Unit 4 单元检测（解析版）

(2019)人教版必修三Unit4SpaceExploration单元检测(考试时间：100分钟试卷满分：120分)注意事项：1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力(共30分，略)第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。ABigSpaceEventsToPutInYourCalendarFor2022MAY—CHINA’SSPACESTATIONGETSBIGGERMaywillseethelaunchofanewmodulefortheTiangongspacestation,China’s“Palaceinthesky”.Itsfirstcoremodule,TianhewaslaunchedlastApril.ThenextmodulewillbeWentian,alaboratoryexpectedtolaunchbetweenMayandJune.Itwillalsoserveasabackupcoremoduleandtheplacewherefuturespacewalksfromthetaikonautswilltakeplace.Itwillbefollowedbyasecondlaboratorymodule,Mengtian,inAugust-September.JUNE—INDIA’SSPACECRAFTTAKESITSFIRSTFLIGHTISRO,theIndianSpaceResearchOrganization,hasannouncedthatGaganyaan(whichtranslatestoSkyCraft)willhaveisfirstunscrewedfightinJune.ThecraftispannedtobeakeyvehicleintheIndianHumanSpaceflightProgramand,allgoingwellinthistest;itwillbefollowedbyacrewedtestnextyear.JULY—RUSSIAEYESTHEMOONAGAINRussia’sLunaprogramhadmanysuccesseswithlanders,rovers,andevensamplereturns,andLuna25isexpectedtofollowinthattraditionaccordingtoRussianSpaceAgency,Roscomos.ThemissionthisfineisjustalanderexpectedtotouchdownneartheLunarSouthPolewithinstrumentsdesignedtostudythesoil.ThelocationmightbeapossibleareaofinterestforapermanentbaseontheMoon.AUGUST—MORELUNARMISSIONSAugustwillseethelaunchoftheKoreaPathfinderLunarOrbiter,apannedlunarorbiterbytheKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute(KARI).ThiswillbethefirstKoreanLunarMission,atechnologydemonstrationforKARI.1.Whichcountrywillcarryoutmultiplespacetasksthisyear?A.China. B.India. C.Russia. D.Korea.2WhatdoweknowaboutLuna25?A.Itwilloperateinlowlunarorbit. B.ItwilltakealandontheMoon.C.Itwillserveasapermanentbase. D.Itwilltakeitsfirstcrewedflight.3.WhenisthefirstKoreanLunarMissionscheduled?A.InMay. B.InJune. C.InJuly. D.InAugust.【答案】1.A2.B3.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要内容是2022年大型太空活动的日历。日历中，主要介绍了中国、韩国、俄罗斯和印度四国在2022年间的太空计划。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一个板块“MaywillseethelaunchofanewmodulefortheTiangongspacestation,China’s“Palaceinthesky”.Itsfirstcoremodule,TianhewaslaunchedlastApril.ThenextmodulewillbeWentian,alaboratoryexpectedtolaunchbetweenMayandJune.Itwillalsoserveasabackupcoremoduleandtheplacewherefuturespacewalksfromthetaikonautswilltakeplace.Itwillbefollowedbyasecondlaboratorymodule,Mengtian,inAugust-September.”(5月将看到中国“空中宫殿”天宫空间站新模块的发射。它的第一个核心模块天河于去年四月推出。下一个模块将是问天，这是一个预计在5月至6月之间启动的实验室。它还将作为备用核心模块，也是未来宇航员太空行走的地方。紧随其后的是第二个实验室模块，梦天，在8月至9月。)可知，中国将进行空中宫殿、问天、梦天等系列的航天任务。A项“China”(中国)符合题意，故选A项。【2题详解】细节理解题。文章第三个版块“Russia’sLunaprogramhadmanysuccesseswithlanders,rovers,andevensamplereturns,andLuna25isexpectedtofollowinthattraditionaccordingtoRussianSpaceAgency,Roscomos.ThemissionthisfineisjustalanderexpectedtotouchdownneartheLunarSouthPolewithinstrumentsdesignedtostudythesoil.ThelocationmightbeapossibleareaofinterestforapermanentbaseontheMoon.”(俄罗斯的Luna计划在着陆器、探月车甚至样本返回方面取得了许多成功，据俄罗斯航天局Roscomos称，预计Luna25将遵循这一传统。这项任务只是一个着陆器，预计将在月球南极附近着陆，配备用于研究土壤的仪器。