衔接点02 名词 （解析版）新七年级英语小升初衔接专项培优讲义（人教版）

衔接点02名词（小初考点差异及衔接）小学要求1.名词的数2.名词所有格初中要求可数名词的单复数；不可数名词；专有名词；名词所有格；5、名词的句法作用；6、名词词义辧析。【小学名词考点聚焦】一．将下列单词归类。inkgirlherocoffeeporknewscitydeskcupsugarwaterzoomoneydeerhairmilkmonth可数名词：不可数名词：可数名词:girlherocitydeskcupzoodeermonth不可数名词:inkcoffeeporknewssugarwatermoneyhairmilkbeef二．写出下列单词的复数形式。(1)class (2)mouse (3)house(4)child (5)leaf (6)foot(7)sheep (8)watch (9)potato(10)baby (11)man (12)photo(1)classes(2)mice(3)houses(4)children(5)leaves(6)feet(7)sheep(8)watches(9)potatoes(10)babies(11)men(12)photos三．用所给词的正确形式填空。(1)Wecomefromdifferent(country).(2)These(visit)willcometoourschooltomorrow.(3)Therearemany(tree)inmyschool.(4)Beijingisoneofthemostbeautiful(city)inChina.(5)Ihavesome(beef)fordinner.(6)September10this(teacher)Day.(7)Therearelotsof(womanteacher)intheclassroom.(8)Mikehasmuch(homework)todotoday.(9)Jackisill.DoctorWangtellshimtotakesome(medicine).(10)Jane'sfatherisa(cook).Hecanmakelotsofdeliciousfood.(1)countries(2)visitors(3)trees(4)cities(5)beef(6)Teachers'(7)womenteachers(8)homework(9)medicine(10)cook四.看图补全短文。Wow!Whatabig(1)!Therearesomanyanimals.Look!The(2)aredrinking(3)overthere.Underthe(4),thereisa(5).It'ssocute.It'seating(6).Some(7)areflyinginthe(8).Thereisa(9)andtwo(10),too.(1)zoo(2)elephants(3)water(4)tree(5)panda(6)bamboos(7)birds(8)sky(9)tiger(10)lions【初中名词考点聚焦】考点清单考点一名词辨析一、名词的分类名词即表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表:类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy,China,theGreatWall,theGreatHallofthePeople普通名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog集体名词表示一群人或一类事物的词family,police,class,group,team物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小个体的物质的词rice,water,porridge,air,wool,wheat,steel抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词knowledge,danger,health,life,interest,love二．常用近义词辨析1.family,house与home单词意义例句family指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房Myfamilyareveryfriendly.我的家人都很友好。househouse有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点Theylivedinasmallhouse.他们住在一个小房子里。home作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境HelefthomeforBeijing.他离开家去北京了。2.job与work单词意义例句job可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”Sellingnewspapersishispart-timejob.卖报纸是他的兼职。work不可数名词,指“工作,劳动”Hehasbeenoutofwork.他失业了。3.problem与question单词意义例句problem一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solveTheystillhavesomeseriousproblemstosolve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。question总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用Heaskedmesomequestions.他问了我一些问题。4.voice,noise与sound单词意义例句voice指人的嗓音Irecognizedhervoiceatonce.我立刻听出了她的声音。noise吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声Don’tmakesomuchnoise.别这么大声嚷嚷。sound指人所听到的自然界的任何声音Iheardastrangesoundfromtheemptyroom.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。5.cause,reason与excuse单词意义例句cause造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词ofThepolicearelookingintothecauseoftheaccident.警方正在调查事故的原因。reason说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词forYoumusttellhimthereasonforwantingtochangeyourjob.你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。excuse(尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词Lateagain!What’syourexcuseforitthistime?又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么?6.journey,trip与travel单词意义例句journey适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性It’salongjourneyfromheretoHongKong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。trip指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用Howwasyourschooltriptothezoolastweekend?你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样?travel泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行Manypeoplearefondoftravel.很多人喜欢旅游。一．选择适当的词填空1.TomregardsNanjingashissecondhome(family;house;home)becausehehasbeenhereforovertenyears.

