托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文

托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，小编为广大的托福考生整理了托福阅读TPO30原文+答案解析+译文，下面就来跟小编一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福阅读TPO30原文RoleofPlayinDevelopmentPlayiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionoftheanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviorsalone.Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimal'sadulthood.Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playisusuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.Thebenefitsofplaymustoutweighcosts,orplaywouldnothaveevolved,accordingtoDarwin'stheory.Someofthepotentialbenefitsrelatedirectlytothehealthydevelopmentofthebrainandnervoussystem.Inoneresearchstudy,twogroupsofyoungratswereraisedunderdifferentconditions.Onegroupdevelopedinan"enriched"environment,whichallowedtheratstointeractwithotherrats,playwithtoys,andreceivemazetraining.Theothergrouplivedinan"impoverished"environmentinindividualcagesinadimlylitroomwithlittlestimulation.Attheendoftheexperiments,theresultsshowedthattheactualweightofthebrainsoftheimpoverishedratswaslessthanthatofthoseraisedintheenrichedenvironment(thoughtheywerefedthesamediets).Otherstudieshaveshownthatgreaterstimulationnotonlyaffectsthesizeofthebrainbutalsoincreasethenumberofconnectionsbetweenthenervecells.Thus,activeplaymayprovidenecessarystimulationtothegrowthofsynapticconnectionsinthebrain,especiallythecerebellum,whichisresponsibleformotorfunctioningandmovements.Playalsostimulatesthedevelopmentofthemuscletissuesthemselvesandmayprovidetheopportunitiestopracticethosemovementsneededforsurvival.Preyspecies,likeyoungdeerorgoats,forexample,typicallyplaybyperformingsuddenflightmovementsandturns,whereaspredatorspecies,suchascats,practicestalking,pouncing,andbiting.Playallowsayounganimaltoexploreitsenvironmentandpracticeskillincomparativesafetysincethesurroundingadultsgenerallydonotexpecttheyoungtodealwiththreatsorpredators.Playcanalsoprovidepracticeinsocialbehaviorsneededforcourtshipandmating.Learningappropriatesocialbehaviorsisespeciallyimportantforspeciesthatliveingroups,likeyoungmonkeysthatneededtolearntocontrolselfishnessandaggressionandtounderstandthegive-and-takeinvolvedinsocialgroups.Theyneedtolearnhowtobedominantandsubmissivebecauseeachmonkeymighthavetoplayeitherroleinthefuture.Mostofthesethingsarelearnedinthelongdevelopmentalperiodsthatprimateshave,duringwhichtheyengageincountlessplayexperienceswiththeirpeers.Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate"whatfollowsisjustforplay."#FormatImgID_0##FormatImgID_1#Paragraph1:Playiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionoftheanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviorsalone.1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whyisplaydifficulttodefine?OPlaymustbedefinedwithconcepts,notexamples.OPlaybehavioroftenlookslikenonplaybehaviorOPlayoftenoccursinthepresenceofanimalsthatarenotplayingOPlayoccursindependentlyofananimal’sintentionsParagraph2:Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimal'sadulthood.2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimalsOThedelaybetweenactivitiesandthebenefitstheanimalderivesfromthem.OThedifficultyindeterminingwhichanimalspeciesplayandwhichdonot.OThefactthatformostanimals,thereisnocleartransitionfromyouthtofulladulthood.OThelackofresearchontheplaybehaviorofanimalsotherthancanidsandprimates.Paragraph3:Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playisusuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.3.Theword“considerable”inthepassageisclosestinthemeaningtoOInitialOPracticalOEventuallyOSignificant4.Accordingtoparagraph3,eachofthefollowingisacosttoanimalsthatengageinplayEXCEPTOexposuretopredatorsOabuildupoffatstoresOalossoffuelthatcouldbeusedforgrowthOriskofinjuryfromslippingorfallingParagraph4:Thebenefitsofplaymustoutweighcosts,orplaywouldnothaveevolved,accordingtoDarwin'stheory.Someofthepotentialbenefitsrelatedirectlytothehealthydevelopmentofthebrainandnervoussystem.Inoneresearchstudy,twogroupsofyoungratswereraisedunderdifferentconditions.Onegroupdevelopedinan"enriched"environment,whichallowedtheratstointeractwithotherrats,playwithtoys,andreceivemazetraining.Theothergrouplivedinan"impoverished"environmentinindividualcagesinadimlylitroomwithlittlestimulation.Attheendoftheexperiments,theresultsshowedthattheactualweightofthebrainsoftheimpoverishedratswaslessthanthatofthoseraisedintheenrichedenvironment(thoughtheywerefedthesamediets).Otherstudieshaveshownthatgreaterstimulationnotonlyaffectsthesizeofthebrainbutalsoincreasethenumberofconnectionsbetweenthenervecells.Thus,activeplaymayprovidenecessarystimulationtothegrowthofsynapticconnectionsinthebrain,especiallythecerebellum,whichisresponsibleformotorfunctioningandmovements.5.Whydoestheauthorincludethecomment“thoughtheywerefedthesamediets”?OToshowwhyratslivinginimpoverishedenvironmentsneedlessfoodthanthoselivinginenrichedenvironmentsOToeliminatethepossibilitythatdifferencesindietwereresponsiblyforobserveddifferencesinbrainweightOToemphasizethepointthatratswerefedonlytheamountoffoodneededtokeepthemaliveOTosuggestthatratsfedthesamediethavesmallerbrainsthanthosefedavariedfood6.Paragraph4supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutananimal’sbrain.OTheheavierthebrain,therichertheenvironmentinwhichtheanimalwasraised.OTheyoungertheanimal,theharderitistodevelopnewconnectionsbetweennervecells.OThelargertheanimal,theharderitistodevelopnewconnectionsbetweennervecells.OThelargertheanimal’scerebellum,thelargerwillbetheanimal’snervecells.Paragraph5:Playalsostimulatesthedevelopmentofthemuscletissuesthemselvesandmayprovidetheopportunitiestopracticethosemovementsneededforsurvival.Preyspecies,likeyoungdeerorgoats,forexample,typicallyplaybyperformingsuddenflightmovementsandturns,whereaspredatorspecies,suchascats,practicestalking,pouncing,andbiting.7.Accordingtoparagraph5,whymightplaybehaviorofpreyspeciesbedifferentfromthoseofpredatorspecies?OUnlikepredatorspecies,preyspeciesuseplaytopreventinappropriatesocialbehaviors,suchasbiting.OSomepreyspeciesarephysicallyincapableofcertaintypesofpredatormovements.OThesurvivalofeachspeciestypeislinkedtoparticularsetsofmuscularmovements.OPredatorspecieshavemoreopportunitiestopracticeplaybehaviorsthanpreyspecies.Paragraph6:Playallowsayounganimaltoexploreitsenvironmentandpracticeskillincomparativesafetysincethesurroundingadultsgenerallydonotexpecttheyoungtodealwiththreatsorpredators.Playcanalsoprovidepracticeinsocialbehaviorsneededforcourtshipandmating.Learningappropriatesocialbehaviorsisespeciallyimportantforspeciesthatliveingroups,likeyoungmonkeysthatneededtolearntocontrolselfishnessandaggressionandtounderstandthegive-and-takeinvolvedinsocialgroups.Theyneedtolearnhowtobedominantandsubmissivebecauseeachmonkeymighthavetoplayeitherroleinthefuture.Mostofthesethingsarelearnedinthelongdevelopmentalperiodsthatprimateshave,duringwhichtheyengageincountlessplayexperienceswiththeirpeers.8.Theword“comparative”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOrelativeOtemporaryOsufficientOcomplete9.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.OOnlymonkeysthathavelearnedtocontroltheirselfishandaggressivebehaviorscanbeinvolvedinsocialgroups.OSelfishandaggressiveanimalslikemonkeysliveingroupsinordertopracticeappropriatesocialbehaviors.OMonkeysandothersocialanimalsneedtolearnbehaviorsappropriatefortheirsocialgroups.OSomemonkeysarenaturallytooselfishandaggressivetounderstandthegive-and-takeofsocialgroups,sotheylearnsuchimportantbehaviorswhileyoung.10.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph6abouttheroleofadultsinplayactivitiesoftheyoung?OAdultshelptheiryounglearntobecomedominantwithinthesocialgroup.OYounganimalslearnhowtoplayfromtheadultswithintheirsocialgroup.OAdultsallowtheyoungtoengageinplaybehaviorswithinaprotected,sageenvironment.OThelongdevelopmentalperiodofsomeanimalsallowsadultsmoretimetoteachtheiryounghowtodealwiththethreatsofpredators.Paragraph7:Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.■Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.■Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.■Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate"whatfollowsisjustforplay."■11.Theword“potentially”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOundoubtedlyOpossiblyOunfortunatelyOquickly12.Accordingtoparagraph7,howdosomeanimalsensurethatotheranimalsunderstandthattheyarejustplaying?OByplayingonlywithanimalswhoarenotpredatorOByavoidinganyaspectsoftheplaybehaviorthataredangerousOBypracticingnonaggressiveandnon-predatorybehaviorsOByusingasetofsignalsthatoccursonlyinplay13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Withmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoeachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?14.Directions:anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybeselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.AnswerChoicesOAlthoughplayoftenresemblesaggression,flight,orotherpurposefulactivities,researchersdonotdegreeonthereasonsforandfunctionsofplayOAlthoughmanyanimalsdevelopphysicallyfromplay,toomanyyounganimalsbecomevictimsoftheirnaturalpredatorswhileplaying.OAnimalssuchasrats,dogs,deer,goatsandmonkeyslearnhowtobebothdominantandsubmissiveduringplayactivitiessothattheywillfitinbetterwiththeiradultsocialgroups.OThefunctionofplayisstilldebatedintheresearchliteratureprimarilybecauseeachanimalspeciesusessofewofthemanyavailabletypesofplaybehavior.OEnergyexpenditureandsecurityrisksaresomeofthecoststoanimalsofplaybehavior,butthecostsarenotsogreatthattheyoutweighthelong-termbenefitsofplaytothespecies.OAsexperimentsandobservationshaveshown,animalsthatplayatsomestagesoftheirdevelopmentobtainneurological,muscular,orsocialbenefitsfromtheplaybehaviors.托福阅读TPO30原文参考答案：1.○22.○13.○44.○25.○26.○17.○38.○19.○310.○311.○212.○413.○414.Althoughplayoftenresembles…Energyexpenditureand…Asexperimentsand…托福阅读TPO30原文答案解析：第一题，B，细节题。根据difficulttodefine定位到：Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstance---dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.定义玩耍的一个问题就是玩耍包含很多发生在其他环境中的相似的行为——统治、捕食、竞争和真实的搏斗。句子中的samebehavior应该理解为相似的行为，因为后面明显是非play的时候，所以不可能是完全相同的playbehavior。那么这句话表明，难于定义其实就是其他行为也会和玩耍的行为一样。所以对应的答案就是B。第二题，A，细节题。根据challengetoresearchers定位到：Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.stillamatterdebated表明这个话题仍旧需要研究，也就是challenge。动物玩耍的准确原因仍旧是在学术文章中被争论的，并且每一个物种玩耍的原因可能都不同。但是没有选项与这句话对应，所以看下一句：Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimal’sadulthood.决定玩耍的功能很困难，因为这些功能可能是长期的，伴随着的有益效果可能直到动物成年才会展现出来。根据这句话就指出，因为动作发生后很久才能看到增益，所以研究起来比较难，也就对应着A选项。第三题，D，词汇题。considerable的意思是“相当的，显著的”，所以和D选项相同。第四题，B，选非题。根据cost定位到段落第一句话：Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.玩耍对于个体来说并不是没有显著的代价。这句话明显是一个段首的主旨句，所以推断本段可能都在论述cost，那么这个时候根据选项来回文章定位会更快。A选项，根据predator定位到：Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.这个活动的另一个潜在代价就是更可能被暴露在天敌之下，因为玩耍是很吸引注意力的一种行为。根据这句话A选项与原文相同，不选;B选项，根据fatstores定位到：Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.所以，它导致能量的丢失，这些能量应该更好地被用于生长或积累脂肪储存。这句话明显表明，能量丢失，也就是脂肪积累会减少，所以B选项直接相反，也就作为这道题的答案;C选项，定位句与B选项相同，可以得出能量丢失，所以C与原文相同，不选;D选项，根据injury、slipping、falling定位到：Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.活动多同样会提高滑倒或摔倒所带来的危险;与D选项完全相同，所以D不选。第五题，B，修辞目的题。先找到这句话：Attheendoftheexperiments,theresultsshowedthattheactualweightofthebrainsoftheimpoverishedratswaslessthanthatofthoseraisedintheenrichedenvironment(thoughtheywerefedthesamediets).在这个实验的最后，结果展示出处于匮乏的环境的老鼠的大脑真实重量要比那些在丰富多彩的环境中的老鼠的大脑要小(虽然两者被喂养了相同的食物)。这句话表明，文章中提到了一个实验，这个实验最后的结论在这句话中表述了出来。句子的最后括号中的内容，也就是题目问的句子，一般是起到补充说明的作用。这个实验得出的结论就是这些老鼠大脑重量不同是因为它们所处的环境不同，而不会是因为食物量的不同，因为它们都被给了同样量的食物。那么给出括号内的内容就是为了说明这些老鼠大脑重量的不同不会是因为食物量的不同，也就是消除了由食物量不同而导致大脑重量不同的可能性。所以，答案就是B。第六题，A，细节题。本题最快捷的做法就是根据上一题所在的句子得出结论：Attheendoftheexperiments,theresultsshowedthattheactualweightofthebrainsoftheimpoverishedratswaslessthanthatofthoseraisedintheenrichedenvironment(thoughtheywerefedthesamediets).在这个实验的最后，结果展示出处于匮乏的环境的老鼠的大脑真实重量要比那些在丰富多彩的环境中的老鼠的大脑要小(虽然两者被喂养了相同的食物)。根据这句话直接可以得出，环境更丰富，大脑更沉。也就对应A选项。第七题，C，细节题。