2025年人教版中考英语语法专题讲义之被动语态

被动语态请观察下列句子的谓语部分，思考一下，它们有什么共同点？Theclassroomiscleanedeveryday.Theletterwassentyesterday.Theprojectwillbefinishednextweek.Therulesmustbefollowed.Anewroadisbeingbuilt.一、被动语态PassiveVoice的概念和构成被动语态是一种语法结构，用于强调动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者。其基本结构为：主语（动作承受者）+be动词+过去分词（Ved）+(by+执行者)核心特点：主语是动作的承受者（而非执行者）。执行者（by+宾语）可以省略（如果不需要强调或未知）。be动词的时态决定整个句子的时态。例句：Thechefcooksdeliciousmealsinthisrestaurant.→Deliciousmealsarecookedinthisrestaurant(bythechef).Shewritesinterestingstoriesforchildren.→Interestingstoriesarewrittenforchildren(byher).Theworkersrepairedtheroadlastmonth.→Theroadwasrepairedlastmonth(bytheworkers).Thepanywilllaunchanewproductnextyear.→Anewproductwillbelaunchednextyear(bythepany).转换规则：把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。把主动句的谓语动词变为被动语态的形式，即“be动词+过去分词”。把主动句的主语变为被动句中by的宾语，若主语是人称代词，要变为宾格形式被动语态的句型肯定句：Thehomeworkiscorrectedbytheteachereveryday.否定句：Thehomeworkisnotcorrectedbytheteachereveryday.一般疑问句：Isthehomeworkcorrectedbytheteachereveryday?特殊疑问句：Howoftenisthehomeworkcorrectedbytheteacher?重点总结所有句型共用同一个核心结构：be+过去分词（仅通过调整be动词和语序实现句型变化）否定句：在be动词后加not疑问句：be动词提前（一般疑问句）或疑问词+be动词（特殊疑问句）二、被动语态的使用情景不知道或没必要说明执行者例：Thewindowwasbroken.（不知道是谁打破的）例：Englishisspokenworldwide.（不需要强调是谁说的）强调动作的承受者例：Thenewlibrarywasbuiltlastyear.（强调“图书馆”被建）例：Thisbookwaswrittenin1990.（强调“书”被写）正式文体（如科学报告、新闻、说明书）例：Theexperimentwasconductedcarefully.（科学报告）例：Themeetingwillbeheldtomorrow.（正式通知）避免指责或委婉表达例：Mistakesweremade.（委婉表达，不指明谁犯错）三、不同时态的被动语态例句1.一般现在时被动语态①Thefloorsaremoppedeveryevening.②Spanishistaughtinourschool.③ThesecarsaremadeinGermany.2.一般过去时被动语态①Theoldhousewasdemolishedlastmonth.②Thedocumentsweresignedbythemanager.③Mywalletwasstolenonthebus.3.一般将来时被动语态①Anewparkwillbeopenednextyear.②Theresultswillbeannouncedtomorrow.③YourorderwillbedeliveredbyFriday.4.现在进行时被动语态①Theroadisbeingrepairedrightnow.②Dinnerisbeingpreparedinthekitchen.③Thepatientisbeingexaminedbythedoctor.5.过去进行时被动语态①ThewallswerebeingpaintedwhenIarrived.②Thecakewasbeingbakedallmorning.③Thereportwasbeingwrittenatthattime.6.现在完成时被动语态①Theticketshavebeensoldout.②Theproblemhasbeensolved.③Allthecookieshavebeeneaten.7.含情态动词的被动语态①Thismedicinemustbetakentwiceaday.②Therulesshouldbefollowedstrictly.③Thedoorcanbelockedautomatically.总结：请根据以上内容总结不同时态的被动结构并且完成下表时态结构例句一般现在时Theroomiscleanedeveryday.一般过去时Theletterwassentyesterday.一般将来时Theprojectwillbefinishedsoon.现在进行时Anewbridgeisbeingbuiltnow.过去进行时Thebridgewasbeingbuiltthen.现在完成时Anewbridgehasbeenbuiltthisyear.含情态动词Therulesmustbefollowed.四、被动语态的特殊用法1、含有双宾语的句子：主动句中有指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语时，变为被动句时，间接宾语or直接宾语都可作主语。如果间接宾语作主语，直接宾语保留不变；如果直接宾语作主语，间接宾语前通常加介词to或for。如Shegavemeabook.→Iwasgivenabookbyher.或→Abookwasgiventomebyher.Mymotherboughtmeanewdress.→Iwasboughtanewdress(bymymother).→Anewdresswasboughtforme(bymymother).Theteachershowedusaninterestingvideo.→Wewereshownaninterestingvideo(bytheteacher).