2.LiLingwantstobeasinger.Shethinksit’saninterestingjob(work;job).

3.Tblemwasthathegavemenochancetoanswerhisquestion(question;problem).

4.Atthefootofthehill,youcouldhearnothingbutthesound(voice;noise;sound)oftherunningwater.

二.单项选择1.—Wecanalwaysfindsomethinggoodinabadifwelookforit.

—It’ssotrue.Let’smakefulluseofwhatcomes.A.situation B.direction C.instruction D.competition答案A本题考查名词词义辨析。situation情况,处境;direction方向;instruction命令;competition比赛。根据语境,能和“somethinggood”对应的只有“badsituation”,此处指在糟糕的处境中看到积极的一面。故选A。2.YuanLongpingwasaworld-famousscientist.Becauseofhisachievements,ricehasbeenincreasedgreatly.

A.population B.contribution C.production D.introduction答案C本题考查名词辨析。population人口;contribution贡献;production生产,产量;introduction引进,引言。根据常识可知,袁隆平是水稻专家,水稻产量因他的研究成果而大幅增加。故选C。3.ThelandingofChina’srover(登陆车)ZhurongonMarsshowsChinahasmadegreatinspaceexploration.

A.progress B.project C.product D.protection答案A句意:中国登陆车“祝融号”登陆火星表明了中国在太空探索中已经取得了巨大的进步。本题考查名词辨析。progress进步;project工程,方案,项目;product产品;protection保护。makeprogressin...指“在……方面取得进步”,故选A。4.Mr.HuangwasborninNanjing,butSuqianhasbecomehissecond.

A.family B.house C.village D.hometown答案D句意:黄先生出生在南京,但宿迁已成为他的第二家乡。本题考查名词辨析。family家庭,家人;house房屋;village村庄;hometown家乡。根据borninNanjing可知,hometown符合语境,故选D。5.Theboyhasbeenmissingforfivedaysandhisparentsareworriedabouthis.

A.attention B.safety C.action D.growth答案B句意:男孩已经失踪5天了,他的父母很担心他的安全。本题考查名词的词义辨析。attention注意;safety安全;action行动,措施;growth成长。男孩已经失踪5天,父母担心的肯定是他的安全。所以选B。三．词汇运用1.Sofar,Chinahasbuiltnearly600,000culturalcentersin.(村庄)

答案villagesvillage为可数名词,空前没有表单数意义的修饰词和限定词,所以用复数形式villages。2.Weneedtoincreaseour(知识)ofthehistoryoftheCommunistPartyofChina.

答案knowledge句意:我们需要增长关于中国共产党党史的知识。“知识”是knowledge,是不可数名词,故填knowledge。3.Lulu’sbestfriendnevergivesupher(梦想)ofbeingateacher.

答案dream“梦想”是dream,根据ofbeingateacher可知,此空用名词单数形式,故填dream。4.Mydaughter’ssweet(嗓音)alwaysmakesmerelaxed.

答案voice指人说话的嗓音用voice来表示。易错提醒sound泛指自然界的任何声音,如人或动物发出的声音,物体碰撞的声音等。noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”,常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。voice一般指人的声音,说话、唱歌的声音都可用voice表示。5.Ihavemademuchmore(进步)inPhysicsthisterm.

答案progress“进步”是progress,progress是不可数名词,makeprogressin...指“在……方面取得进步”。考点二名词的数和格一、名词的数(一)可数名词的复数形式1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(CountableNouns)与不可数名词(UncountableNouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下:情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/在浊辅音和元音后读/z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/cake—cakesbag—bagsstudent—studentsbed—beds以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词加-es读/ɪz/bus—busesbox—boxeswatch—watches以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i,再加-es读/z/baby—babiescity—citiescountry—countrieslady—ladies以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-s读/z/toy—toysmonkey—monkeys以f(fe)结尾的词变f(fe)为ves读/vz/leaf—leaveswolf—wolveslife—lives以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/ɪz/face—facesorange—oranges不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母读音改变man—menwoman—womenfoot—feettooth—teeth单复数形式相同读音不变fish—fishsheep—sheepdeer—deerChinese—ChineseJapanese—Japanese其他形式/maʊs/—/maɪs/mouse—mice2.某国人变复数(1)中国人Chinese→Chinese(2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen(3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。Negro→Negroeshero→heroestomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes而其他一般在词尾加-s。如:zoo→zoos radio→radios4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。manteacher→menteachers boystudent→boystudents5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。Therearetwofsintheword“office”.单词office里有两个f。ManyVIPsarecomingtoourcity.许多重要人物将到我们市来。6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。roof→roofs屋顶belief→beliefs信仰 proof→proofs证据 chief→chiefs首领一．用所给单词的正确形式填空1.Thedoctortoldmetoeatmorefish(fish)becauseit’sgoodforhealth.