根据preyspecies和predatorspecies定位到：Preyspecies,likeyoungdeerorgoats,forexample,typicallyplaybyperformingsuddenflightmovementsandturns,whereaspredatorspecies,suchascats,practicestalking,pouncing,andbiting.被捕食者，比如小鹿或山羊，很典型的通过突然的飞跃和转弯来玩耍，然而捕食者，比如说猫科动物，会练习潜行、扑和咬。这句话是很具体的例子，并没有明确的指出两者的不同，所以往前看：Playalsostimulatesthedevelopmentofthemuscletissuesthemselvesandmayprovidetheopportunitytopracticethosemovementsneededforsurvival.玩耍同样促进了肌肉组织自身的发育，并且可能提供了机会去练习那些生存所必须的运动方式。两句话连起来，捕食者与被捕食者的不同，其实就是生存方式和技能是不同的，导致玩耍的方式不同。被捕食者需要练习的都是如何逃脱，而捕食者所进行的都是如何能够捕获食物。所以，答案就是C。第八题，A，词汇题。comparative相对的，相当的，所以答案是A。第九题，C，句子简化题。句子主干就是：Learningappropriatesocialbehaviorsisespeciallyimportantinspeciesthatliveingroups，后面的内容都是举例的次要成分。答案必须包含这部分信息。只有C选项意思与该主干信息一致，主干说“学_x很重要”，C选项说“需要去学_x”，主干说“在群居动物中很重要”，C选项说“群居动物需要去”，所以两句话是完全的同意替换。第十题，C，推断题。根据adult定位：Playallowsayounganimaltoexploreitsenvironmentandpracticeskillsincomparativesafetysincethesurroundingadultsgenerallydonotexpecttheyoungtodealwiththreatsorpredators.玩耍使得小动物去探索它的环境，并且在相对安全下练习技能，因为周围的成年动物通常不希望幼崽面对危险或天敌。根据这句话，成年动物在玩耍中扮演的角色就是提供保护，也就对应的是C选项。第十一题，B，词汇题。potentially潜在地，可能地，所以答案是B。第十二题，D，细节题。根据题目，本段第一句话就开始论述有时候会产生不理解玩耍行为：Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.当然有一种危险就是玩耍可能被误解或者没有被其他动物识别出来，可能就会导致攻击行为。为了找到确保理解的方法，我们往下寻找：Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.所以，很多动物进化出了明确表述玩耍的信号。所以对应的答案就是D。第十三题，句子插入题。根据句子中提到的those这个代词，所以前面也要提到某些messages。所以第三个位置前面提到的signals就是messages的同义改写。但是第三个位置后面具体提到dogs的例子，而插入的句子也在说狗，如果放在第三个位置，先提到插入的句子，之后再forexample，前后会比较突兀，所以这个插入句子必须再往后放，才能构成连接关系。最后一句话：Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdownontheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate“whatfollowsisjustforplay.”比如说狗，会摇尾巴，前腿跪下，并且撅起屁股来表明“接下来发生的事情仅仅为了玩耍而已”。句子放在第四个位置，thosemessages指代的就是狗的这些动作信号。插入的句子放在这里就补全了这个例子的信息。第十四题，AEF，小结题。A选项，第一段中提到：Inanycase,inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andothermovements,eitheralone,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.在很多情况中，在动物中的玩耍包括跳跃、奔跑、攀爬、扔东西、搏斗、还有其他的动作，可能是动物自己玩耍、与某件物品玩耍、或者与其他动物玩耍。Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstances–dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.定义玩耍的一个问题就是玩耍包含很多发生在其他环境中的相似的行为——统治、捕食、竞争和真实的搏斗。这两个句子的信息与A选项的前半部分对应。第二段提到：Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.动物玩耍的准确原因仍旧在学术领域被争论，并且原因在每个玩耍的动物中可能不相同。这个句子对应A选项的后半部分。所以A正确;B选项，原文第三段提到了玩耍可能会使动物们付出一些代价，其中一项代价就是动物可能会因为玩耍时发出的吵闹声而暴露于天敌前，但这仅是一种可能，没说很多年幼的动物已经受到伤害了，并且这个观点只是一个细节，是第三段提到的很多代价中的一个。所以B错误;C选项，根据第六段：Learningappropriatesocialbehaviorsisespeciallyimportantinspeciesthatliveingroups,likeyoungmonkeysthatneedtolearntocontrolselfishnessandaggressionandtounderstandthegive-and-takeinvolvedinsocialgroups.Theyneedtolearnhowtobedominantandsubmissivebecauseeachmonkeymighthavetoplayeitherroleinthefuture.两句话提到猴子需要learnhowtobedominantandsubmissive，但是文章没有提到其他的动物是否需要学习这些东西。所以C是错误的;D选项，原文第二段提到：Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimal’sadulthood.这两话表明玩耍的原因和功能被争论，因为每个物种玩耍的原因不同，并且玩耍的功能可能会在很长时间以后才能显现出来，而并不是选项中说的是因为种类太少。所以D不对。E选项，第三段中提到：Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.所以，它导致能