该位置可能是在月球上建立永久基地的一个可能感兴趣的区域。)可知Luna25将在月球南极附近着陆。B项“ItwilltakealandontheMoon.”(它将登陆月球。)符合原文表述，故选B项。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一个版块“AugustwillseethelaunchoftheKoreaPathfinderLunarOrbiter,apannedlunarorbiterbytheKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute(KARI).ThiswillbethefirstKoreanLunarMission,atechnologydemonstrationforKARI.”(8月将看到韩国探路者月球轨道器的发射，这是一个由韩国航空航天研究所(KARI)制造的平移月球轨道器。这将是韩国首次登月任务，是KARI的技术演示。)可知，韩国计划在8月实施第一次登月任务。D项“InAugust”(在8月)符合题意，故选D项。BTwohighschoolstudentshaveidentifiedfournewplanetsindistantspaceabout200-light-yearsfromEarth,makingthem“theyoungestastronomers”tomakesuchadiscovery.KartikPingle,16,andJasmineWright.18,whobothattendschoolsinMassachusetts,participatedintheStudentResearchMentoringProgram(SRMP).WiththehelpofTansuDaylan,anMITdoctorforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearch,thestudentsstudiedandanalyzeddatafromtheTransitingExoplanctSurveySatellite(TESS).TogethertheyfocusedonTessObjectofInterest(TOI)1233,anearby,brightsun-likestarandheretheyfoundfourplanetsrotating（旋转）aroundthestar.“Wewerelookingtoseechangesinlightovertime,”Pingleexplained,“theideaisthatiftheplanettransitsthestar,orpassesinfrontofit,itwouldperiodicallycoverupthestaranddecreaseitsbrightness.”Whilestudying1233,PingleandWrighthadatleasthopedtofindoneplanetbutwereoverwhelmedwithjoywhenatotaloffourwerespotted.“Iwasveryexcitedandveryshocked.”Wrightsaid.“WeknewthiswasthegoalofDaylan’sresearch,buttoactuallyfindamulti-planetarysystem,andbepartofthediscoveringteam,wasreallycool.”Threeofthenewlydiscoveredplanetsareconsideredas“sub-Neptunes”,whicharegaseous,butsmallerthantheNeptunethatlivesinoursolarsystem.Whileobservingtheplanets,theteamdeterminedeachonecompletestheirorbitaround1233everysixto19.5days.However,thefourthplanetiscalleda“super-Earth”foritslargesizeandrockinessthisoneorbitsaroundthestarinjustunderfourdays.“Wehavelongbeenstudyingplanetsbeyondoursolarsystemandwithmulti-planetarysystems,thetwoyoungstudentsarekindofhittingthejackpot.Theyarereallyblessed.”Daylansaid.“Theplanetsoriginatedfromthesamediskofmatteraroundthesamestar,buttheyendedupbeingdifferentplanetswithdifferentatmospheresanddifferentclimatesduetotheirdifferentorbits.So,wewouldliketounderstandthebasicprocessesofplanetformationandevolutionusingthisplanetarysystem.”Daylanaddedthatitwasa“win-win”toworkwithPingleandWrightonthestudy.“Asaresearcher,Ireallyenjoyinteractingwithyoungbrainsthatareopentoexperimentationandlearningandhaveslightestbias（偏见）.”hesaid,“Ialsothinkitisverybeneficialtohighschoolstudents,sincetheygetexposuretocutting-edgeresearch,andthispreparesthemquicklyforaresearchcareer.”4.Howdidthetwostudentsidentifythefourplanets？A.ByhelpingprofessorTansuDaylanwiththedata.B.Byanalyzingthechangeofbrightnessofstar1233.C.BystudyingNeptunethatlivesinoursolarsystem.D.Byinteractingwithotheryoungtalentedbrains.5.Whatisspecialaboutthediscovery？AItwasmadebytwohighschoolstudents.B.Itwasmadewithaninnovativeapproach.C.ItwasmeanttobemadebyTansuDaylan.D.Itfoundthelargestnumberofplanetsatatime.6.