2.Thoseyouadmireverymucharecalledheroes(hero).

3.Howmanywomendoctors(womandoctor)arethereinthehospital?

4.MostofthetouristsonthecoachareGermans(German),andonlytwoofthemareJapanese(Japanese).

(二)不可数名词的数量表达1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如:apieceofpaper一张纸adropofwater一滴水twocupsoftea两杯茶(三)注意1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。work(工作)—awork(一部著作)glass(玻璃)—aglass(一个玻璃杯)paper(纸)—apaper(一份报纸/文件/试卷)tea(茶)—atea(一杯茶)wood(木头)—awood(一片树林)room(空间)—aroom(一个房间)2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。Sheisafive-year-oldgirl.她是一个五岁的女孩。(five-year-old不能说成five-years-old)afive-poundnote一张五英镑的纸币asix-foot-deephole一个六英尺深的洞atwo-inch-thickdictionary一本两英寸厚的字典a100-meterrace一场百米赛跑二、名词所有格1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是s所有格,另一种是of所有格。BeijingisChina’scapital.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.北京是中国的首都。2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-’s。ThisisMaryandhersister’sbedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。LilyandLucy’smotherisanurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-’s表示所有关系。TheseareTom’sandMary’sbags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。WeiHua’sandJohn’slicensesaremissing.魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。教师节Teachers’Day儿童节Children’sDay4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。thedooroftheroom房间的门5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。Heisafriendofmybrother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。Issheadaughterofyours?她是你的女儿吗?注意双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:aphotoofJohn’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);aphotoofJohn(照片上的人是John本人)。6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。atthedoctor’s在诊所7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。somebodyelse’spencil别人的铅笔8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加-s或-来构成所有格。(1)用于时间twoweeks’time两个星期的时间(2)用于度量thirteentons’weight13吨的重量fivehundredmetres’distance五百米的距离(3)用于价值ahundredyuan’sorder一百元的订货单amillionpounds’note一百万英镑的钞票(4)用于天体theearth’ssatellite地球卫星(5)用于国家Belgium’scapital比利时的首都(6)用于城市Changchun’sagriculture长春的农业一．用所给单词的正确形式填空①I’vegotatoothache,soIneedtogotothedentist’s(dentist).

②It’snotfarfromhere.It’sonlyfiveminutes’(minute)walk.

③YesterdayImetafriendofmyfather’s(father).

④Mother’s(mother)DayisonthesecondSundayofMayeveryyear.

二.单项选择1.Therearemanyteachersinthisprimaryschool.

A.woman B.woman’s C.women D.women’s答案C本题考查名词的数。设空处指女老师,故不用名词所有格。man和woman作定语时,其本身的单复数形式要与被修饰词的单复数一致,故本题选C。2.Weseesomerisingintotheairattheopeningofournewlibrary.

A.balloons B.balloon C.balloones答案A本题考查名词的数。balloon为可数名词,被some“一些”修饰时须变复数,直接加“s”,故选A。3.Thepinkhairbandmustbelongto.

A.Linda’s B.Linda C.hers答案B本题考查名词的格。belongtosb.属于某人。故答案选择B。易错警示belongtosb.中sb.为宾格形式,注意不要和所有格混淆。4.Mr.Liuisawiseman,andheoftengivesusafew.

