跨文化交际2025下

跨文化交际2025下跨文化交际2025下1/4跨文化交际2025下教案2025-2025学年第一学期课程名称：跨文化交际课程代码：学部、专业：文学部对外汉语本科年级、班级：202502任课教师：肖双荣湖南涉外经济学院湖南涉外经济学院2025-2025学年第一学期教学日历课程名称跨文化交际文学部对外汉语专业2025年级课程学期总学时其中上课周数周学时学分考核方式采用教材情况教材名称跨文化交际讲授实验(践)主编(著)许力生出版社名称上海外语教育出版社362791822考查出版时间2025年11月第1版周次日期上课节次上课地点每周时数分配教学内容备注讲授实验(践)合计时数19.31-24012-2LivingBetweenThreeworlds(1)29.101-2401112(2)+GroupDiscussion39.171-24012-2MisunderstandingOtherCultures(1)49.241-2401112(2)+PairWork510.11-24012-2WhereFatIsaMarkofBeauty(1)P82Quiz610.81-2401112(2)+SurveyTask710.151-24012-2HowLongDoesItTaketoSay…(1)810.221-2401112(2)+PairWork910.291-24012-2CultureandOurUseofLanguage(1)1011.51-2401112(2)+GroupDiscussionP136Quiz1111.121-24012-2WhyDon’tYouSayWhatYouMean(1)1211.191-2401112(2)+PairWork1311.261-24012-2Who’sWrong(1)1412.31-2401112(2)+PairWork1512.101-24012-2CulturalViewsTowardManagement(1)P208Quiz1612.171-2401112(2)+In-ClassDebate1712.241-24012-2CultureShock(1)1812.311-2401112(2)+GroupDiscussion19考期20考期说明：1、教学内容按每次内容填写；2、考核方式考试与考查两种；3、任课教师在每期开课以前根据教学大纲编写教学日历，一式四份，经学部(系、室)主任审阅同意后，一份自存，一份交所在系，一份交所在学部，一份交学生。第1页，共1页学部(系、室第1页，共1页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸2025年月日跨文化交际InterculturalCommunicationWhyshouldwestudythecourse?培养跨文化意识，发展跨文化交际能力，学会与来自不同文化背景的人进行交往，对于生活在21世纪、肩负着人类未来希望的青年学生来说，显得尤为重要。无论你所学专业是什么，将来从事何种职业，具备超越文化局限的眼光和意识，拥有跨文化交际的知识和技能，都是十分必要的，其意义对于社会进步和个人发展来说怎么强调都不过分。(见教材前言)学习“跨文化交际”的目的主要是培养和增强跨文化敏感性与自觉性，开阔心胸，开放头脑，能够从更为广阔的视野去看大千世界和包括自己在内的芸芸众生，以更灵活、更富创造性的方式去与和自己有着不同文化背景和价值取向的人们进行交往。从这个意义上说，“跨文化交际”不只是一门英语课程，而是人文素质教育中不可缺少的一个组成部分。（见教材前言）说明课程学习的意义说明课程学习的目的第第1页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Lesson1GlobalizationTextALivingBetweenThreeWorldsGlobalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Thoughstillinitsearlystage,itisallbutunstoppable.Thechallengethatpeoplefacenowdaysislearninghowtolivewithit,manageitandtakeadvantageofthebenefitsitoffers.Manypeoplebelievethat,becauseofglobalization,productivitythroughouttheworldwillbeboostedand,astheworldbecomesricherandmoreprosperous,livingstandardseverywherehavetheprotentialtorise.However,therearestillalotofnaysayerswhotaketheoppositeview,claimingthatglobalizationwillhaveincreasinglydevastatingeffectsonourlives.Bothsidescanpointtoampleexamplestosupporttheircases.Butintheend,bothareprobablyexaggeratingtosomeextent.Whatisirrefutableisthattheworldeconomicpieisindeedbecomingbiggerbecauseofglobalization–anditisbeingsliceddifferentlythanbefore.Asamatteroffact,globalizationmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople,especiallywhenitcomestotouchyissueslikejobsoutsourcingorimmigration.Globalizationmaycreatemorejobsthanitactuallydestroys,buttheyareindifferentsectorsandindifferentgeographicregions.Intoday’sworld,ittakesmoreskills,educationandmobilitytobeemployable.