2025年Crude-Oil-Training-完整版课件

原油分篇

CrudeOil关迪峰DanielGuanFeb2017内容:CONTENTS原油质量CrudeOilQuality原油定义DefinitionofCrudeOil原油加工CrudeOilProcessing原油分类及评估CommodityClassificationandEvaluationofCrudeOil原油的调和CrudeOilBlending原油数量CrudeOilQuantity计量表CalculationTable水的影响Water船舶经验系数VEFROB的影响ROB因素FACTOR原油数量CrudeOilQuantity计量表CalculationTable水的影响Water船舶经验系数VEFROB的影响ROBWhatisCalibrationTable?USEforwhat?Until1974,“Old”Table6and“Old”Table54wereusedbybothimportersandexportersforjustaboutanycargo-productsaswellascrudeoil.In1974,moreaccuratetablesweredevelopedbytheAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)jointlywiththeI.P.(InstituteofPetroleum)6A,6B,6C,6Dand54A,54B,54Cand54DAisusedforCRUDEoilsBisusedforPRODUCTSCisusedforCHEMICALSDisusedforLUBEOILSIn2006,TheAPIisonceagainintheprocessofintroducingnewtables.Goingto5decimalplacesforVCF.Tablesevery0.1gravityand0.1Temperature.Theoldtablewas300pages–thenewwouldbe11,000pagesorso….Allcalculationneedstobedoneelectronically.

4QuestionsandAns……...Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetables?Table6AcorrespondstoTable54A;Table6BcorrespondstoTable54Betc…Tables6Aand6BarebasedonFahrenheittemperaturesandAPIgravity;Tables54Aand54BarebasedonCentigradetemperaturesandDensity.HowclosewilltheresultsbefromdifferentTables?Case1:LoadingTable6A;DischargingTable54AVerycloseindeed–justtinyroundingdifferencesfromtemp&Density.Case2:LoadingOldTable6or54;DischargingNewTable6Aor54ABothtable6andtable54willproduceahigherGSVtotalthanthenewtableswill.5QuestionsandAns……...WhythenaresomeexportersstillusingtheseOLDtables?ShowsmorecargoBBLS=Moremoney!)CrudeoilexportercountrieslikeOPEC.HowtodowhensomeplacesstilldousetheoldtablesforyourB/L?

TrytoclarifyanddescribewhichtableusedforyourB/Lincontract.Avoidthispotentialquantityloss.CollectasmuchinformationasyoucansothattheBOLandloadfigurescanbereworked,sowearecomparingthose“ApplestoApples”indischargingport.6QuestionsandAns……...WhatisBarrelsandGallonsetc?ThebasicunitsofmeasurementintheStatesaretheU.S.Barrel,andtheU.S.Gallon.Thereare42U.S.GallonsinaBarrel-Bydefinition.-TOVgivesanuncorrectedcargototal-GSVgivestemperaturecorrectedfigures.InEurope,thebaseunitofvolumeistheCubicMeter.Thereare6.28981barrelsinacubicmeteror0.159cubicmeterin1barrels.MostcalculationstaketheobservedcubicMetervolumeandmultiplythisfigurebyafactor(theobserveddensityatthattemperature)tocomeupwithMetricTons.FACT………WEIGHT=VOLUMEXDENSITY7T.O.V.,G.O.V.,G.S.V.,N.S.V.,T.C.V.DEFINITIONS8TOV-TOTALOBSERVEDVOLUMEThisiseverythinginatankattheobservedtemperature.Includestheproduct,freewaterandsedimentandwater.(purecargo+freewater+BS&W)@observedtemp.GOV-GROSSOBSERVEDVOLUMEThisistheproductincludingBS&W,butexcludingfreewater,attheobservedtemperature.(purecargo+BS&W)@observedtemp.GSV-GROSSSTANDARDVOLUMEThisisthepreviousslide(GOV)correctedtothestandard60deg.F.

(purecargo+BS&W)@60deg.F.NSV-NETSTANDARDVOLUMEThisistheproductlessfreewater,lessS&Wcorrectedto60deg.F.(purecargo)@60deg.F.TCV-TOTALCALCULATEDVOLUMEThisistheproductincludingBS&Wcorrectedto60deg.F.withthefreewateraddedbackin.(TCV=GSV+freewater)910QuestionsandAns……...Whydoesthewaterfactoraffectyourcrudeoilcargoquantity?Becausemostofcrudeoiltradingdeals’quantityisbasedonNSV.NSV=GCV-BS&W=TCV-FREEWATER-BS&WBS&Wmeanssedimentandwatercontent.Whatiswaterfactor?Waterfactorwouldbeincluded2parts,freewaterandwatercontent.NSVBSWFREEWATER11QuestionsandAns……...Howtodetectfreewater?