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“hittingthejackpot”inparagraph5？A.Makingadiscoverydifficultly. B.Achievingthegoaleasily.C.Succeedinginsomethingluckily. D.Performingataskcarefully.7.Accordingtothearticle,whatbenefitsdoesthestudybring？A.Itallowsthescientiststoworkwithyoungpeoplewithoutprejudice.B.Itequipsfutureastronomerswithbetterresearchingabilities.C.Itprovidesmoreperspectivesandthusboostsmorediscoveries.D.Itarousesstudents’interestinexploringtheunknownuniverse.【答案】4.B5.D6.C7.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。16岁的KartikPingle和18岁的JasmineWright两名高中生在距离地球约200光年的遥远太空中发现了四颗新行星，这使他们成为进行此类发现的“最年轻的天文学家”。文章介绍了他们发现这些行星的经过和对发现新行星的看法。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“TogethertheyfocusedonTessObjectofInterest(TOI)1233,anearby,brightsun-likestarandheretheyfoundfourplanetsrotatingaroundthestar.“Wewerelookingtoseechangesinlightovertime,”Pingleexplained.“Theideaisthatiftheplanettransitsthestar,orpassesinfrontofit,itwouldperiodicallycoverupthestaranddecreaseitsbrightness.”(他们共同关注了附近一颗明亮的类似太阳的恒星TessObject1233，在这里他们发现了四颗围绕该恒星旋转的行星。Pingle解释说：“我们希望看到光线随时间的变化。这种想法是，如果行星经过恒星，或在它前面经过，它会周期性地掩盖恒星，降低其亮度。”)”可知，这两位学生是通过分析1233恒星亮度的变化来识别这四颗行星的。故选B项。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Whilestudying1233,PingleandWrighthadatleasthopedtofindoneplanetbutwereoverwhelmedwithjoywhenatotaloffourwerespotted.(当研究恒星1233时，Pingle和Wright曾希望至少能发现一颗行星，但是当一下子发现四颗行星时，他们也欣喜若狂)”可知，这次的天文发现的独特之处在于一次发现了最多数量的行星。故选D项。【6题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Wehavelongbeenstudyingplanetsbeyondoursolarsystemandwithmulti-planetarysystems,(我们一直在研究太阳系以外以及多行星系统内的行星)”以及后文“Theyarereallyblessed.(他们真的是运气很好)”可知，Daylan认为这两位年轻学生真的很幸运，取得了成功。所以hittingthejackpot意思是“幸运地成功了”。故选C项。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“hesaid,“Ialsothinkitisverybeneficialtohighschoolstudents,sincetheygetexposuretocutting-edgeresearchandthispreparesthemquicklyforaresearchcareer.”(他说：“我也觉得这对于高中生而言也是有益的，因为他们可以接触到顶尖的研究而这也使他们很快为以后的研究生涯做好准备”)”可知，这项研究对高中生有好处，可以使得他们研究能力得到提升。故选B项。CThedevelopmentofChina’sspaceprogramwasfirstsuggestedin1956bythefatherofChineserocketscience,QianXuesen(1911-2009).Asaresultofextensivepreparationandplanning,theShenzhoucrewedprogrambeganin1992,andthefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2003.Chang’e-1,alunarorbiterwaslaunchedin2007,whileTiangong-1,anexperimentalcrewedspacestationwaslaunchedin2011.In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.Itwasmankind’sfirstsuccessfulsoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.A“soft”landingisonewherethespacecraftlandsinacontrolledway,andgetsnodamage.Twelvehourslater,thesmallYutu-2rover12wasreleased.TounderstandwhyChang’e-4’ssoftlandingwassuchanachievement,considerthedifficultyofanyspacemission,especiallyonetothefarsideofthemoon.Whilethefarsideofthemoonisoftencalledthedarksideofthemoon,itisnotreallydark.Themainproblemwithlandingonthefarsideofthemooniscommunication.ThereisnoclearlineofsightbetweenthefarsideofthemoonandtheEarth.Thisnormallymakesradiocommunicationwithspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoonimpossible.Chineseengineerscameupwithauniquesolution.BeforeChang’e-4’smission(任务),theysenttheQueqiaocommunicationssatelliteintospace.WhenengineersneededtocommunicatewithChang’e-4andYutu-2,theycouldsendradiomessagestoQueqiao.ThemessageswouldthenbesentfromthesatellitedowntotheLanderandrover.ThisallowedforcontactbetweenEarthandthefarsideofthemoon.OneoftheexperimentsofChang’e-4’smissionwasdesignedtotestaclosedecological(生态的)systemthatcouldbeextremelyimportantforlong-termspacemissions:Theplantsproducefoodandoxygenforthefruitflies,whilethefruitfliesproducecarbondioxidefortheplants.Thisexperimentworkedforninedays,butithadtobestoppedwhenthetemperaturesdroppedbelow-52°C.8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.ThefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2007.B.QianXuesenisconsideredthefatheroftheChinesespaceprogram.C.ThedevelopmentofspaceprograminChinastartedinancienttimes.D.TheChinesespaceprogramhasbeenadvancingwithpreparationandplanning.9.WhywasChang’e-4’slandingonthemoonsuchanachievement?A.BecauseChang’e-4landedonthemoonsuccessfully.B.BecauseChang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthedarksideofthemoon.C.Becausemanhadneverlandedonthemoonwiththedifficultyofspacemission.D.Becauseitwasthefirsttimethathumanshadlandedonthemoonwithoutanydamage.10.WhywastheecologicalexperimentonChang’e-4stopped?A.Itgottoodarktocontinue.B.TheLandernolongerhadpower.C.Itgottoocoldfortheexperimenttowork.D.Therewasnotenoughoxygenonthemoon.11.Whereisthispassageprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook B.AtextbookC.Asciencefiction D.Amagazine【答案】8.D9.B10.C11.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文，中国“嫦娥四号”实现人类首次在月球背面软着陆，文章主要介绍了其意义及中国工程师是如何解决主要的通信问题的。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Asaresultofextensivepreparationandplanning,theShenzhoucrewedprogrambeganin1992,andthefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2003.Chang’e-1,alunarorbiterwaslaunchedin2007,whileTiangong-1,anexperimentalcrewedspacestationwaslaunchedin2011.(经过广泛的准备和规划，神舟载人计划于1992年开始，第一位中国宇航员杨利伟于2003年进入太空。2007年，中国发射了月球轨道飞行器‘嫦娥一号’，2011年发射了实验载人空间站‘天宫一号’)”可知，在准备和规划中，中国的太空计划一直在进步。故选D。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.(2019年，嫦娥四号在月球背面实现软着陆)”及“TounderstandwhyChang’e-4’ssoftlandingwassuchanachievement,considerthedifficultyofanyspacemission,especiallyonetothefarsideofthemoon.(要理解为什么嫦娥四号的软着陆是一个如此大的成就，考虑一下任何太空任务的难度，尤其是前往月球背面的任务)”可知，嫦娥四号在月球着陆是一个很大的成就，这是因为前往月球背面的任务难度极大，而嫦娥四号在月球背面实现了软着陆。故选B。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Thisexperimentworkedforninedays,butithadtobestoppedwhenthetemperaturesdroppedbelow-52°C.(这个实验持续了9天，但当温度降到-52°C以下时，它不得不停止)”可知，嫦娥四号停止生态实验是因为温度太低，无法继续。故选C。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.Itwasmankind’sfirstsuccessfulsoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.(2019年，嫦娥四号在月球背面实现软着陆。这是人类首次在月球背面成功软着陆)”可知，文章主要介绍了嫦娥四号在月球背面实现软着陆的意义及中国工程师是如何解决主要的通信问题的。由此推知，本文可能出自一本杂志。故选D。