第2页第2页无法回避的全球化趋势全球化之利全球化与地域和就业湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日alsoexploreshowhisuniquesituationgiveshimchoicesaffordedtofewotherIndians.Myfateisnotthatofacorporatefoot-soldier,which–asthetelevisionimagesandnewspaperphotographswouldsuggest–involvesalifeoflaborinalittlecellandintandemwithmanyother,equallyindustrioushoney-bees,armedonlywithaworkstationandtelephone.Myjobinmarketingandbusinessdevelopmentdoesnoteschewface-to-facecontact.ThecompanyIworkforisasmallone,butitisspacedoverthreetimezones:inDallas,NewYorkandCalcutta.Butwhatmakesthecompanydistinctiveisthatitisapost-modernfirm,sincesuchafirmcouldscarcelyhaveexistedtenyearsago.ItiswhatManuelCastells–ProfessorofCityandRegionalPlanningattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley–wouldhavecalledanetworkcompany,heldtogetherthroughe-mailsandteleconferencesalone.Steppingoutoftheair-conditionedoffice,Iamgreetedwiththehot,damptouchofaCalcuttadusk.Ihailedablackandyellowboneshakerofataxiandinstructthedrivertoheadformyclub.HisisanoldAmbassadorcar,apoorMorrisOxfordimitationdatingbacktothe1950sandstillunchanged–averitablemonumentofthepre-globalizationLicenseRajera.AsthetaximakesitswaythroughthehustleandbustleofCalcutta’sstreets,theblaringmusicandgarishfilmposters,dodgingcowsanderrant全球化进程中的我我所就职的公司之特别从办公室前往咖啡馆第第3页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日rickshawpullers,Imeditateonthescenearoundme.WhatacontrastbetweentheworkIdoandthelivestheylead!Whatdoesglobalizationmeantothesepeople?IfglobalizationhastomeananythingsignificanttotheIndianpoor,itmustmeanatransformationoftheirlives.Andyet,Icanbet100toonethattheirliveswilldifferinnosignificantwayfromtheirfathers’orgrandfathers’beforethem.TheonlyconsolationIcanoffermyselfisthatmyjobmakesmetheavant-gardeofamovementwhichmay–overthecourseofthiscentury–improvetheirgreat-grandchildren’slives.Finally,thetaxireachestheclubandanoldVictorianclubhousecomesintoviewamidstthesprawlinggolfcourse,manicuredlawnsandtenniscourts.Iheadforthetea-lounge.WithitsDaniels’water-colorprints,richlybrocadedchairs,darkmahoganypanelingandwoodenparquetry,thisistheplacetoenjoycoffeeafterwork.Aliveriedwaiterbringsmesome.Theclubitselfisaproductofthatlastgreatageofglobalization,whatEricHobsbawmcalled“TheAgeofEmpire”.Nowthatweareinanotherageofglobalization,littleofthedécorseemstohavechangedsincethen.Onlythen,asanIndian,Iwouldnothavebeenallowedtoenteritshallowedportals.Perhapssomethingdochangeafterall!Sippingmycoffee,IponderoverthequestionthatisbeingdebatedinEngland第4页:“Importworkersorexportjobs?第4页全球化与普通印度人的命运作为“帝国时代”产物的咖啡馆湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日SittinginaThirdWorldcountry,thepropositioncouldequallybephrasedas:“Exportworkers–orimportjobs?”Actually,whicheverwayyoustateit,theeconomist’sansweristhesameandisverysimple:itdoesnotmatter.Asagraduatestudentofeconomics,Ihaveimbibedthetheoremsofmicroeconomicsalmostwithmymother’smilk.Ifweviewtherighttoworkandcitizenshipasabundleoflegalrights,thentheirfreeexchangewillmoveresourcestotheirhighestvalueduse,therebymaximizingglobaloutput.Undersuchconditions,migrationandoutsourcingaretwosidesofthesamecoin,temporarydisequilibriumconditionsleadingtoaneventualequilibrium.Anadmirablegoal?Indeed!Realizable?Itwillfounderonthefrailtiesofhumannature.Equalrealwagesforequivalentworkthroughouttheworldisthemostheart-warmingaslongasitdoesn’taffectmyownlifestyle.EqualityisgoodsolongthatIamimmunefromitspressures.Byastrangequirkoffate,Iamcondemnedtoviewtheproblemsofmigrationandoutsourcingfrombothsides.AsachildofanIndianfatherandEnglishmother,IhaveIndiancitizenship,butalsoaRightofAbodewhichallowsmetoworkintheUnitedKingdom.Atthesametime,IamanapplicantforaU.S.GreenCard.MuchofmyhigheducationoccurredintheUnitedStatesandIhaveworkedinIndian,theU.K.andtheUnitedStates.Arealcitizenofonecountry,Iremainanimaginarycitizenoftwoothers.