→Aninterestingvideowasshowntous(bytheteacher).注意：常用动词+介词搭配：tolend...send,show,tell,offer，pass，lend...for：buy,make,cook,choose，save，get，order...练习：Hesenthisfriendabirthdaycard.→_____________________________________________________________→_____________________________________________________________Theyofferedthevisitorssometea.→_____________________________________________________________→_____________________________________________________________Shewilltellthechildrenastory.→_____________________________________________________________→_____________________________________________________________参考答案：→Hisfriendwassentabirthdaycard(byhim).→Abirthdaycardwassenttohisfriend(byhim).→Thevisitorswereofferedsometea(bythem).→Someteawasofferedtothevisitors(bythem).→Thechildrenwillbetoldastory(byher).→Astorywillbetoldtothechildren(byher).2、含有宾语补足语的句子：主动句中带有宾语补足语时，变为被动句时，宾语补足语成为主语补足语。主动句结构：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语被动句结构：原宾语变主语+be+过去分词+主语补足语WecallhimTom.→HeiscalledTombyus.Theyelectedhimmonitoroftheclass.→Hewaselectedmonitoroftheclass(bythem).使役动词（make/have/let）和感官动词（see/hear/watch等）在主动变被动时,需要还原to主动态：动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（动词原形）被动态：必须恢复to（因为被动语态中不再有"使役/感官"的强制力）Shemadehimcleantheroom.→Hewasmadetocleantheroom.Isawhimtakethebook.→Hewasseentotakethebook.Theteachermadethestudentsrepeattheexercise.→Thestudentsweremadetorepeattheexercise(bytheteacher).练习：主动：Wesawtheboyplayingbasketball.被动：__________________________________________________________主动：Theynamedtheship"Victory".被动：__________________________________________________________主动：Thebossmakesemployeesworkovertime.被动：__________________________________________________________参考答案：Theboywasseenplayingbasketball.Theshipwasnamed"Victory".Employeesaremadetoworkovertime.注意：常见加宾补的动词有感官动词（see/hear/watch等）使役动词（make/let/have等）认知动词（consider/call/name等）例题讲解例题1：时态判断TheGreatWall_______bymillionsoftouristseveryyear.A.visitsB.isvisitedC.visitedD.hasvisited正确答案：B.isvisited考点解析：时间状语："everyyear"提示一般现在时语态判断：主语"TheGreatWall"是动作承受者→需用被动语态结构：一般现在时被动=am/is/are+过去分词做题思路：①找时间标志→②分析主语是执行者还是承受者→③选正确时态的被动结构例题2：含情态动词的被动语态Theenvironment_______byeveryone.A.mustprotectB.mustbeprotectedC.musttoprotectD.mustprotected正确答案：B.mustbeprotected考点解析：情态动词被动结构：must/can/should+be+过去分词语义判断：环境是"被保护"的对象→需用被动语态常见错误：漏掉be动词（×mustprotected）或加to（×musttoprotect）做题思路：①看到情态动词（must）→②确认需要被动→③套用"情态动词+be+过去分词"公式例题3：双宾语被动转换Mymothergavemeagiftonmybirthday.→Agift_______tomebymymotheronmybirthday.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.givesD.isgiven正确答案：B.wasgiven考点解析：原句结构：主动语态（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）被动转换规则：直接宾语（agift）变主语动词改为"was/were+过去分词"（原句为过去时）间接宾语前加to（give/send/show等动词固定搭配）做题思路：①确定原句时态（过去时）→②选择正确被动形式→③注意介词to/for的使用巩固练习一、将下列主动句改为被动语态。PeoplespeakEnglishinmanycountries.→_________________________________________Theworkersbuiltthisbridgelastyear.