人教版初三（上）英语：unit12语法（学生篇）

Unit12语法篇

第十二单元重点单词和句型

一、过去完成时的概念

过去完成时表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即表示“过去的过去”。

二、过去完成时的构成

过去完成时是由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成，had用于各种人称和数。如：

Shehadarrivedatthevillagebefore8o'clocklastnight.她在昨晚8点之前就到达了这个村庄。

三、过去完成时的句式

过去完成时的否定句是在had后加not,一般疑问句是将had移至句首，其肯定回答为:Yes,主语+had,

否定回答为：No,主语+hadn,t。如：

Herlittlebrotherhadn'tgoneintothebathroombythetimeshegotup.当她起床时,她弟弟还没有进入浴

室。

一Hadyoustartedteachingwhenshegottotheclass?当她走进教室时，你开始讲课了吗？

—Yes,Ihad.是的，我开始讲了。（No,Ihadn't.不,我还没有讲。）

四、过去完成时的标志

1.用于表示过去某一时刻前已经发生的动作或状态。常与by,before,after,until,when等引导的过去时间

状语连用。如：

Theyhadcollectedover1,000stampsbytheendoflastmonth.至Ll上个月底，他们已收集了1,000多张邮

票。

ThebushadalreadyleftbythetimeIgotoutside.当我出去时，公共汽车已经开走了。

提示：如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。如：

MywatchwentwellafterI'dhaditrepaired.我的手表修了以后，走得很准。

第1页

2.过去完成时用于宾语从句中，表示从句的动作或状态发生在主句的谓语动作之前。如：

Hetoldmethathehadheardofthegoodnews.他告诉我,他己经听说了那个好消息。

提示：有时过去完成时也用在其他从句中。如：

Whathehadsaidmademeangry.他说的话让我生气。（用于主语从句中）

3.有时句子中没有明显的时间状语，动作发生的时间先后，需从上下文中去判断。如：

Shewasveryhappy.Herwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonthefirstplaceinthe

game.她非常高兴，她的全家人也为她高兴。她刚刚在比赛中获得第一名。

五、过去完成时的持续用法

表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到过去某一时间，并有可能继续下去。常

与由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如：

Hehadworkedinthefactorysinceitopenedin2019.自从2019年工厂建成以，来他一直在那儿工作。

Mr.SmithhadtaughtinEuropefor15yearsbeforehewenttoAustralia.史密斯先生在去澳大利亚之前在

欧洲从教了15年。

六、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

1.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某个动作之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。它是个相对的时态，

只有在与过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才会用到它。而一般过去时则表示过去某一个时间发生

了某事或在过去某一段时间内经常发生的事。如：

TheyhadalreadyleftwhenIarrived.我到达时他们已经走了。（在我“到达”这一过去动作之前,他们就

已经“离开”了，因此用hadleft表示。）

Isawhiminthestreetyesterday.昨天我在街上看见他了。（“看见他”这一动作是在“昨天”这一过去的时

间发生的）

2.在过去某时之前的持续动作，表示某事持续到过去某时已有一段时间，则用过去完成时，并与for,

since等词连用。如：

Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenhewassenttothehospital.他被送到医院时已病了一周了。

Hesaidthathehadworkedinthatfactorysince1994.他说他从1994年以来就一直在那家工厂工作。

3.在并列句或复合句中，几个（一般是两个）谓语动词的行为发生的顺序有明显的先后之分时，则先发

生的行为用过去完成时。但若句中有before,after等连词，由于它已表明动作发生的先后，两个动作

第2页

都可以用一般过去时。如：

WhenIwokeup,ithadalreadystoppedsnowing.我醒来时雪已停了。

I（had）heardthenewsbeforeshetoldme.她告诉我那个消息之前我已经听说了。

Afterwefinishedourhomework,wewentswimming.做完作业后，我们去游泳了。

4.两个或两个以上的动作，用and,then或but等连接，按照动作发生的顺序表达时，用一般过去时，

表示过去发生的连续动作。如：

Themangotup,putonhiscapandwentaway.那个人站了起来，戴上帽子走了。

【拓展】动词think,hope,want,mean,intend,plan等可以用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的

