasaninterfacebetweenthehardwareofthecomputerandtheapplicationsoftwarethatusersneedtorunonthecomputer.4．ThroughGraphicalUserInterfaceorcommand-lineinterface,usercanrunapplicationprogramonthecomputer.5．MicrosoftWindows,AppleMacOS,andLinuxoperatingsystemsareeasytouse.Mostofthebasicprinciplesinthemarethesame.6．AppleMacOSisdesignedspecificallyfortabletcomputersorcellphonesbyAppleInc.Itisabletorunallofthesoftwaremadeforlaptopcomputer.7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系统Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Exercises1．UNIXisanoperatingsystemwhichwasfirstdevelopedinthe1960s,andhasbeenunderconstantdevelopmenteversince.Itisastable,multi-user,multi-taskingsystemforservers,desktopsandlaptops.2．Becauseacommandlineinterfacerequiresuniquecommands,thisinterfaceisoftenmoredifficulttolearnbecauseoftheneedtomemorizedozensofdifferentcommands.3．Computersoftwarecanbedividedintotwomaincategories:applicationsoftwareandsystemsoftware.4．Softwareapplicationsforpersonalcomputersinclude,butarenotlimitedto,wordprocessing,spreadsheets,databases,webbrowsersande-mails,digitalmediaplayback,games,andspecial-purposesoftwareapplications.7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络NewWordsTechnicalTerms技术词汇computernetwork计算机网络conductvi.带领；导电；实施videoconference视频会议scopen.范围；视野LocalAreaNetworkn.局域网WideAreaNetworkn.广域网confinen.界限，边界；vt.限制spann.跨度，跨距；vt.跨越；Ethernetn.以太网geographicallyadv.在地理上；地理学上routern.路由器collectiveadj.共同的；n.集团ATMabbr.异步传输模式;framerelay帧中继packetn.数据包vt.打包SONET/SDH同步光纤网络InternetServiceProvider计算机网络TechnicalTerms技术词汇broadbandn.宽频；宽波段adj.宽频的IPabbr.互联网协议gatewayn.网关repeatern.中继器；转发器protocoln.协议optimaladj.最理想的；最佳的topologyn.拓扑学datalinklayer数据链路层CSMA/CDabbr.带有冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问CarrierSenseMultipleAccess载波侦听多路访问CollisionDetection碰撞检测collisionn.冲突；碰撞randomadj.随机的；n.随意TCP/IPabbr.传输控制协议/互联网协议routen.路线vt.按路线发送7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络Acomputernetworkisacollectionoftwoormoreconnectedcomputers.Whenthesecomputersarejoinedinanetwork,peoplecansharefilesandperipheralssuchasmodems,orCD-ROMdrives.Whennetworksatmultiplelocationsareconnectedusingservicesavailablefromtelecommunicationcompanies,peoplecansende-mail,sharelinkstotheglobalInternet,orconductvideoconferencesinrealtimewithotherremoteusers.Onewaytocategorizethedifferenttypesofcomputernetworkisbytheirscopeorscale.Twocommonareanetworktypesare:LocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)andWideAreaNetwork(

WAN

).ALocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)isanetworkthatisconfinedtoarelativelysmallarea.Anetworkedofficebuilding,school,orhomeusuallycontainsasingleLAN,thoughsometimesonebuildingwillcontainafewsmallLANs,andoccasionallyaLANwillspanagroupofnearbybuildings.Inadditiontooperatinginalimitedspace,LANsarealsotypicallyowned,controlled,andmanagedbyasinglepersonororganization.Theytendtousecertainconnectivitytechnologies,primarilyEthernet.WideAreaNetworks(

WANs

)combinemultipleLANsthataregeographicallyseparate.AnetworkdevicecalledarouterconnectsLANstoaWAN(

Fig.7-10

).Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络MostWANs(

liketheInternet

)arenotownedbyanyoneorganizationbutratherexistundercollectiveordistributedownershipandmanagement.WANstendtousetechnologylikeATM,FrameRelayandPacketoverSONET/SDHforconnectivityoverthelongerdistances.ResidencestypicallyemployoneLANandconnecttotheInternetWANviaanInternetServiceProvider(

ISP

)usingabroadbandmodem.Thephysicallayerofthenetworkfocusesonhardwareelements,suchascables,repeaters,andnetworkinterfacecards.ByfarthemostcommonprotocolusedatthephysicallayerisEthernet.Forexample,anEthernetnetworkspecifiesthetypeofcablesthatcanbeused,theoptimaltopology(starvs.bus,etc.),themaximumlengthofcables,etc.Thedatalinklayerofthenetworkaddressesthewaythatdatapacketsaresentfromonenodetoanother.EthernetusesanaccessmethodcalledCSMA/CD(

CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/CollisionDetection

).Thisisasystemwhereeachcomputerlistenstothecablebeforesendinganythingthroughthenetwork.Ifthenetworkisclear,thecomputerwilltransmit.Ifsomeothernodeisalreadytransmittingonthecable,thecomputerwillwaitandtryagainwhenthelineisclear.Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络TheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusetheTCP/IPInternetprotocoltoservebillionsofusersworldwide.AnycomputerontheInternethasauniqueIPaddressthatcanbeusedbyothercomputerstorouteinformationtoit.FortheInternet,thephysicalmediumanddatalinkprotocolcanvaryseveraltimesaspacketstraversetheglobe.ThisisbecausetheInternetplacesnoconstraintsonwhatphysicalmediumordatalinkprotocolisused.Thisleadstotheadoptionofmediaandprotocolsthatbestsuitthelocalnetworksituation.Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络Figures

Figure7-10LANandWAN7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络Ⅰ．Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementistrueorfalse,andexplainyouranswers.Exercises1．Incomputernetwork,peoplecansharefilesanddocuments,printersandscanners,stereosandgamesystems,CDburnersandinternetconnection.2．LocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)isusedtodescribelargescalenetworksthatextendacrossareas,citiesandevencountriesaroundtheglobe.3．Physicallayerprotocolspecifiesthetypeofcablesthatcanbeusedandthemaximumlengthofcables.4．InCSMA/CDmethod,twocomputersinonenetworkcannottransmitsimultaneously.5．BillionsofcomputersworldwideontheInternethavetheirownIPaddress.6．Thecomputernetworkthatsupportsvideoconferencesinrealtimemustemploythesamephysicallayeranddatalinkprotocol.7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

计算机网络Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Exercises1．Computernetworktopology:Thegeometricarrangementofacomputersystem.Commontopologiesincludeabus,star,andring.2．Computernetworkprotocol:Theprotocoldefinesacommonsetofrulesa