→_________________________________________Someonewilldeliverthepackagetomorrow.→_________________________________________Theteacherisexplainingthelessonnow.→_________________________________________Youmustfollowtherules.→_________________________________________参考答案Englishisspokeninmanycountries.Thisbridgewasbuiltlastyear.Thepackagewillbedeliveredtomorrow.Thelessonisbeingexplainednow.Therulesmustbefollowed.二、单项选择Theletter_______byTomyesterday.A.writesB.wroteC.waswrittenD.iswrittenEnglish_______inmanycountriesaroundtheworld.A.speaksB.isspokenC.spokeD.spokenAnewbridge_______inourcitynextyear.A.willbuildB.buildsC.willbebuiltD.builtThewindows_______everyweek.A.cleanB.arecleanedC.cleanedD.cleaningThecake_______bymymomwhenIgothome.A.wasbeingmadeB.ismadeC.makesD.madeTherules_______carefullyintheexam.A.mustfollowB.mustbefollowedC.mustfollowedD.musttofollowTheproblem_______bytheteacheralready.A.hassolvedB.solvedC.hasbeensolvedD.wassolvedThebook_______byafamouswriterlastyear.A.wroteB.waswrittenC.writesD.iswrittenTomusually_______hishomeworkafterdinner.A.doesB.isdoingC.hasdoneD.didLook!Theboys_______basketballintheplayground.A.playB.playedC.areplayingD.wereplayingMymother_______adeliciouscakeformybirthdaylastweek.A.makesB.madeC.hasmadeD.wasmakingBythetimewearrived,themovie_______.A.startsB.startedC.hadstartedD.wasstartingI_______mygrandparentsnextweekend.A.visitB.visitedC.willvisitD.amvisitingTheroom_______rightnow.Pleasewaitoutside.A.iscleaningB.isbeingcleanedC.cleansD.cleanedThekeys_______onthetable.Canyouseethem?A.areleftB.leftC.wasleftD.leavesThemovie_______inthiscinemanextFriday.A.showsB.willshowC.willbeshownD.shownThefood_______ifyouleaveitoutside.A.willeatB.willbeeatenC.eatsD.eatenThestudents_______towearuniformsatschool.A.requireB.requiredC.arerequiredD.requiringTheoldhouse_______downlastmonth.A.waspulledB.pulledC.pullsD.ispulledThereport_______bytheteamleadertomorrow.A.finishesB.willfinishC.willbefinishedD.finishedThenewbridge_______inourcitynextyear.A.buildsB.isbuiltC.willbebuiltD.builtLook!Thestudents_______theclassroomnow.A.cleanB.arecleaningC.werecleanedD.havecleanedThisbook_______byafamouswriterlastyear.A.writesB.wroteC.waswrittenD.iswrittenBythetimewearrived,allthefood_______.A.eatsB.ateC.hadbeeneatenD.waseatingTherules_______carefullyintheexam.A.mustfollowB.mustbefollowedC.mustfollowedD.musttofollowMymother_______adeliciouscakeformybirthdayyesterday.A.makesB.madeC.hasmadeD.wasmadeTheproblem_______bytheteacheralready.A.solvesB.solvedC.hasbeensolvedD.wassolvingThechildren_______tothezoonextSunday.A.takeB.tookC.willbetakenD.havetakenThewindows_______everySaturdaymorning.A.arecleanedB.cleanC.cleanedD.havecleanedI_______myhomeworkwhenthephonerang.A.didB.wasdoingC.haddoneD.amdoing三、翻译练习：这本书是去年出版的。（publish）______________________________________________________________________教室每天都被打扫。（clean）________________________________________