DImaginehowyou’dfeelifyouhadtogetmorethan9,000tonsofjunkouttothesidewalk.That’showmuchtrashisfloatingaroundinspace.Infact,there’sabout4millionpoundsflyingoverourheadsinlow-Earthorbit.Daan,aDutchartist,andhisteamatSpaceWasteLabhavecomeupwithacreativeplanthatcouldclearupspacejunkinaspectacularfashion.①Mostspacewastecomesfromdeadsatellitesandrockets.Functioningsatellitesarethebackboneoftheinformationsystemsthatkeepourworldrunningsmoothly.Butallthesatelliteseventuallybecomeobsoletewithinjustafewdecades.Whentheydieout,there’stheproblemofthemdriftinginouterspace,collectinginwhatscientistscallthe“graveyardorbit”.Maybeyou’rethinking,“WhyshouldIcareaboutgarbage12,500milesaboveme?”Well,allthatfunstuffthatsatelliteshelpbeamdowntous—mobilegames,Instagram,catvideos—couldbeshutdownbyspacewaste.Lotsofoldjunkfloatingaroundupthere,plusnewsatellitesaddedeachyear,meansmoreandmorehigh-speedcollisions(碰撞).Andwhenchunksofjunkcrashintooneanother,theybreakapartintomillionsofpieces,quicklybuildingupspeedandturningintofast-movingobjects,whicharedangeroustooperationalsatellitesaswellasastronautsworkingontheInternationalSpaceStation.②Spacewasteisaproblemthat’sescalatedsomuchthatsomescientistssaythatby2050we’llbeforcedtostoplaunchingnewspacecraftaltogether,includingnewsatellites.Thinkaboutthatforaminute.Whenthelastsatellitesfinallybecomedisused,GPS,cellphones,andtheInternetwillnolongerfunction.③Sowehavetofindawaytodealwiththisspacegarbage,andDaanpicturesasortoftrashpickup,whichinvolvesgroupsofsmallspacecraftcastinglargenetsintoorbitthatwouldcollectspacedebris(碎片)andsenditbacktowardEarthattopspeed.Here’sthebestpart—whilereenteringEarth’satmosphere,thepiecesofjunkwouldburnupallatonce,creatingalightshowsimilartohundredsofshootingstarsfallinginthenightsky.Aspectacleindeed!Togetreadyforsuchanamazingeffort,SpaceWasteLabhasbeentravelingtomajorcitiesacrossEuropeandenlighteningthepublicontheproblemofthejunkinspace.④ButDaandoesn’tjusttalkaboutwaystorelievetheproblem—he’screatedsomethingalittlegranderthanthat.InOctober2018,histeamlaunchedSpaceWasteLabPerformance,anoutdoorartexhibitionthatshowsthelocationofeachpieceofspacetrashusinglargelasersthatmakeeachdebrislookabitlikeastarwanderingslowlyandsilentlyoverthesky,allowingviewerstowaveandsay,“Hello,spacetrash!”12.Accordingtothepassage,whichsentencebestreplacesthequestionmarkinthediagram?A.Thereismorejunkfloatinginspaceeachyearasnewsatellitesareadded.B.Satellitescanhelppeopletracktheweatherandfindnewlocations.C.Workingsatellitescanbedamagedandastronautscanbehurt.D.TheSpaceWasteLabPerformancecanshowpeoplewheresatellitesarelocated.13.Whichofthefollowingbestsupportstheideathatspacewasteshouldbedealtwithverysoon?A.Sentence① B.Sentence②C.Sentence③ D.Sentence④14.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SpaceJunkHarmsDigitalSystemsB.TestofWasteCollectionNetsC.ANewGlimpseintoOuterSpaceD.Artists’ProposaltoSaveSpace15.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsDaan’sproject?A.Critical. B.Indifferent. C.Neutral. D.Approving.【答案】12.C13.B14.D15.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了荷兰艺术家Daan和他在太空垃圾实验室的团队提出了一个创意计划，可以以壮观的方式清理太空垃圾。