想法、愿望、打算或意图等。如：

Wehadhopedtobeabletocomeandseeyou.我们本来希望能来看看你。

Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldnotgetthereintime他们本来打算去帮忙，但没能及时赶到那里。

七、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

过去完成时与already,ever,just,never,since+时间点，for+时间段等连用时，强调事件发生的先后顺序，

不涉及现在的情况。而现在完成时强调的是“过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响”。如：

ShehasworkedinChongqingforovertwoyears.她已经在重庆工作两年多了。（现在仍在那儿工作）

ShehadworkedinChongqingforovertwoyearsbeforeshemovedtoShanghai.她在搬至!j上海之前已经

在重庆工作两年多了。（“搬到上海”是过去，“在重庆工作”是发生在过去的过去）

Hehasneverseensuchaninterestingfilmbefore.他以前从未看过这么有趣的电影。（“看”尽管发生在过

去，但涉及现在，即现在已经知道或了解了这部电影）

Hesaidhehadneverseensuchaninterestingfilmbefbre.他说他以前从没看过这么有趣的电影。（"他说"

发生在过去，“看过”是在“说”之前，是过去的

1.一Whywereyoulateforschoolthismorning?

一Becausemyalarmclockdidn'toffandI.

A.oversleptB.completedC.changedD.missed

2.一Whafswrongwithyou?

一BythetimeIgottoschool,IrealizedIhadmyEnglishbookathome.

第3页

A.leftB.forgottenC.tookD.brought

3.Shesaidwhenshegottothecinema,thefilmfor5minutes.

A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.hadbeenon

4.一Whydidn'tyougivethewallettothemanatonce?

一BecausehebeforeIrealizeditwashis.

A.hadbeendisappearedB.hasdisappearedC.haddisappearedD.hasbeendisappeared

5.—youeverlateforschool?—No,never.

A.Have;beB.Would;beenC.Have;beenD.Did;been

基础演练

I.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。

l.BythetimeIreachedhome,mymother(cook)supperalready.

2.Catherine(finish)theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.

3..Thetrain(leave)whenIgottothestation.

4.Thelittlegirl(lie)inbedforalmostamonthsinceshe(fall)sick.

5.Bytheendoflastyearhe(learn)3，000Englishwords.

6.Itwasthethirdtimethatthegirl(invite)him.

7.1(notfind)thedoguntillastnight.

8.Hetoldhismotherthathe(run)outofmoneytobuynewclothes.

9.Hetoldmethathe(write)anewbook.

10.1suddenlyrememberedthatI(leave)thekeyinmyclassroomwhenI(get)home

yesterday.

n.按要求改写句子，每空一词。

l.Bythetimeshegotup,hermotherhadgonetowork.(对画线部分提问)

hermotherbythetimeshegotup?

2.WhenIgothome,mymotherhadcookeddinner.(改为否定句)

第4页

WhenIgothome,mymotherdinner.

3.ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation.（改为一般疑问句）

thetrainwhenyougottothestation?

4.Johnhadneverseenthefilmbefbre.（改为反意疑问句）

Johnhadneverseenthefilmbefore,?

5.Shehadalreadyfinishedherhomework］改为否定句）

Sheherhomeworkyet.

6.WangYanhaschangedherjob.Ihavechanged,too.（合并为一个句子）

WangYanhaschangedherjob,I.

7.Mysisterhasalreadycookedsupper.（改为否定句）

Mysistercookedsupper.

8.Mike'sfatherdiedthreemonthsago.（改为现在完成时）

Mike'sfatherhasforthreemonths.

9.1wenttoamoviewithmyfriendyesterday.（改为否定句）

Itoamoviewithmyfriendyesterday.

lO.Heplayedfootballontheplaygroundafterschoolyesterdayafternoon.（对画线部分提问）

heafterschoolyesterdayafternoon?

巩固提高

L用所给单词的适当形式填空。

l.He（teach）inourschoolsince1986.

2.Myfather（work）inafactoryforfiveyears.Butnowheisateacher.

3.Theoldcomputer（break）downeasily,soIhadtorestartitagainandagain.

4.Mr.Zhang（teach）usEnglishthreeyearsago.

第5页

5.Mr.Liuisn'therenow.He(go)toBeijing.