在经济学家看来，“出口工人”与“进口工作”是一回事情我对移民与劳务输出问题的理解移民与劳务输出问题的两面性我相对于我的印度同胞的独特优势第第5页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Trappedbetweenthreeworlds,IfeeljustifiablyproundatIndia’ssuccessinoutsourcing.YetIamequallyawarethatasapotentialmigranttotheU.K.ortheUnitedStates,thereductionintransactioncoststhatmakesoutsourcingpossiblehasaninfringingconsequence:Italsoreducestheeconomicattractivenessofthesetwocountriestome.Oncewebecomemembersofanexclusiveclub(liketheoneIamsittingin),wewouldlikeallfurtherapplicationsstopped!Itisthisdualityofhumannaturethatmakesmeviewthefutureofglobalizationwithforeboding.JustasthelastgreatageofglobalizationengendereduncontrolledjingoismandcamecrashingdownamidstthemudandfilthofFlanders’fields,ouragetoohasitsweaknesses.Foremostamongthemisprotectionism,whichincludeseliminatingimmigration.Equalityofrealwagesofequivalentworkisgoingtohitsomepeopleinthedevelopedworldreallyhard–andforreasonsnotoftheirownmaking.BeforeIndustrialRevolution,povertywasequallydistributedthroughtouttheglobe,andthereforeglobalinequalitywaslow.Certainly,greatdifferencesexistedbetweenkingandpeasantinallfeudalsocieties,butthelotofpeasantinIndiaandEuropewasfairlysimilar:alifeatthemargin.ThencametheIndustrialRevolution–andafewcountriesbegantopullawayfromtherest.Thissecularseparationhasgoneonforovertwocenturiesnow.第6第6页自利的天性自利的天性带来的危害，包括保护主义前工业社会的相对平等湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Ithasreachedapointwheretheaveragebachelor’degreeholderinIndiahastomakedoonafewdollarsaday,whilehisU.S.counterpartwithasimilareducationallevelenjoysathree-bedroomhouse,evenifbotharedoingthesamework.Thereasonwhythiscouldgoonwasbecause,fortheU.S.worker,thelabormarketheorshehadtofacewasthelocal,oratbest,thenationalmarket.Thefallintransactioncostsowingtoglobalizationhasmeantthattherelevantmarketforthisworkerisnowtheinternationalone.Thisdramaticoutwardshiftofthelaborsupplycurvewillnaturallyreducehiswages.Atthesametime,itreducesglobalinequalityinremunerationforsimilarwork.Bothmigrationandoutsourcingcanbeviewedasanattempttoarbitragetheseexistingwagedifferentials.Thiswillcertainlyleadtoabacklash,asishappeningintheUnitedStatesandEuroperightnow.Norwillitgoawayeasily,notevenwithareturntoeconomicprosperity.Thisisbecauseofthefundamentalcontradictionthatliesattheheartoftheliberalpoliticalandeconomicorder.Theliberaleconomicorderdemandsprogressiontowardsperfectcompetion,whichultimatelydevaluescitizenshiprights.Ontheotherhand,theliberalpoliticalorderispredicatedbytheconcertofnation-states.Wehave,sofar,nootherbasesfortheestablishmentofdemocraticregimes—andtheE.U.isstilltooimmatureandunlovedtotakeitsplacethatdemandsrobustcitizenshiprights.