高考英语二轮教师用书第1部分专题3类型5生态环保

类型5|生态环保(对应学生用书第70页)考查要点方法技巧1．生态环保的现状，造成的影响。2．生态环境被破坏的因素，产生的后果。3．保护生态环境的措施、步骤。1．理清文章的行文结构，把握主旨大意。2．抓住造成生态环境变迁的原因这一主线。3．领会作者所透露出的观点态度。(2017·江苏高考卷)OldProblem，NewApproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife，globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissionspeak.Sopeak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitestoadaptation，itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard，buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy，inpartatleast，theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat：“Thereisno‘one­size_fits_all’adaptation．”Nevertheless，therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld，peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways，especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebeemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot­for­profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries，schools，andhealthclinics，andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothermunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel：hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia，whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers，waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter，whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves，Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200，000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess，soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill，perhaps，beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally，andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly，temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite，citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru，localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife­givingice.Theouteisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof“100ideastosavetheplanet”．Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce，orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisismonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt，it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall，ifweadaptinthatway，wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.1．TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies________．A．adaptationisanever­changingprocessB．thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC．globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD．adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging2．WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A．Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B．Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C．Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D．Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.3．WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A．Storingiceforfutureuse.B．Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C．Changingtheirrigationtime.D．Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.4．WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A．Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B．Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C．Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D．Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.5．Accordingtotheauthor，pollutingindustriesshould________．A．adapttocarbonpollutionB．planthighlyprofitablecropsC．leavecarbonemissionaloneD．fightagainstcarbonpollution6．What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A．Settingupanewstandard.B．Reducingcarbonemission.C．Adaptingtoclimatechange.D．Monitoringpollutingindustries.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。尽管清洁能源在我们日常生活中被越来越多地使用，全球变暖仍将持续几十年。面对这个问题，各个国家不同地区的人们纷纷出谋划策并萌生了很多颇有创意的想法。长难句解读：Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.分析：本句是主从复合句。前面是evenif引导的让步状语从句，后面是主句。本句运用了虚拟语气，表示与将来事实有可能相反的愿望，从句中用wereto＋动词原形，主句中用would＋动词原形。翻译：因此，即使今天的排放量开始减少，我们仍将面临适应气候变化的挑战。1．A[考查句意理解。根据上文中的“Wearetherefore...buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.”可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。]2．C[考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan的组织充分利用坏形势。]3．A[考查推理判断。由第四段中的“...Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring...”可知，他把废水引入浅的洼地，水在那里结冰并被储存到春天用来灌溉田地。]4．D[考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖。]5．D[考查推理判断。根据第七段中的“Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt”可知，污染企业争辩说因为人们没有赢得控制碳污染的战争，只能适应，再结合下文的“it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual”可知，作者认为污染企业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污染企业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染作斗争，以减少碳排放。]6．B[考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句“Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.”可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放。]