2026版创新设计高考总复习语文部编版-板块五　学案30　《烛之武退秦师》《鸿门宴》

学案30《烛之武退秦师》《鸿门宴》复习任务1.梳理积累两文中的文言基础知识，重点掌握古今异义词和多义实词“步”“然”“意”“备”。2.翻译重点句子。活动一基础梳理1．通假字请指出下列句中的通假字，并解释意思。①行李之往来，共其乏困“________”同“________”，___________________________________________②夫晋，何厌之有“________”同“________”，____________________________________________③距关，毋内诸侯a．“________”同“________”，_________________________________________b．“________”同“________”，_________________________________________④臣与将军戮力而攻秦“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑤张良出，要项伯“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑥愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也“________”同“________”，____________________________________________⑦旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑧令将军与臣有郤“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑨因击沛公于坐“________”同“________”，____________________________________________2．古今异义请写出下列加点词语的古义。①若舍郑以为东道主古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：请客的主人②行李之往来古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：出门所带的包裹、箱子等③微夫人之力不及此古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：尊称一般人的妻子④沛公居山东时古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：山东省⑤约为婚姻古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：结婚的事；因结婚而产生的夫妻关系⑥备他盗之出入与非常也古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：副词，十分，极⑦将军战河北，臣战河南古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：河北省/河南省⑧而听细说古义：________________________________________________________________________今义：详细地说3．多义实词请解释下列加点词的意思。(1)步①沛公则置车骑，脱身独骑，与樊哙、夏侯婴、靳强、纪信等四人持剑盾步走：________________________________________________________________________②且李陵提步卒不满五千，深践戎马之地(《报任安书》)：步兵③故不积跬步，无以至千里(《劝学》)：_____________________________________④纤纤作细步(《孔雀东南飞并序》)：_______________________________________(2)然①然郑亡，子亦有不利焉：_______________________________________________②不然，籍何以至此：___________________________________________________③沛公默然：___________________________________________________________④王曰：“然，诚有百姓者。”(《齐桓晋文之事》)：________________________________________________________________________⑤而半山居雾若带然(《登泰山记》)：______________________________________(3)意①然不自意能先入关破秦：________________________________________________②其意常在沛公也：_____________________________________________________③目似瞑，意暇甚(《狼》)：______________________________________________④醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也(《醉翁亭记》)：________________________________________________________________________⑤吾意久怀忿，汝岂得自由(《孔雀东南飞并序》)：________________________________________________________________________(4)备①备他盗之出入与非常也：________________________________________________②而神明自得，圣心备焉(《劝学》)：______________________________________③此则岳阳楼之大观也，前人之述备矣(《岳阳楼记》)：________________________________________________________________________④蟹白栗黄，备极护爱(《促织》)：________________________________________4．词类活用掌握下列加点词的活用类型，并解释意思。(1)名词作动词①与郑人盟：___________________________________________________________②沛公欲王关中：________________________________________________________③籍吏民：_____________________________________________________________④范增数目项王：_______________________________________________________⑤刑人如恐不胜：________________________________________________________⑥道芷阳间行：_________________________________________________________(2)名词作状语①夜缒而出：__________________________________________________________②朝济而夕设版焉：_____________________________________________________③吾得兄事之：________________________________________________________④常以身翼蔽沛公：_____________________________________________________⑤头发上指：____________________________________________________________(3)形容词作名词①越国以鄙远：__________________________________________________________②共其乏困：___________________________________________________________(4)形容词作动词①邻之厚，君之薄也：___________________________________________________②素善留侯张良：_______________________________________________________③秋毫不敢有所近：_____________________________________________________(5)意动用法越国以鄙远：___________________________________________________________(6)使动用法①若不阙秦：___________________________________________________________②若亡郑而有益于君：___________________________________________________③既东封郑：___________________________________________________________④项伯杀人，臣活之：___________________________________________________⑤交戟之卫士欲止不内：_________________________________________________⑥先破秦入咸阳者王之：_________________________________________________5．特殊句式掌握下列句子的句式类型，并指出标志词。(如是倒装句请调整语序)(1)宾语前置句①何厌之有：___________________________________________________________②籍何以至此/客何为者/大王来何操/沛公安在：________________________________________________________________________(2)被动句若属皆且为所虏/吾属今为之虏矣：_________________________________________(3)判断句如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉：______________________________________________(4)固定句式孰与君少长：___________________________________________________________6．文化常识(1)侯、伯：春秋时期有公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位，与世袭的宗法、分封等制度互为表里，爵位往往就是政治权力的标志。秦以后的爵制(分为赐爵与封爵)，与先秦爵制的性质有所不同。爵位不具备行政职能，主要用来确定皇亲、功臣世袭的政治名位和经济权利。(2)执事：办事的官员，文中代指对方(秦穆公)，表示恭敬。(3)季父：古代兄弟姊妹间习惯以“伯(孟)”“仲”“叔”“季”排序。“伯仲”两字连用，表示相差不多，难分高下，成语有“不分伯仲”“伯仲之间”。(4)关中：函谷关(在今河南灵宝东北)以西，泛指战国末期秦之故地，今陕西一带。活动二重点巩固1．语句翻译把下列句子翻译成现代汉语。(1)若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。越国以鄙远，君知其难也。译文：________________________________________________________________________(2)因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所与，不知；以乱易整，不武。吾其还也。译文：________________________________________________________________________(3)项伯乃夜驰之沛公军，私见张良，具告以事。译文：________________________________________________________________________(4)所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。译文：______________________________________