第第7页工业社会存在的新的不平等现象这种新的不平等现象存在的原因移民与劳务输出必然改观这种不平等现象移民与劳务输出带来的新问题自由政治秩序与自由经济秩序之间的矛盾湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Theeconomicentrepreneurisexpectedfollowthedemandsandneedsoftheconsumersslavishly,butifthepoliticalentrepreneur—thais,thepolitician—weretofollowthisadvice,aprotectionistregimecouldeasilyemerge.Afterall,demandforprotectionisanaturalreactiontodecliningorstagnantincomelevels.Thereisnoeasywayoutofthisdilemmaandonlyagooddoseofcommon-senseandself-restraintcanalleviatematters.Complexthoughts.Weightymatters.Andnoresolution.Havingfinishedmycoffee,Itakemyleavefromthetea-loungeandwaitinthefoyerforataxi.AsIscanthedarknessoutsides,IthinkofmylawyerbackinDallasandmutter,“WhenwillmyGreenCardcome?”ComprehensionQuestion1.Howdoyouunderstandthetitle“LivingBetweenThreeworlds”?（“ThreeWorlds”isoriginallyanideaofChairmanMao.Here,“living”meansthelifeoftheauthor,“threeworlds”meansalso“theU.K,USandIndian”.）2.Whatdoesglobalizationmeantodifferentpeople?(Morechoicesandhighsalaryforsomepeopleofdevelopingcountries.Powerfulcounterpartandlowwagesforsomepeopleofdevelopedcountries.Nothingforsomepeople.)3.Whatdoyouthinkmakestheauthor’ssituationdifferentthatofthe全球化任重而道远第第8页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日majorityofIndians?(MuchofhishigheducationoccurredintheU.S.HeworkedinU.K.,theU.S.andIndian.Arealcitizenofonecountry,andimaginarycitizenoftwoothers.)4.Whatdomigrationandoutsourcingmeanfromaneconomist’spointofview?Why(Itmeansthesamefromaneconomist’spointofview.Anesonomistdoesnotmindthecitizenship,theliberaleconomicorderdemandsprogressiontowardsperfectcompetition.)5.Accordingtotheauthor,whatchangeshastheIndustrialRevolutionbrought?(Theclubitselfisaproductofthatlastgreatageofglobalization.Butnow,hecangointotheclubasanIndian.)6.WhatdoeslaborsupplyshiftduetoglobalizationmeantoaU.S.worker?(Hehastofacethelabormarketoftheworld,insteadofalocalone.Hehastofacepowerfulcounterpartandwouldgetlowersalaryforreasonsnotoftheirownmaking.)7.WhydoestheauthorthinkthatthebacklashasaresultoflaborshiftintheU.S.andEuropewillnotgoawayeasily?(Itisbecauseofthefundamentalcontradictionthatliesattheheartoftheliberalpoliticalandeconomicorder.Theliberaleconomicorderdemandsprogressiontowardstoperfectcompetition,whichultimately第9第9页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日citizenship.Ontheotherhand,theliberalpoliticalorderorderispredicatedbytheconcertofnation-states.)8.Howdoestheauthorviewthedilemmathattheeconomicentrepreneurandthepoliticianarefacing?(Theeconomicentrepreneurisexpectedtofollowthedemandsandneedsoftheconsumerslavishly,butifthepoliticalentreprenuer–thatis,thepolitician–weretofollowthisadivice,aprotectionistregimecouldeasilyemerge.Afterall,demandsforprotectionisanaturalreactiontodecliningorstagnantincomelevels.)GroupdiscussionFirstreadthetextaboutglobalization(14)DoyouagreewiththeviewthatglobalizatinisactuallyWesternizationofAmericanization?(towhatextent)Discusswithyourgroupmemberswhatglobalizationreallymeanstousandhowweshouldrespondtoit.(actively,facetoit,adapttoit,taketheadvantageofit)第10第10页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Lesson2CommunicationAcrossCulturesTextAMisunderstandingOtherCulturesThereisafolktalethatcomestousfromthefoothillsoftheHimalayas.Amanwastryingtoexplaintoablindfriendwhatcolorsare.Hebeganwiththecolorwhite.“Well,”hesaid,“itislikesnowonthehills.”“Oh,”theblindmansaid,“thenitmustbeawetanddampishsortofcolor,isn’tit?"No,no,”themansaid,“itisalsothesamecolorascottonorwool.”