6.Ourmathteacher(teach)inourschoolfor20yearsandhe(come)herewhenhewas

25yearsold.

7.Mr.LilikesHongKongverymuch.He(be)therethreetimes.

8..Lastsummervacation,we(take)manyphotoswhenwehadatriptoDalian.

9.1don'trememberwhenandwhereI(buy)thisumbrella.

10.1beganwatchinghereanhourago,butnownothing(happen)yet.

n.根据汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。

1.我到那儿的时候，公共汽车已经离开。

thetimeIgotthere,thebusalready.

2.我到那儿时，比赛已进行了半个小时。

ThematchforhalfanhourwhenIgotthere.

3.十分钟前她没有完成家庭作业。

Sheherhomeworktenminutesago.

4.我们已经看过这部电影了。

Wethemovie.

5.她已经离开她的家乡很多年了。

Sheherhometownformanyyears

I.单项选择

1.Mr.Blackhiskeysintheoffice,sohehadtowaituntilhiswifehome.

A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome

2.WhenIgottothestation,thetrainfor30minutes.

A.leftB.hadleftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeenaway

3.A11theticketsbythetimeIgottothecinema.

第6页

A.selloutB.soldoutC.havebeensoldoutD.hadbeensoldout

4.She_____inthenorthforfiveyearsbeforeshecamehere.

A.haslivedB.hadlivedC.livedD.wasgoingtolive

5.BythetimeIgottoschool,IrealizedImybackpackathome.

A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hadforgotten

6.SteveandRosahave______fortenyears.

A.gotmarriedB.marriedC.bemarriedD.beenmarried

7.Hiscarontheway,sohehadtorepairit.

A.brokeoffB.brokedownC.breaksoffD.breaksdown

8.Hiscousin_____aforeignerlastyear.

A.marriedwithB.marriedC.wasmarriedD.gotmarried

9.Nancysaidthatshe_____themagazinetobelibraryalready.

A.hasreturnedB.returnedC.hadn'treturnedD.hadreturned

10.Thefilm_____fortenminuteswhenwegottothecinema.

A.beganB.hadbegunC.wasonD.hadbeenon

11.BythetimeIgottotheshop,alltheeggs__

A.hadbeenboughtB.hadboughtC.boughtD.hasbeenbought

12.You'veneverseensuchabeautifulpicture,_?

A.doyouB.aren'tyouC.haveyouD.haven'tyou

n.完形填空

Areyounervouswhenyoustandinfrontofthepublic?Areyouafraidtomakeaspeech?

LiJun,amiddleschoolboy,feltshywhenhewasmakingaspeechtheotherday.Lihadthoughtitwould

bequiteeasytospeakinfrontof1classmates.

"Iwaswrong.Itwasverydifferentandmuch2thantalkingtomyclassmatesduringplaytime,"

Lisaid,"Itried,butitwasreallydifficulttospeak.Ifeltlikeamute（哑巴）andwantedtoleavethe

classroom3"

Liisnotalone.Manymiddleschoolstudentsnowhavethesame4:theycantalkabouttheirideas

freely5theirbestfriendsafterclass,butcan'tspeakinpublic.AccordingtoZhouHong,ateacher

第7页

fromauniversity,themainreasonisthatschoolsinChinapaymoreattentiontowritinginsteadof6.

Zhouhopesschoolscangivestudentsmorechancestoopentheir7suchasspeech

competitions,Englishcomersandclassdiscussions.Studentscanjoininanyonetheywantto.8healso

givessomeadvicetostudents.HDuringyourfreetimeyoushould9more.Whenyou'respeakingin

public,takeiteasy.Justimagineyou'retalkingtonobodyandspeakupyourideasclearly/Zhousaid.

"That10afinepublicspeechandyoullfeelconfident.n

1.A.herB.myC.yourD.his

2.A.harderB.easierC.better,D.later

3.A.slowlyB.quicklyC.sadlyD.happily

4.A.answerB,subjectC.problemD.question

5.A.exceptB.besideC.fromD.with

6.A.listeningB.speakingC.readingD.singing

7.A.mouthsB.eyesC.mindsD.hearts

8.A.ButB.SoC.AndD.Or

9.A.playB.practiceC.writeD.watch

10.A.reportsB.keepsC.hearsD.makes

I.单项选择

1.WhenIgotup,mymotherbreakfastforme.