FreeWaterisdetectedinthefieldbysurveyorandshipstaff.TwodetectingmethodsUTIdetectorb.WaterPasta*Highsuspensionfreewater*Highwaxcontentcargo12QuestionsandAns……...Howtodeterminewatercontent?

Watercontentisdeterminedbylaboratorytesting.TwodeterminationmethodsBS&WbycentrifugemethodASTMD4007b.Testby2partsWatercontentbydistillationmethodASTMD95/4006SedimentcontentbyextractionmethodASTMD47313QuestionsandAns……...Whatisthedifferencebetween2methods?

DistillationmethodismoreaccurateCentrifugemethodresultislowerthancentrifugemethod,itwillcauseyournetbarrelsloss.RefertoAPIChapter10.3orASTMD4007,Thiscentrifugemethodfordeterminingwaterandsedimentincrudeoilsisnotentirelysatisfactory.Theamountofwaterdetectedisalmostalwayslowerthantheactualwatercontent.Whenahighlyaccuratevalueisrequired,therevisedproceduresforwaterbydistillation,TestMethodD4006(APIMPMSChapter10.2)(Note1),andsedimentbyextraction,TestMethodD473(APIMPMSChapter10.1),shallbeused.

14QuestionsandAns……...WhatisVEF?

VesselExperienceFactorTheVEFisbasedonthevesselquantitiesvsshorequantitiesoveraperiodoftime.FiguresareadjustedforROBorOBQasneeded,andaFACTORisgeneratedthat,ifappliedtothevesselnumbers,willgiveyouatheoreticalshorenumber.TheVEFisaveryusefultooltodetermineiflossesoccurredatloadportordischargeport.15QuestionsandAns……...WhyneedtoapplyVEF?Shoretanksareusuallyniceregularshapes-cylinders-andassuch,apartfromtheconeatthebottom,areeasytocalibrateandmaketablesfor.Thebottomsarenormallywatermetered,sotheresultingstrappingchartsareinthemainquiteaccurateShipshavetanksthatarenotregular,1p&1sforexample.Theyalsohavebeams,girders,etc.Tablesmaynotbesoaccurateforthesereasons.16QuestionsandAns……...HowtouseVEF?InaccordancewiththeStandard,vesselexperiencefactorswillbeappliedforpurposesofdeterminingCustodyTransferquantitiesonly“whenagreedbyinterestedparties”.Afull-vesselVEFwillonlybeusedforpartialcargoes,asrecommendedintheStandard,wherei)apartialVEFisnotavailableorii)theinterestedpartiesinstructthatafull-vesselVEFistobeapplied.WhendatatodetermineadischargeVEF(VEFD)inaccordancewiththeStandardisnotavailabletheStandardstatesthat“aVEFLmaybeused”.However,inthesecircumstances,IFIAmembercompaniesmay,withagreementofallinterestedparties,usedatafromotherreliablesourcestocalculateadischargeVEF.Suchdatamaynotbesequential.WherenoagreementisobtainedfrominterestedpartieswithregardtoapplicationofaVEFforpurposesofdeterminingaCustodyTransferquantity,IFIAmembercompaniesshouldissuevesselfigureswithnofactorapplied.17QuestionsandAns……...MainissueofVEFVEFonlyisapplied“whenagreedbyallinterestedparties”.Nowhatsaid“industrypractices’When

VEF

is

appliedforanyquantitydeaminationterm,itmustbeclarifiedinthecontractoragreedbyallinterestedpartiesbeforeoperating.90%vesselVEFislessthan1,itmeansmorequantitywhenitisapplied.r.O.BDEFINITIONS18ROB-REMAINONBOARDQUANTITYThisiseverythinginatankaftercargodischarging.19SolidphaseLiquidphase20QuestionsandAns……...HowdoesROBaffectQuantitydetermination?FromasimpleformulaVesseldischargingquantity=Vesselarrivalquantity–ROBMoreROBmeanslesscargoisdischarged.WhatisthereasoncauseROB?Vesselconstructerslikepipetunnel,oilfenderCargoproperties,pourpoint,viscosityTemperature21QuestionsandAns……...HowtominusROB?

CaseStudy:2parcelscargosonboard;parcelonepourpoint+36;parceltwopourpoint-10,2dischargingports,Dalian&HainanonJan1W,3Wand4Wremaintempat55℃above,controldischargingrate.Heatupcargo15-20℃abovepourpoint2W,5Wremaintempabove33℃.KeepthehighpourparcelcargotankwallhigherthanpourpointDischarge1W,3Wand5Wtillempty,thenballast.Afterthat,discharge2Wand4W.Duringthelaststageofdischarging,plsconsiderheatupsloptankandprocessbottomwash.OthermethodstominusROBsuchasC.O.W.S.,bottomwash22QuestionsandAns……...WhatisC.O.W.S.?