“Ohyes,Iunderstand.Itmustbeafluffycolor.”“No,itisalsolikepaper.”“Thenitmustbeacracklingorfragilecolor,”saidtheblindman.“No,notatall.Itisalsolikechina.”Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences—thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhave//towhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayinducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.向盲人解释什么是色彩的隐喻共同经验是理解文化的基础第第11页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Attheverybeginningofaculturalexchangeprogram,aFrenchvisitorcametotheUnitedStates.HesaidtoanAmericanfriend,“Whyaren’tyouAmericansmorefrankwithus?”TheAmericansaid,“Why?Whatdoyoumean?”TheFrenchmansaid,“Youtellusthatyouareforfreeenterprise,butIhavebeentravelingthroughouttheUnitedStatesandIhaveseenthatpracticallyalltheproduction—alltheplantsandfactories—arenationalized.”TheFrenchman’sassumptionarosefromthefactthatinFranceonlybuildingsbelongingtotheFrenchgovernmentflytheFrenchflag.WhattheFrenchmananalyzedwasnottheimmediateperception.Heanalyzedtheeconomicsystem,andwhathesawheevaluatedinhisownway.Misinterpretationsofthistypecantakeplaceatavarietyoflevels.Theycantakeplaceatthelevelofunderstanding,atthelevelofideasorvalues,andsometimesattheleveloffeelings.Themostseriousarethosethattakeplaceattheleveloffeelings.Veryoftenmisunderstandingsatthislevelcomenotfromillwill,butfromgoodwill.Sometimeswehurtanotherperson’sfeelingswithoutwantingtodoitandwithoutknowingthatwearedoingit.Hereisanexample.AyoungJapanesestudentcametotheUnitedStates,andhewasoverwhelmedbythecordialreceptionhewasgiven.Hesaid,“TheAmericanpeoplearewonderful.Theyaresowarm,sofriendly—muchbeyondmyexpectations.”SometimelateritwastoldthatwhiletravelingintheWest,thissame一个法国人对美国国旗悬挂含义的误解并无恶意的误会第第12页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日youngmanhadhaddinnerwithanAmericanfamilyandhadremarkedthathegreatlyadmiredthecountry’sefficiency,organization,andaccomplishment.But,hesaid,therewasonethinghewouldneverquiteunderstand,andthatwaswhyAmericansweresocold,sodistant.Hishostwasdeeplyhurt,andthevisitendedonabitofasournote.Thepointhereisthatboththefirstandlaststatementsbytheyoungmanaretypical.Veryoften,uponarrivalintheUnitedStatesmanyforeignvisitorsareastonishedbythewarmthandfriendlinessoftheAmericanpeople.Butoftenafterafewmonthstheybegintofeelhomesickandlonely,andtheyblametheAmericansforcausingthesefeelingsbybeingcold.Now,whyisthis?Ibelieveitissimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,buttheyarecasual—andtheyarespecialized.ByspecializedImean,forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner—notbecauseyoudon’tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamoredistantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthe一个日本人对美国人的误会美国式的友好与热情第第13页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日secondonemovesnearby,youarelikelytoreversethis—seethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andthefirstonemoreformallyfordinner.Insomeculturesfriendshipmeansastronglife-longbondbetweentwopeople.Intheseculturesfriendshipsdevelopslowly,sincetheyarebuilttolast.ButpeopleinAmericansocietyseemtobemuchmoremobile.StudiesshowthatoneoutoffiveAmericanfamiliesmoveseveryyear.ThereforeAmericanfriendshipsdevelopquickly,andtheymaychangejustasquickly.Besides,peopleare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Americansmakefriendseasily,andtheydon’tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso.Nomatterhowmuchtheylikeyou,theymaynotcometoseeyouforyearsifitisinconvenient.InAmericansociety,usuallynooneishurtbyit.