A.havecookedB.hadcookedC.hascookedD.hasbeencooking

2.Whatbadluck!Imybackpackathome.（2019-2019浙江单元测试）

A.forgotB.broughtC.leftD.took

3.—Whendidyougetupthismorning?（2019-2019浙江单元测试）

—Myalarmclockdidn't.Ididn'twakeupuntil9a.m.

第8页

A.gooffB.takeoffC.putoffD.runoff

4.ThanksgivingDayisacelebrationthatinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.（2019-2019浙江

单元测试）

A.happensB.ishappeningC.takesplaceD.Istakenplace

5.Becauseoftherain,thefarmersstoppedapples.（2019-2019浙江单元测试）

A.pickB.topickC.pickingD.picked

6.Theshoesareverybeautiful.Alltheshoesinthatshop.（2019-2019浙江单元测试）

A.havesoldoutB.hadbeensoldoutC.hassoldoutD.hasbeenselling

7.Tom'sparentsgotmarriedin1978.Theyfornearlytwentyyears.

A.marriedB.havemarriedC.havebeenmarriedD.havegotmarried

8.Manypeoplebelievedthestory,andfearspreadthewholecountry.

A.throughB.acrossC.overD.against

9.Atlastthepoliceofficersthatthemoneywasfound.

A.canceledB.announcedC.fooledD.stared

10.BythetimeIgottothecinema,thefilmfortenminutes.

A.hadbegunB.hadbeenonC.hasstartedD.hasbeenon

11-______wereyoulateforschool?-BecauseIoverslept.

A.WhatB.HowC.WhenD.Why

12.Luckily,Tom'sdadcamebyandhegavemeainhiscar.SoIgottoschoolontime.

A.rideB.liftC.driveD.offer

13.RedisMrs.Green'sfavoritecolor.Sosheoftenredclothes.

A.putsonB.takesoffC.wearsD.trieson

14.1thinklifeisofunexpectedthings.Youdon'tknowwhatwillhappennexttime.

A.fullB.fillC.filledD.empty

15.Goodluckyouschooltip.

A.on;withB.on;toC.to;withD.to;on

n.阅读理解

A

第9页

ToswimacrosstheEnglishChanneltakesatleastninehours.It'shardworkanditmakesyoushortof

breath.Toflyoverthechanneltakesonlytwentyminutesaslongasyou'renotheldupattheairport,but

it6sanexpensivewaytotravel.Youcantravelbyhovercraft（气垫船）ifyoudon'tmindthenoiseandthat

takesfortyminutes.Otherwise,youcangobyboat,ifyourememberyoursea-sicknesspills.Allthese

meansoftransporthavetheirproblems，andtheweary（厌烦的）traveleroftendreamsofbeingableto

drivetoFranceinhisowncar."Notpossible，yousay.Well,waitaminute.Peopleareonceagain

consideringtheideaofachanneltunnelorbridge.Thistime,thegreatLondonCouncil（议会）islooking

intothepossibilityofbuildingachannellinkstraighttoLondon.Abridgewouldcostfarmorethana

tunnel,butyouwouldbeabletobyrailorbycaronabridge,yetatunnelwouldprovidearaillinkonly.

Whyisthisideabeingdiscussedagain?IsBritainrealizingtheneedforlinkswithEuropeasaresultof

joiningEEC?Well,perhaps,themainreason,though,isthatatunnelorbridgewouldreachthe

twentysquarekilometersofLondon'sdiscusseddockland（船坞）。AlinkfromLondontothecontinent

wouldstimulate（刺激）tradeandrevitalize（使重新具有活力）theport,andwouldmakeLondonamain

tradingcenterinEurope.WithalinkovertheChannel,youcouldbuyyourfishandchipsinEnglandand

beabletoeattheminFrancewhiletheyarestillwarm!

1.FromthelineswecanseethatpeoplecrossedtheChannelbyinthepast.

A.airB.boatC.swimmingD.A,B,orC

2.ThewearytravelerthinksthebestwaytocrosstheChannelis.