A【导学号：】(2016·盐城三模)For150millionyearsduringtheageofthedinosaurs，agroupofdolphin­likereptilescalledichthyosaursruledtheocean—untileverythingstartedtogowrong.Aftermultiplyingintoabout100knownspecies，ichthyosaursbegantodisappearfromtheoceansaroundthemiddleoftheCretaceousperiod，atimeofturbulent(混乱的)changesintheenvironment.Theaquatic(水产的)reptileswentextinct28millionyearsbeforetherestoftheirdinosaurcohort.Scientistshavebeenunabletofindasingularcataclysmicevent，suchasavolcaniceruptionormeteoritestrike，thatcouldexplainichthyosaurs'abruptdisappearancefromthefossilrecord.Nowresearchershavenewexplanationforthelizardfish'sdemise:Theyhadlosttheirabilitytoadapttoaswiftlychangingclimate.TheaquaticlizardsthrivedthroughouttheearlyyearsofthedinosaursinthePermian，TriassicandJurassicperiods.ThencametheCretaceous.ThatwasaturbulenttimetoliveonEarth.Thepoleswerenearlyice­free，causingsealevelstoreachgreatheights.Temperatureswereamongthehottesttheplanethasseeninthelast250millionyears.Scientistshaveblamedthedemiseoftheichthyosaursontheirinabilitytokeepupwithotherpredatorsorthelossofkeypreyspecies.ButanewstudybyValentinFischer，apaleontologistwhostudiesichthyosaursattheUniversityofLiegeinBelgium，andhiscolleaguessaysneitheroftheseexplanationscouldaccountforthescaleandspeedofthedie­off.WritinginthejournalNaturemunications，Fischerandhiscolleaguesarguethattheunstableclimatecontributedtothedisappearanceofichthyosaursduringa5­millionto6­million­yearwindowintheCretaceousknownastheCenomanianstage.Whiletherisingtemperaturesandhigherseaswouldn'thavehadadirecteffectontheichthyosaurs，theycouldhaveplayedanindirectroleintheirdecline，Fischersaid.Thechangingclimatecouldhavemadetheirfoodmorescarce，ordisruptedmigratoryroutesandbirthingplaces，amongotherconsequences.Despitetheirvarietyofbodyshapesandsurvivalstrategies，ichthyosaurswereunabletokeepupwithallofthesechanges，thestudyauthorswrote.TheyreachedthisconclusionbyparingthegeologicalrecordoftheCretaceoustoanewlyreconstructedhistoryofichthyosaurevolutionbasedonmuseumspecimens(样品)andareviewofinformationinpreviouslypublishedstudies.Whatbecameclearwastheichthyosaurs'extinctioncoincidedwithglobalclimateshiftsandtheanimals'slowerrateofevolution,whichleftthemunabletoadaptastheirenvironmentchanged，thestudyfound.“Theywereprobablyverywelladaptedtotheirniches，andtheirenvironmentswereprobablyprettystable，”Fischersaid，“Thatcouldhaveloweredthepressureofnaturalselectionandthusloweredtheirratesofevolution.”ThinkoftheCenomanianstageasatransitionperiod.【语篇解读】鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的物种。在进化成大约100种已知物种后，鱼龙大约在白垩纪时从海洋中消失了。最新的研究表明，鱼龙的灭绝是因为它们无法适应迅速变化的气候。1．Theunderlinedword“That”inParagraph6referstotheperiodof________．A．Permian B．TriassicC．Jurassic D．CretaceousD[考查推理判断。根据第二段的themiddleoftheCretaceousperiod，atimeofturbulent(混乱的)changesintheenvironment和第五段可知，白垩纪是生活在地球上的动荡时期。故选项D符合题意。]2．Fischerandhiscolleaguescametotheirconclusionby________．A．makingparisonsB．conductingexperimentsC．analyzingsamplesD．observingweatherchangesA[考查细节理解。根据倒数第四段可知，费希尔和他的同事是通过比较的方式得出结论的。故选项A符合题意。]3．Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeusedtoconcludethelastbutoneparagraph?A．Nopains，nogains.B．Nomaniswiseatalltimes.C．Abadbeginningmakesabadending.D．Borninmiseryanddieofhappiness.D[考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段可知，虽然鱼龙因为充分适应了自己的小生态环境而减少了自然选择的压力，但是这却降低了它们进化的速度，最终导致它们因为无法适应整个地球的大环境而在自己安逸的小环境中灭绝。故选项D符合题意。borninmiseryanddieofhappiness意为“生于忧患，死于安乐”；nopains，nogains意为“一分耕耘，一分收获”；nomaniswiseatalltimes意为“聪明一世，糊涂一时；智者千虑，必有一失”；abadbeginningmakesabadending意为“不善始者不善终，恶其始者必恶其终”。]4．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AnewresearchfocusedonthehistoryofichthyosaurevolutionB．AswiftclimatechangefollowedthedisappearanceofichthyosaursC．Climatechangetaughtancientichthyosaursalesson:AdaptordieD．Ichthyosaursruledtheoceanfor150millionyearsbeforedisappearingC[考查主旨大意。综合全文可知，全文主要讲述了最新的研究表明，鱼龙的灭绝是因为它们无法适应迅速变化的气候。故选项C符合题意。]B(2017·苏州高三一模)Thespreadofnomaintenanceartificiallawnsisthreateningwildlifeandrareplants，conservationistsandgardeningexpertsarewarning.Gardensareanincreasinglyimportantshelterforwildlifewhichwasforcedintowithdrawingfromthecountrysidebylossofthenaturalhomesandintensivefarming.Butthegrowthinthepopularityofartificiallawns，whichlookliketherealthingbutrequirenocutting，wateringorfertilizing，meansthere'snoshelterinanincreasingnumberofBritain'sbackgardens.TimRumball，editorofAmateurGardeningmagazine，said：“Artificialgrassthesedayslooksgreatandthesedaysyoucanbuyrollsofitwhereasagoitwasaveryspecialistthing.Itcantakepeopleafewminutestorealizetheyareonanartificiallawnratherthanarealone.”Besidestheimpactonwildlife，adamagingimpacthasalsobeenmadeonthewiderenvironmentbecauseofreplacingrealgrass.MrRumballsaid：“Lawnsmatteralot.PlantschangecarbondioxideintooxygenandifallthelawnsaretakenawayinBritainyouwillsignificantlyaffectthecarbonlevelsintheatmosphere.Whengrassgrowslonger，itattractsinsects.Ifyouhaveanartificiallawnthentheseinsectswillbereducedandthewholeofthefoodchainwillbeaffected，especiallybirdsthatrelyoninsectsfortheirdiet.”JoyWallisofDorsetWildlifeTrustisalsoconcernedaboutthetrendinartificialgrass.“Thesedays，gardensareashelterforwildlife，”shesaid，“Creaturescan'tsurviveinthecountrysidebecauseitissofullofchemicals.Birdsgetabsolutelynothingfromartificialgrass，andtheycan'tdigforwormsoranythinglikethat.Itseemsashamethatpeoplefeeltheyhaven'tgotthetimeorthetendencytolookafteralawn.”RobertRedcliffeofNamgrass，whichcurrentlysells10，000squaremetersofartificialgrassperweek，saysbusinessisbooming，adding，“WestartedfiveyearsagointheUKanditcantransformthewayyouusethegarden.There'stheobviousadvantageofnocuttingorwatering，butalsothere'snomudforchildrenorpetstowalkthroughthehouse.”Hedisagreesthatartificialgrassisharmfultotheenvironmentandadds，“Thereareecologicalbenefit