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.第14页Itisonlywhenweassumethatotherpeopledoaswedoandtheyassumethatwedoastheydothatfeelingsarehurt.Often,forexample,foreignvisitorsfeelthattheAmericanfamilysystemshowsthemtobecoldheartedandthattheytreattheirparentsbadly.Theirparentsdon’tlivewiththem.Therearen’tthreeorfourgenerationsinthehousehold;nocousins,noauntsshareourhomes.Thefactis,ofcourse,thatAmericansaren’tcold;theyjustdothingsdifferently.Theyprizeindependence.MostparentsintheUnited第14页其他文化中的慢热持久友谊方便与否对美国人待人方式的影响以己度人是误解的主要根源湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日apointofvalues.Weoftenassumethatourvaluesaretherightvaluessimplybecause,forustheyaretheobviousvalues.AnAfricanambassadorinWashington,recentlysaidtohisAmericanfriends,“OneofthethingswhichhascausedmisunderstandingsbetweenyourpeopleandmineisthatyouAmericansalwaysspeakofindividualismasbeinggood.Wedonotconsiderindividualismgood.Youalwaysopposegovernmenttoindividualism.Whatweopposetoindividualismisnotthegovernment,butthefamily,theclan,thesmallcommunityofnaturalprimaryrelations.Wefeelthatanindividualistisalonelyman.”IfyoutalktoaFrenchman,ontheotherhand,hewillsay,“Americansarenotindividualisticatall..Theyhavenosenseofindividualism.”ToAmericansanindividualistissomeonewhotakescareofhisownlife,whosetsagoalforhimselfandgoestoit.IftwOyoungmendecidethattheirgoalinlifeistomakegoodinthehardwarebusiness,andifeachofthemdoesitindependently,Americanswouldsaythatthesearetwoindividualists.TheFrenchcallindividualismsomethingentirelydifferent.Theysayanindividualistissomeonewhoisdifferentfromothers.Iftherearetwo,peopleinthehardwarebusinesstherecanbenoindividualism.Thereisonetoomany.However,inMexico,itistheuniquenessoftheindividualwhichisvalued,aqualitywhichisassumedtoresidewithineachpersonandwhichisnotnecessarilyevidentthroughactionsorachievements.Thatinnerqualitywhichrepresentsthedignityofeachpersonmustbeprotectedatallcosts.Any非洲大使眼中的个人主义法国人眼中的个人主义墨西哥人眼中的个人主义第第15页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日actionorremarkthatmaybeinrpretedasaslighttotheperson’sdignityistoberegardedasagraveprovocation.Also,aseverypersonispartofalargerfamilygrouping,onecannotberegardedasacompletelyisolatedindividual.Differentunderstandings,differentsensesofvalue,butneverthelessallviewsareperfectlylegitimateaslongaspeopleunderstandeachother.ItisusuallyexpectedthatAmericansandtheBritishwouldhavefewerproblemsinunderstandingeachother,fortheyshareacommonlanguageandmayhavelittledifficultycommunicatingwithoneanother.ButdifferencescanalsobefoundbetweenAmericansandtheBritish.Forinstance,anAmericanworkinginEnglandwasonceinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhiscolleagues,whichwasapurelysocial,relaxedoccasion.Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream.Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream,hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrongbutcouldn’tbesurewhattheproblemwas.‘Whatwentwrong?Herewehaveto‘lookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.“AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome”,eventothepointof,rearrangingthefurniturewithoutbeingasked,suggestingthedinnermenu,answeringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpeopleinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthisEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorwouldseempresumptuousorrude.美国和英国客人的文化差异第第16页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日Whatwehavetorealizeisthat,inanalyzingproblemsofcommunicationacrosscultures,itisalltootemptingtolookfirstfordifficultiesposedbylanguagemisinterpretationorassumesomenonverbalindiscretion.Butwehavetriedtosuggestthatthemisunderstandingormisbehaviormorelikelyresideselsewhere,inthesubtlerbutconsistentculturalpatternsofbehaviorwhichbecomeunderstandablewhenweappreciatedifferenceinculturalvalues.Thuswhatwefirstneed,inattemptingtoanalyzeanysuchsituation,isnotnecessarilymorelanguageskillsormoreinformationaboutthemoresofaparticularculture,butratheranopennesstoalternativestoourownconventionalbehavior.Ifweappreciatethelogicofourownactions,wecanmorequicklyimaginealternativesequallyconsistentwithothervalues.ComprehensionQuestions1.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratebytellingusthestoryofteachingthecolorwhitetoablindperson?(Everyonewillunderstandotherculturesliketheblindpersondoes)2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmakesup“culture”?(commonexperience)3.WhydidtheFrenchmanmakethewrongassumptionabouttheAmericaneconomicsystem?(Hisexperienceaboutflyingflagseffectedhim)4.Aremisunderstandingsthattakeplaceattheleveloffeelingsthemost-seriousones?Why?借助语言技能之外的东西理解他种文化第第17页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日(notfrombadwillbutfromgoodwill,hurtotherperson’sfeelingwithoutwantingtodoitandknowingthat)5.WhathadmadetheJapaneseyoungmanchangehisviewaboutAmericans?(Americansareveryverycoldanddistantafterthecordialreception)6.Howmanytypesofindividualismarementionedinthisarticle?Whatarethey?(African,French,Mexico,American)7.AmericanandEnglishpeopleshareacommonlanguage,butdifferencescanalsobefoundbetweenthem.Howdotheydifferintheirideasof“anidealguest”?(“helpyourselfathome”vs“bemyguest”)8.Whatsuggestionshastheauthorofferedustodealwithproblemsofcommunicationacrosscultures?(opennesstoalternativestoourownconventionalbehavior)ExplorationHowcanweavoidmisunderstandingwhenwecommunicatewithpeopleofothercultures?Itissometimessaidthatthekeytoeffectiveinterculturalcommunicationisknowledge.Whatdoyouthinkofit?Whatknowledgedowehavetoacquire?Whatelseshouldweacquireifwehopetocommunicatesuccessfullyacrosscultures?第第18页湖南涉外经济学院备课纸年月日PairworkThedangerofmisinterpretationisgreatestamongpeoplewhospeakdifferentnativetonguesorcomefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Firstreadthefollowing.Culturesoftendifferinwhatisconsideredaspolitebehavior.Onceawhiteofficeworkerwhoappearedwithabandagedarmfeltrejectedbecauseherblackfellowworkerdidn’tmentionit.The(doubly)woundedworkerassumedthathersilentcolleaguedidn’tnoticeordidn’tcare.Butthec