A.byswimmingB.inhisowncarC.byairD.byhovercraft

3.Atunnelwouldcostabridge.

A.farlessthanB.asmuchasC.farmorethanD.aslittleas

4.Accordingtothepassage,alinkfromLondontothecontinentwouldbe.

A.necessaryforitstradeB.importantforitspolitics

C.usefulforitsindustryD.helpfulforitsculture

5.Themainideaofthepassageis.

A.howtodevelopthetradeofLondon

B.whentocrosstheChannel

C.howtogettoEuropefromLondonmoreconveniently

D.whattodointhedevelopingoftraveling

第10页

B

OnNov.18th,1908,threemenwentupinaballoon.TheystartedearlyinLondon.Theheadmanwas

AugustaGaudron,andtheothertwomenwereTannarandMaitland.Theyhadabigballoonandtheywere

readyforalongway.

Soontheyheardthesea.Theywerecarryingtheusualrope,anditwashangingdownfromthebasketofthe

balloon.Attheendoftheropetheyhadtiedametalbox.Thiscouldholdwater,oritcouldbeempty.So

theywereabletochangeitsweight.Itwasforuseoverthesea.Theywerealsocarryingsomebagsof

sand.

Afterthesunrose,theballoonwenthigher.Itwentupto3,000metres,andtheairwasverycold.Thewater

intheballoonbecameice.Snowfellpastthemen*sbasket,andtheycouldseemoresnowontheground.

Thementriedtothrowoutsomemoresand;butitwashard.Theytriedtobreaktheicysandwiththeir

knives,butitwasnoteasy.Theworkwasslowandtheywerestillfalling,sotheyhadtodropsomewhole

bagsofsand.Oneofthemfellonanicylakeandmadeablackholeintheice.

Atlasttheypulledtheboxintothebasket.Itwasstillsnowing;sotheyclimbedtogetawayfromthesnow.

Theyroseto5,100metres!Everythingbecameicy.Theyweresocoldthattheydecidedtoland.They

camedowninPolandheavilybutsafely.Theyhadtraveled1,797kilometersfromLondon!

1.Threemenflewinballoon.

A.fornearly1,800kilometersB.toanothercity

C.tovisitPolandD.lessthanacenturyago

2.Themetalboxwasusedfor.

A.carryingthebagsofsandB.keepingdrinking-water

C.carryingropesofthebasketD.changingweight

3.Whentheballoonwentuphigher,.

A.thetemperatureoftheballoonbegantofall

B.Theysawthesungodown

C.Theymadeaholeinthebasketwiththeirknives

D.Theycouldseeablackholeontheground

4.Theballoonlanded.

第11页

A.inLondonB.onthesea

C.onalakeD.inaforeigncountry

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.Thethreemenstartedtheirjourneybeforethesunrose.

B.Theballoonbegantogoupwhentheythrewbagsofsandoutofthebasket.

C.Whentheypulledtheboxintothebasket,theballoonbegantoclimbup.

D.Thethreemenhadtolandbecausetheyfeltcold.

in.词汇运用。

(A)根据句意及首字母提示补全单词。

1.Whatadthing!Idon'tknowwhattosay.

2.Haveyouputyourcamerainyourb?Don'tforgetanything.

3.Thelittledogisstillaafterhittingbytherunningcar.

4.Don'tsatothersforalongtime.Itisimpolite.

5.Heworkeduntil2o9clockthismorning.Soheo.

(B)用所给词的适当形式填空。

l.Theoldbuildingcaughtfireyesterdayevening.Luckily,noonewas(bum).

2.1greetedPaul'smotherinawrongway.Thatmademefeel(embarrassing).

3.1amsurethatthis(discover)isjustlikeanearthquaketothescientificfield.

4.Theold(office)stoodupslowlyandlookedatmeinsurprise.

5.Thehospitalisonlytwo(block)fromhere.Youcanwalkthere.

IV.根据汉语提示完成句子。

l.Hehasbeenwaitingfor3hours,buthisteacherdidn't(出现).

2.Theplanewill(起飞)in20minutes,wemustbehurryup.

3.1keptsleepingandwhenI(醒来)itwas