C.O.W.S.--CrudeOilWashingSystem

CrudeOilWash(COW)isrinsingtheresiduefromthestoragetanksofanoiltankerusingthecrudeoicargoitself,afterthecargostoragetankshavebeencleared.Crudeoilispumpedbackandpreheatedinthesloptanks,thesprayedbackthroughhightensionnozzlesthensprayedbackthroughhightensionnozzlesinthefreightstoragetanksontothewallsofthetank.Duetothestickynatureofthecrudeoil,theoilholdontothestoragetankwallsurfaces,andsuchoiladdstothecargo‘remainingonboard’(ROB).ByCOWthecontainers,theamountofROBissubstantiallyreduced.原油质量CrudeOilQuality原油定义DefinitionofCrudeOil原油加工CrudeOilProcessing原油分类及评估CommodityClassificationandEvaluationofCrudeOil原油的调和CrudeOilBlending因素FACTOR24QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrudeoil?Crudeoilsarecomplexmixturescontainingmanydifferenthydrocarboncompoundsthatvaryincompositionandappearance.AnAveragecrudeoilcontainsabout84%carbon,14%hydrogen,1~3sulfurandlessthan1%oftheothercomponents.(Ni,O,metalsandsalts)Crudeoilisrefinedtoproduceawidearrayofpetroleumproducts,includinggasoline;heatingoil;jetfuelsanddiesel;lubricants;asphalt;LPG;andmanyotherproductsusedfortheirenergycontentorchemicalattributes.4classesofhydrocarbons:烷烃Paraffins;烯烃Olefins；环烷烃Naphthenes；芳烃AromaticsCompositionbyweightElementPercentrangeCarbon83to85%Hydrogen10to14%Nitrogen0.1to2%Oxygen0.05to1.5%Sulfur0.05to6.0%Metals<0.1%CompositionbyweightHydrocarbonAverageRangeAlkanes

(paraffins)30%15to60%Naphthenes49%30to60%Aromatics15%3to30%Asphaltics6%remainderQuestionsandAns……...HowdoesCrudeoilform?Tinyseaplantsandanimalsdiedandwereburiedontheoceanfloor.Overtime,theywerecoveredbylayersofsedimentandrock.Overmillionsofyears,theremainswereburieddeeperanddeeper.Theenormousheatandpressureturnedthemintooilandgas.Today,wedrilldownthroughlayersofsedimentaryrocktoreachtherockformationthatcontainoilandgasdeposits.26QuestionsandAns……...Howtogetcrudefromearth?ShoreDrillOff-shoreDrill27QuestionsandAns……...Whoarethemainexportersforcrudeoil?烷烃Paraffins正构烷烃normal

异构烷烃iso烯烃（原油不含有烯烃，烯烃是在原油加工过程中产生的）Olefins环烷烃Naphthenes芳烃AromaticsHHHHHH||||||CnH2n+2H–C–C-C–C–C–C-H

||||||HHHHHHHHHHHH||||||CnH2n+2H–C–C＝C–C–C–C-H

||||||HHHHHHCnH2nCnH2n-6不同类型碳氢化合物的特性

正烷烃N-P异构烷烃I-P环烷烃N芳烃A烯烃O初馏点IBP低

高

终馏点FBP低

高

闪点FP低

高

密度Density低

高

倾点PP高

低

CetaneNumber高

低

发热量SE高

低

氧化安定性Oxidation好中差OctaneNumber低

高Gasoil:P是好的componentsMogas：A是好的componentsOisalwaysbad.30Gas(LPG)c2-c4石油气Below40℃Naphthac5-c10/11石脑油10-175℃

Kerosene&Jetc9-c16煤油&航煤150-300℃GasOilc13-c24柴油200-340℃CrudeOil原油

ResidualFuelc25-c90残渣燃料油340℃+BackAtmosphereandVacuumDistillation

常减压蒸馏主要加工工艺常减压蒸馏（ATM&VACDIST）

催化

催化裂解（CATALYTICCRACKING)

催化重整（CATALYTICREFORMER)焦化（COKER)

加氢

加氢处理（HYDROTREATING)

加氢裂解（HYDROCRAKING)其他

烷基化处理（ALKYLATION)

异构化处理（ISO)

Thesecondaryprocessing

二次加工

加工特点航油涉及的加工工艺柴油涉及的加工工艺产品特点汽油涉及的加工工艺产品特点常减压蒸馏ATM&VACDIST

√√初级分离√

催化裂解CATALYTICCRACKING↓N-P;↑I-P&A

√↓Oxidation√↑ON,↓Oxidation催化重整CATALYTICREFORMER↑A

√↑ON加氢裂解HYDROCRAKING↓O；↑I-P,N

√↑CN,Oxidation;↓PP√↑ON加氢处理HYDROTREATING↓O；↓S√√↑CN,Oxidation;↓PP,S√↑ON烷基化处理ALKYLATION↑I-P