A.suggestions B.advice C.hobbies D.knowledge答案A句意:刘先生是一个睿智的人,他经常给我们一些建议。本题考查名词的用法。suggestion建议,可数名词;advice忠告,建议,不可数名词;hobby爱好,可数名词;knowledge知识,不可数名词。根据设空处前的afew可知,应用可数名词的复数形式,排除B、D两项。再结合语境可知选A。5.OnApril24,XieWenjunracedtogoldinthe110-meterhurdlesattheAsianAthleticsChampionshipsinQatar.

A.man B.men C.men’s D.mens’答案C本题考查名词复数及所有格。此处应用名词所有格作定语,修饰110-meterhurdles,men为复数形式,后加-’s构成所有格形式。故选C项。三.词汇运用1.Thewallpaperwithcartoonpatternsisidealformyroom.(son)

答案son’s设空处与后面名词是所属关系,应用名词所有格形式。故答案为son’s。2.Overtheyears,GongBaoChickenhasbecomeoneofthemostpopular(dish)inChineserestaurantsthroughouttheworld.

答案dishes此处为“oneofthe+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”结构,表示“最……的……之一”,所以这里填dish的复数形式dishes。3.(参观者)mustshowtheirhealthQRcodesandchecktheirtemperaturebeforetheygointothemuseum.

答案Visitors/Tourists根据下文的their可知,此处应填名词的复数形式,同时注意首字母大写。4.Scientistshavefoundthattalktoeachotherallthetime.Theirlanguageisakindofchemical.(plant)

答案plants句意:科学家们发现植物一直在相互交流,他们的语言是一种化学物质。根据下文的their可知,此空格处填plant的复数形式plants。5.Haveyoureadthereport?Those(英雄)storiesreallytouchedmedeeply.

答案heroes’根据设空处前后的Those和stories可知填hero的复数的所有格形式heroes’。6.Mother’scookingskillswillnotonlysatisfyour(胃)butalsoourspirit.

答案stomachs根据空格前的our可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填stomachs。易错警示在英语中,以-ch结尾的名词变成复数,通常要加-es。如:watches,wishes,matches,beaches。但是stomach是例外,它的复数直接加-s,即stomachs。7.ThomasEdison,oneofthegreatest(invent)intheworld,createdover1,000things.

答案inventors此处为“oneof+the+形容词的最高级+名词复数”结构,且ThomasEdison是发明家,故填inventors。易错警示invent的名词形式有两种,invention(发明)和inventor(发明家)。在答题时,要仔细审题,注意不同的含义。8.—Isthisyourumbrella?—No,it’sanother(visit).

答案visitor’s本题考查名词的所有格。句中的it指“雨伞”,此处表示“游客的(雨伞)”,another表示“另一个”,接单数名词,所以填visitor’s。一．名词的构词法1.—TheGovernmenthastakenactiontostopwaterandair(pollute).

—Yes.Clearwatersandgreenhillsareasgoodasmountainsofgoldandsilver.答案pollution此空填名词pollution作动词stop的宾语,指“阻止水污染和空气污染”。2.Howmanyofyoueverdreamedofbecomingan(invent)?

答案inventor根据空前的an可知,应填名词inventor的单数形式,此处指“成为一名发明家”。知识拓展以-or结尾的、表示从事某种工作的人的名词有inventor,actor,director,translator等。3.Thelittlegirldreamtofbecomingagoodballet(dance).

答案dancer句意:这个小女孩梦想成为一名好的芭蕾舞演员。故此处应填名词dancer。4.ChineseNewYearisamarkingtheendofwinterandthebeginningofspring.(celebrate)

答案celebrationcelebrate是动词,空后的现在分词短语作后置定语,由空前的冠词a可知,本空应用名词的单数形式,故答案为celebration。5.Wearewhowearetodaybecauseofthe(choose)wemadeyesterday.

答案choice(s)becauseof后跟名词,所以此处填choose的名词形式choice(s)。6.Surprisingly,my12-year-olddaughterisworriedabouther(weigh).

