高考英语二轮专题限时集训（七）训练7篇章结构题

专题限时集训(七)阅读理解训练7篇章结构题(对应学生用书第147页)A【导学号：】(2017·浙江考前联考)EuropewasonceamixtureofLatin­derived(起源于拉丁语的)dialectsthatgradually，overthecenturies，changedintoafewseparatelanguages—Italian.Whatuguese，Spanish，Italian.WhathappenedinFrance，PortugalandSpainwasanorganicevolution:thedialectofthemostprominentcitygraduallyregion.Theacceptedlanguageofthewholeregion.Thestrongestcitydeterminedthelanguageofthewholecountry.different.Itdiffert.Itdidn'tgetitselfuniteduntil1861anduntilthenwasalandofwarringcity­statesruledbyproudlocalpowers.SorotherEuropeanpowers.Soit'snotsurprisingthat，forcenturies，Italianswroteandspokeinlocaldialectsthatwerenotpossibleforeachothertounderstand.Inthesixteenthcentury，someItaliansgottogetheranddecidedthatthiswasabsurdandItalyneededanItalianlanguage，atleastasharedwrittenlanguagetoobstacles.Sonicationobstacles.Sothisgatheringhand­pickedthemostbeautifulofallthelItalian.WhatAlighieri.ItditItalian.WhattheydecidedwasthepersonallanguageofthegreatpoetDanteAlighieri.Itwasinthis“sweetnewstyle”ofdialectsthathismasterpieceDivineedy(神曲)，whichwaspublishedin1321，written.Itwritten.ItshockedtheliteratureworldthatitwasnotwritteninLatin.Dante'smasterpiecehelpedshapeItalian，affectingitaspersonallyasShakespearewouldsomedayaffectEnglish.ForagroupofnationalistsmuchlaterinhistorytohavesatdownanddecidedthatDante'sItalianwouldnowbetheofficiallanguageofItalywouldbeverymuchasifagroupofOxfordteachershadsatdownonedayintheearlynineteenthcenturyanddecidedthat—fromthispointforward—everybodyinEnglandwasgoingtospeakpureShakespeare.Anditactuallyworked.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了意大利语的起源。1．Theunderlinedword“prominent”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto“”．A．fortable B．beautifulC．important D．ancientC[考查词义猜测。根据画线词后的“Thestrongestcitydeterminedthelanguageofthewholecountry”可知，最重要的城市的方言逐渐变成被整个地区认可的语言，画线词表示“重要的”，所以选C项。]2．WhatcanwelearnaboutItalyfromParagraph2andParagraph3?A.AnationalItalianlanguagewasinneedaspeoplehatedwars.B．TherewasnowrittenlanguageinItalybeforethe16thcentury.C．SomeItalianshadthegreatpoetDantecreatethenationalItalianlanguage.D．LiteratureworksweresupposedtobewritteninLatinbeforethe14thcentury.D[考查推理判断。根据第二段内容以及第三段中的“ItshockedtheliteratureworldthatitwasnotwritteninLatin”可推知，当时如果作品不是用拉丁语写的话，人们会感到非常震惊。由此可推知14世纪前的作品普遍都是用拉丁语写的，故选D项。]3．Howisthepassagedeveloped?A．Byanalysingeffects.B．Bymakingparisons.C．Byofferingdescriptions.D．Bytellingastory.B[考查文章结构。通读全文可知，文章中作者多次通过对比的方式，如意大利语与拉丁语的比较，但丁的《神曲》与莎士比亚作品的比较，来构建全文框架，所以选B项。]B(2017·浙江金丽衢十二校联考二)Technologyactivistsareappealingtotechpaniesandtheirleaderstobuildafutureinwhichtheeffectofmachineryonhumansislessened.Robotsnowaredoingmoreworkthaneverbefore.Lasersarebeingusedtocutclothatfactories，whiledroneaircraftwatercrops.Sosomeworkershavelongfearedthatmachinesareingtotakeawaytheirjobs.TimO'Reilly，theheadofatechnologyadvisoryservice，saysitisimportantforpeopleandmachinestoworktogether.Hesaysmostputersoftwaredependsonhumanbeingstokeepitoperating.“It'ssoimportantthatwehavetothinkaboutnotusingtechnologytoreplacepeople—buttoaugmentthem，todosomethingthatwaspreviouslyimpossible，”O'Reillysaid.HespokelastweekattheconferenceinHoChiMinhCity，inVietnam，Asia.Withmoreskills，peoplecanworkwithmachines，O'Reillynoted.Forexample，theride­sharingpaniesLyftandUberusesoftwaredesignedtohelphumandrivers.Mostlargeairplanesarenowflownbyputers.Butpassengerswilllikelyalwayswantahumanpilotontheplane.O'Reillysaidtheworldneedspeople.Hetoldtheconference'sdelegatesthat“allofyou，insomesense，areinsidetheInternet.Ifyougoaway，itstopsworking.It'snotlikeapieceofsoftwareinthePCerawhereifyouhadacopyofMicrosoftWindowsrunningonyourpersonalputer，itwouldkeeprunningwithouttheoriginalprogrammers.Almostallofthesoftwarewedependontodayisaservicethatdependsontheworkofpeoplelikeyou.”Whilesomeexpertsbelieverobotswillhelpinthefuture，othersareworried.In2015theconsultingserviceMcKinsey&panysaidmachineswillsomedayperform45percentofthejobshumansnowdo.Thatmaybewhymanytechnologyexpertssupporttheideaofuniversalguaranteedearnings.Undertheplan，asmallmonthlypaymentwouldbemadetoeachperson，eveniftheydonotwork.Manydelegatesattheconferencesupporttechnologyandthechangesitwillbring.Butmanyarealsostartingtothinkaboutitseffectonhumansandhowtohelppeopleliveinaworldwheremachinesdosomuchwork.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了人们对科技发展的不同观点。4．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?A．B．C．D.A[考查篇章结构。根据全文可知，第一段阐述了现状——科技发展影响人们就业，引出主题；第二至五段分别阐述了人们对此的不同观点，其中第二至四段是人们对科技发展的正面评价，第五段是负面评价；最后一段又是对全文的总结。故选A。]5．Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“augment”inPara.2?A．totaketheplaceofB．toincreasetheroleofC．tomakeabigdifferencetoD．toturnablindeyetoB[考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“‘wehavetothinkaboutnotusingtechnologytoreplacepeople—buttoaugmentthem，todosomethingthatwaspreviouslyimpossible’”可知，文中前后表达了转折关系，augment与replace的意思应是相反的，又由“todosomethingthatwaspreviouslyimpossible”可推知，此处应指增强人类的作用。]6．Wecanprobablyfindthispassagein．A．afashionmagazineB．atraveljournalC．atechnologyreportD．anadmissionguideC[考查文章出处。根据文章第一段和第二段中的“Hespokelastweekattheconference”以及最后一段的“Manydelegatesattheconference”可知，文章很可能来自科技大会中有关科技的报告。]C【导学号：】(2016·北京高考)WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However，nowtheyarebeinganextendedperiodofadolescence，duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations，collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol；guidanceandsupportneededtoefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades，however，continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily，thankstocellphones，emailandsocialmedia，haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility，universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility，collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves“tryingon”newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually(在思维方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces”withincolleges，wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegemunity(群体)differsfromthefamily，manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern，theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandplexmunity.Moreover，thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults：theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled，theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout，particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescents'desireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore，thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutmunityvalues，socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself­regulation，ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself­discovery.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。大学生走出了家门，还没有进入社会，因此他们的大学时期应该是从受家庭庇护到拥有自主性和承担起成年人的职责的一个过渡时期。但是随着手机等社交传媒的应用，大学生依旧受到家庭的管制和庇护。作者针对这一问题发表了自己的看法，探讨了校方应该如何处理。7．What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A．Sympathetic.B．Disapproving.C．Supportive.D．Neutral.B[考查推理判断。第一段中作者提到大学期间应该让学生培养自主性，让他们向成年人的身份转变，但是如今的大学生没有肩负起成年人的职责；第二段中作者分析了原因，指出这是因为家长在孩子读大学之后还通过手机、邮件等方式帮助上大学的子女，结果，大学就成了与家庭一样的环境。由此可推知，作者对于这种现象是不赞成的，故选B项。]8．The