【12题详解】推理判断题。本题是考查太空垃圾的危害，根据第三段中“Andwhenchunksofjunkcrashintooneanother,theybreakapartintomillionsofpieces,quicklybuildingupspeedandturningintofast-movingobjects,whicharedangeroustooperationalsatellitesaswellasastronautsworkingontheInternationalSpaceStation.(当大块的垃圾相互碰撞时，它们会分解成数百万块碎片，迅速提高速度，变成快速移动的物体，这对运行中的卫星和国际空间站上的宇航员都是危险的)”可知，太空垃圾会损害工作中的卫星，宇航员也会受到伤害，故选C项。【13题详解】推理判断题。①处划线句意思是：大多数太空垃圾来自于废弃的卫星和火箭。运行正常的卫星是信息系统的骨干，这些系统使我们的世界保持平稳运行；②处划线句意思是：太空垃圾是一个日益严重的问题，一些科学家说，到2050年，我们将被迫完全停止发射新的航天器，包括新的卫星；③处划线句意思是：因此，我们必须找到一种方法来处理这些太空垃圾，Daan拍摄了一种垃圾收集装置，其中包括一组小型航天器将大网撒入轨道，收集太空垃圾并以最高速度将其送回地球；④处划线句意思是：但Dann不仅仅是在谈论如何解决问题，他创造了一个比这更伟大的东西。根据②处划线句句意再结合其下一句“Thinkaboutthatforaminute.Whenthelastsatellitesfinallybecomedisused,GPS,cellphones,andtheInternetwillnolongerfunction.(花一分钟思考下。当最后一颗卫星最终报废时，全球定位系统、手机和互联网将不再发挥作用)”可知，此处突出了处理太空垃圾的紧迫性，因此②处划线句最能支持太空垃圾应该很快处理的观点，故选B项。【14题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“Daan,aDutchartist,andhisteamatSpaceWasteLabhavecomeupwithacreativeplanthatcouldclearupspacejunkinaspectacularfashion.(荷兰艺术家Daan和他在太空垃圾实验室的团队想出了一个创造性的计划，可以以一种壮观的方式清理太空垃圾)”可知，本文主要介绍了荷兰艺术家Daan和他在太空垃圾实验室的团队提出了一个创意计划，可以以壮观的方式清理太空垃圾，故D项“艺术家拯救太空的建议”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Here’sthebestpart—whilereenteringEarth’satmosphere,thepiecesofjunkwouldburnupallatonce,creatingalightshowsimilartohundredsofshootingstarsfallinginthenightsky.Aspectacleindeed!(这是最精彩的部分——当这些垃圾重新进入地球大气层时，它们会立刻燃烧起来，创造出一场类似于夜空中数百颗流星坠落的灯光秀。确实壮观！)”可知，作者肯定了Daan的计划，持赞成态度。故选D项。第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。MarsistrulyafascinatingplanetforthoseofushereonEarth.____16____ItisabouthalfasbigasEarthandisoftenreferredtoastheRedPlanetbecauseofitsredsurface.TheRedPlanethasthelargestvolcanointhesolarsystem-OlympusMons.____17____That’saboutthreetimestheheightofMountQomolangma.Marsalsohasanatmosphere,butitisverythinandmadeupmostlyofcarbondioxide.BecauseofitsthinatmosphereandgreaterdistancefromtheSun,MarsismuchcolderthanEarth.____18____TheduststormsofMarscangrowsobigthatsometimestheyblankettheentireplanetandlastformonths.ThepolesonMarsarealotlikeAntarctica,cappedbyice,butmuchofMars’siceismadefromcarbondioxide,notwater.ScientistsbelievethatstudyingMarscanhelpanswersomeofthekeyquestionsaboutourplanetEarth,oreventheuniverse.____19____Since1960,morethanhalfofallattemptedMarsmissionshavefailed.TheUSA,Russia,theEuropeanSpaceAgency,andseveralothercountrieshavelostmanyspacecraftintheirquesttoexploretheRedPlanet.Nevertheless,theywillstillcontinuetheirexplorations.ChineseexpertsareconfidentabouttheirplantoexploreMars,inspiteofthemanychallenges.ThefirstMarsunmannedspacecraftwaslaunchedfromWenchangaround2020.Butitisonlythebeginningofdeepvoyagesintoouterspace.____20____A.Itisroughly27kilometreshigh.B.MissionstoMarshaveneverbeeneasy.C.Mars,however,todayhasnoactivevolcanoes.D.Thetemperatureattheplanet’ssurfacevarieswidely.E.However,Marsdoeshaveweather,withcloudsandwinds.F.Chinawillcontinuetoexplorethemysteriesoftheuniverse.G.Itisoneofthefewplanetsthatwecanseewithourowneyes.