√↑ON异构化处理ISO

↑I-P

√↑ON焦化COKER↑O

√↓Oxidation√↓ON，OxidationHowtoclassifycommodityCrudeoil?Density

usuallyreferstohowmuchacrudeoilwillyieldintermsofproducts,suchasheatingoilandjetfuel.Forexample,acrudeoilwithlowerdensity,knownasa

lightcrude,tendstoyieldhigherlevelsofproducts.Acrudeoilwithhighdensity,commonlyreferredtoasa

heavycrude,

willhavelowerproductyields.Lightcrude:>34API;<0.852@20℃Mediumcrude:34-20API;0.852~0.930@20℃HeavyCrude:20-10API;0.931~0.998@20℃Extraheavycrude:<10API;>0.998@20℃Sulfurcontent

isanotherkeydeterminantofcrudeoilquality.Sulfurisacorrosivematerialthatdecreasesthepurityofacrudeoil.Crudeoilwithhighsulfurcontent,whichisknownas

sour,

ismuchlessdesirablethanacrudeoilwithlowsulfurcontent,knownas

sweet

crude.Lowsulfur:<0.5wt%Mediumsulfur:0.5-2wt%HeavyCrude:>2.0wt%TAN,MCR,PP,metalsQuestionsandAns……...HowtoclassifycommodityCrudeoil?KfactorTworangeKfactor

QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrueloilevaluationandhowtoevaluateCrudeoil?

Crudeoilevaluationisamethodwhichisanevaluationofthepropertiesofsampleofcrudeoilforthebenefitofrefiners,traders,andotherinterestedparties.Evaluationdividedintothreelevels:Generalcharacteristicsofcrudeoilassay.RoutineEvaluationofCrudeoil.Comprehensiveevaluationofcrudeoil.CrudeOilEvaluationReport.QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrueloilblending?

BlendingofCrudeoilsisaprocessofmixingtwoormorecrudepetroleumcomponentstogetherandisdonetoimprovetheoverallvalueorqualityoftheblend.WhatisCrueloilblendingpurpose?

Improvethevalueoftheblend.(Density,Sulphur,TAN)Helparefineryimprovetheproductyieldfromitsprocesses.(Density,Sulphur,TAN,MCR)Improvepipelinecapacity.(PourPoint,Viscosity)WhatarethemainCrueloilblendingproperties?

Density,Sulphur,TAN,MCR,PourPoint,ViscosityQuestionsandAns……...Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Linearblendingitems:Density,Sulfur,TAN,MCRCaseStudy:Denisty,kg/LB=28wt%;C=60wt%;E=12wt%BlendedDensity=(28/100x0.9827)+(60/100x0.9924)+(12/100x0.8894) =0.27516+0.59544+0.10673 =0.9773kg/LFormula:QuestionsandAns……...ARBITRARY%VOLPRODUCTwt%DENSITY,kg/Lwt%/DENSITYNORMALIZED%VOLB280.982728.527.8C600.992460.559.0E120.889413.513.2TOTAL100

102.5100Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Non-linearblendingitems:Non-linearblendingitemcalculationisbasedonexperimentindexorfactor.CaseStudy:PourPoint

QuestionsandAns……...Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Non-linearblendingitems:Non-linearblendingitemcalculationisbasedonexperimentindexorfactor.CaseStudy:PourPoint

UseIV1797.84recheckIndextable.BlendingPourPoint=63°F=(63–32)×5/9=17.2℃ExceltableQuestionsandAns……...INBMIVPRODUCTVOL%POURPTDEGFINDEXNUMBERBLENDMULTIPLIER(VOL%/100)INCREMENTALVALUE(INXBM)A13.521629.840.13585.0284C63.0481247.090.63785.6667F23.5973945.30.235927.1455TOTAL100

1.001797.84Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Linearblendingitems:Density,Sulfur,TAN,MCRCaseStudy:Denisty,kg/LB=28wt%;C=60wt%;E=12wt%BlendedDensity=(28/100x0.9827)+(60/100x0.9924)+(12/100x0.8894) =0.27516+0.59544+0.10673 =0.9773kg/LFormula:QuestionsandAns……...ARBITRARY%VOLPRODUCTwt%DENSITY,kg/Lwt%/DENSITYNORMALIZED%VOLB280.982728.527.8C600.992460.559.0E120.889413.513.2TOTAL100

102.5100Howtodophysicalblendingforcrude?

In-tankblending(batchblending)Specificvolumes