答案weight句意:令人吃惊的是,我12岁的女儿在担忧她的体重。形容词性物主代词her后面接名词,故填weigh的名词形式weight。知识拓展与weight有类似构成的词还有height(高度)。7.Myneighbourisafamous(sing)andsheoftendoescharitywork.

答案singer句意:我的邻居是一位著名的歌手,她经常做慈善工作。此题应填sing的名词形式singer。8.WuJingisawell-known(direct).Heispopularamongfilmlovers.

答案director句意:吴京是一个著名的导演。他很受电影爱好者欢迎。well-known是形容词,空格处应填direct的名词形式,吴京是一个导演,所以填director。知识拓展以-or结尾表示人的职业、身份的词有:director(导演);actor(演员);visitor(参观者);inventor(发明家);survivor(幸存者)。9.Themothersaidgoodbyewithasmile,buthereyescouldnthideher(sad).

答案sadness空格前是形容词性物主代词,其后应接名词,所以填sadness。易错警示sad相关的词形变化要注意sadness(n.),sadly(adv.)都是直接加后缀,但是比较级和最高级sadder,saddest都需要双写d再加er或est。10.—IreallyhatemyselfforwhatIsaidtoMomtheotherday.—Iknowthe(feel).It’sawful,isn’tit?

答案feeling句意:——因为几天前我对妈妈说的话,我真的很讨厌自己。——我懂得这种感觉。很糟糕,不是吗?由the和It可知,此处填名词feeling。二、词汇运用1.Fivesoldiershavedevotedthemselvestoprotectingourmotherlandandwewillrememberthese(hero)names.

答案heroes’此处用名词所有格修饰names。根据Fivesoldiers和these可知,此处应填hero的复数形式的所有格,所以填heroes’。2.Itissurprisingthattheraindidn’tmakemuch(different)tothegame.

答案differencemuch后跟不可数名词,所以填difference。makemuchdifference产生很大的影响。知识拓展很多以-t结尾的形容词变成名词时,将-t变成-ce。如:different→difference;important→importance;patient→patience;silent→silence。3.Thegirl’ssweetvoicecaughtseveralwell-known(音乐家)attention.

答案musicians’此处用名词所有格修饰attention;several后接可数名词的复数形式,故填musicians’。4.—Whosehandbagsarethese?—Theyarethosemanagers’(wife).

答案wives’根据thosemanagers’可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,主语They指handbags,所以此处应填名词复数的所有格形式,故填wives’。5.Isawsome(德国人)andEnglishmendancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.

答案Germanssome后的可数名词要用复数形式。German的复数形式为Germans。知识拓展以man结尾的单词变为复数,通常变a为e,如postman→postmen,gentleman→gentlemen等;但是有些单词例外,如human→humans,German→Germans,Roman→Romans。6.Allthe(lead)namesandnumbersareonthelist.Youcancallthemonebyone.

答案leaders’此处应用名词所有格修饰名词names和numbers,根据句中的关键词All、names、numbers和are可知,此处应用名词复数形式的所有格,故填leaders’。ThesedaysavideofromtheBeijingWildlifeZoohasbeengoingviral（走红).Itshowsadogplayingwithlionsandtigersfourtofivetimesitssize!Isthedogindanger?Ofcoursenot.1Animalsmakefriendswithmembersofadifferentspecies(物种）.Azookeepersaidthattheyraisedthedogtogetherwiththelionsandtigerswhentheywereveryyoung.2Ifyouthinkthisistooamazing,justrememberthatpeoplehavemadefriendswithanimalsforalongtime.3Maybeyouhaveapetyourself.Therearesomeotherstoriesofcross-speciesfriends.Atananimalcenter,acatnamedMarinaandapignamedLaurabecamefriendsaftertheycametothecenter.4Theygrewupinthewild(野外)withouttheirmothers'care.Theywereclosetoeachotherandplayedhappilytogetherwhentheyfirstmet.Whycandifferentspeciesbefriends?Inthewild,animalsarebusyhuntingfortheirfood.Theyhavetoworkhardtokeepthemselvessafeandprotecttheirfamilies.5Whentheyneedn'tdothesethings,animalswillnothavemuchtodo.So