【答案】16.G17.A18.E19.B20.F【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了火星的自然环境以及火星任务的实施难度。16题详解】根据上文“MarsistrulyafascinatingplanetforthoseofushereonEarth.(对于我们地球上的人来说，火星确实是一个迷人的星球)”以及后文“ItisabouthalfasbigasEarthandisoftenreferredtoastheRedPlanetbecauseofitsredsurface.(它大约有地球的一半大，经常被称为红色星球，因为它的表面是红色的)”可知，本句与后文并列，都是在介绍火星，G选项中it指代Mars。故G选项“它是少数几个我们能用肉眼看到的行星之一”符合语境，故选G。【17题详解】根据上文“TheRedPlanethasthelargestvolcanointhesolarsystem-OlympusMons.(这颗红色星球上有太阳系中最大的火山——奥林匹斯山)”以及后文“That’saboutthreetimestheheightofMountQomolangma.(这大约是珠穆朗玛峰高度的三倍)”可知，本句是在说明奥林匹斯山的高度。故A选项“大约27千米高”符合语境，故选A。【18题详解】根据上文“Marsalsohasanatmosphere,butitisverythinandmadeupmostlyofcarbondioxide.BecauseofitsthinatmosphereandgreaterdistancefromtheSun,MarsismuchcolderthanEarth.(火星也有大气层，但大气层很薄，主要由二氧化碳组成。由于火星大气层稀薄，距离太阳更远，所以它比地球冷得多)”以及后文“TheduststormsofMarscangrowsobigthatsometimestheyblankettheentireplanetandlastformonths.ThepolesonMarsarealotlikeAntarctica,cappedbyice,butmuchofMars’siceismadefromcarbondioxide,notwater.(火星上的沙尘暴会变得非常大，有时会覆盖整个星球，持续数月之久火星的两极很像南极洲，被冰覆盖，但火星的大部分冰是由二氧化碳而不是水构成的)”可知，本句是在说明火星上的气候，后文提到了沙尘暴，可见火星上有风，故E选项“然而，火星确实有天气，有云和风”符合语境，故选E。【19题详解】根据后文“Since1960,morethanhalfofallattemptedMarsmissionshavefailed.(自1960年以来，超过一半的火星任务都失败了)”可知，后文提到很多火星任务都失败了，可见火星任务并不容易实施。故B选项“火星任务从来都不容易”符合语境，故选B。【20题详解】根据上文“ChineseexpertsareconfidentabouttheirplantoexploreMars,inspiteofthemanychallenges.ThefirstMarsunmannedspacecraftwaslaunchedfromWenchangaround2020.Butitisonlythebeginningofdeepvoyagesintoouterspace.(尽管面临诸多挑战，中国专家对他们的火星探测计划充满信心。第一艘火星无人飞船于2020年前后在文昌发射升空。但这只是外太空深度航行的开始)”可知，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明中国对宇宙的探索方向，故F选项“中国将继续探索宇宙的奥秘”符合语境，故选F。第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)完形填空阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。InSeptember2016,sixpeoplecameoutfromasmallsolar-poweredbuildingonthesideofavolcanoinHawaii.Theywere____21____ofasimulated(模拟的)missiontoMars,andtheyhadbeenlivinginthebuildingfornearlyoneyear,____22____fromtherestoftheworld.ThismissiontoMarswaspartofanongoing____23____toseehowpeoplewoulddealwiththechallengesoflivingonanotherplanet.Basedonthe____24____oftheexperimentsofar,herearefourabilitiesyouwouldneedto____25____onMars.ThefirstisResourcefulness(足智多谋).Whenthewatersystembroke,thegrouphadtwo____26____.Theycouldfigureouthowtofixitortheycould____27____monthsforsuppliestobedeliveredfrom“Earth”—bywhichpointtheywouldbedead.Sothey____28____itthemselves.ThesecondisImagination.Thegroupmembershavesaidboredomwasamajor____29____.OnMars,youwouldn’thaveNetflixorXbox,soyou’dhaveto_____30_____otherformsofentertainment(娱乐活动).ThethirdisTolerance(宽容).Thebuildingisonlyaquarterofthesizeofabasketballcourt.Ifyou’re_____31_____annoyedbypeople,lifeonMarsmightnotbeforyou.Whethereating,working,exercising,orrelaxing,youwouldhardlybe_____32_____.ThelastisIndependence.Duringamission,thereisnoreal-time_____33_____betweenthegroupandanyoneon“Earth.”Theyhaveemail,_____34_____messagesareona20-minutedelay(延迟),simulatinghowlongitwouldtakemessagesto_____35_____betweenEarthandMars.SoyouwouldberemovedfromthelivesofyourlovedonesbackonEarth.21.A.captains B.members C.astronauts D.directors22.A.pulled B.keptfree C.protected D.cutoff23.A.explanation B.holiday C.experiment D.game24.A.results B.origins C.wishes D.requirements25.A.refuse B.copy C.argue D.survive26.A.tasks B.choices C.dreams D.conditions27.A.spread B.prepare C.wait D.leave28.A.fixed B.watered C.called D.planted29.A.desire B.habit C.ability D.challenge30.A.limit B.forget C.find D.leap31.A.hardly B.easily C.secretly D.suddenly32.A.alone B.polite C.successful D.normal33.A.communication B.system C.teaching D.meeting34.A.so B.but C.if D.unless35.A.escape B.walk C.travel D.change【答案】21.B22.D23.C24.A25.D26.B27.C28.A29.D30.C31.B32.A33.A34.B35.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项实验，六名成员经过长达近一年与世隔绝的“火星生活”体验，总结了人类移居火星前应该具备的四种能力。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们是模拟火星任务成员，在这座建筑物里生活了将近一年，与世界其他地方隔绝。A.captains队长；B.members成员；C.astronauts宇航员；D.directors导演。根据上文的“sixpeople”和文章第四段中的“groupmembers”可知，句中的“They”代指的是上文提到的从建筑物中出来的六个人，他们是这次任务的小组成员。故选B项。【22题详解】考查动词/动词短语词义辨析。句意：他们是模拟火星任务的成员，在这座建筑物里生活了将近一年，与世界其他地方隔绝。A.pulled拉；B.keptfree保持自由；C.protected保护；D.cutoff隔离，阻断。根据句中“asimulated(模拟的)missiontoMars”可知，他们在进行一个模拟火星的任务，由此可知，他们模拟在火星上的生活，待在建筑物里不出来，与世界其他地方隔绝了，“cutofffrom…”意为“与……隔绝”。故选D项。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这次火星任务是一项正在进行的实验的一部分，旨在探索人类如何应对生活在另一个星球上的挑战。A.explanation解释；B.holiday假期；C.experiment实验；D.game游戏。根据下文“Basedonthe_____oftheexperimentsofar”中的“experiment”可知，句中的火星任务是一项正在进行的实验的一部分。故选C项。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据目前为止的实验结果，以下是你在火星上生存所需的四种能力。A.results结果；B.origins起源；C.wishes愿望；D.requirements要求。根据句中“herearefourabilitiesyouwouldneedto_____onMars”可知，下文介绍了在火星上生存所需的四种能力，这四种能力应该是通过实验结果总结出来的，由此可知，句中指根据目前为止的实验结果。故选A项。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据目前为止的实验结果，以下是你在火星上生存所需的四种能力。A.refuse拒绝；B.copy复制；C.argue争论；D.survive生存。根据上文“howpeoplewoulddealwiththechallengesoflivingonanotherplanet”可知，这次实验旨在探索人类如何生活在另一个星球上，由此可知，实验结果展示的是在另一个星球上生存所需的能力。故选D项。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当供水系统中断时，该小组有两个选择。A.tasks任务；B.choices选择；C.dreams梦想；D.conditions条件。根据下文“Theycouldfigureouthowtofixitortheycould_____monthsforsuppliestobedeliveredfrom“Earth””可知，当供水系统中断时，他们可以想办法解决问题，也可以等从“地球”运送来的物资，由此可知，这是该小组面临的两个选择。故选B项。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们可以想办法修理它，也可以等几个月再从“地球”运来物资——到那时他们就死定了。所以他们自己修好了。A.spread传播；B.prepare准备；C.wait等待；D.leave离开。根据句中“bywhichpointtheywouldbedead”可知，等从“地球”运来物资时，他们就死定了，由此可知，要想获得从地球运送来的物资，需要等待几个月。故选C项。【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以他们自己修好了。A.fixed修理；B.watered给……浇水；C.called呼叫；D.planted种植。根据上文“Theycouldfigureouthowtofixit”中的“fix”可知，他们可以选择想办法修理它，由此可知，他们没有等待“地球”运来的物资，而是自己修好了供水系统。故选A项。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：小组成员表示，无聊是一个重大挑战。A.desire渴望；B.habit习惯；C.ability能力；D.challenge挑战。根据下文“OnMars,youwouldn’thaveNetflixorXbox”可知，在火星上，你不会有Netflix或Xbox等娱乐活动，你会感到无聊，由此可知，无聊对小组成员来说是一个重大挑战。故选D项。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在火星上，你不会有Netflix或Xbox，所以你必须找到其他形式的娱乐活动。A.limit限制；B.