第04讲阅读理解之主旨大意题（复习讲义）

第04讲阅读理解之主旨大意题目录01TOC\o"13"\h\u考情解码·命题预警 102体系构建·思维可视 203核心突破·靶向攻坚 3考点一题型特征 3知识点1主旨大意题的命题特征 3知识点2主旨大意题的设问方式 3知识点3主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征 4考点二标题归纳题 4知识点1题型特点 4知识点2解题技巧 4考向标题归纳题 5考点三文章大意题 6知识点1题型特点 6知识点2解题技巧 6考向文章大意题 7考点四段落大意题 8知识点1题型特点 8知识点2解题技巧 9考向段落大意题 904真题溯源·考向感知 10考点要求考察形式2025年2024年2023年主旨大意题选择题非选择题3月，C篇，1道3月，D篇，1道3月，D篇，1道6月，C篇，1道3月，B篇，1道3月，D篇，1道6月，B篇，1道考情分析：主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、提取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断。复习目标：1.掌握标题归纳题的解题方法；2.掌握文章大意题的解题方法；3.掌握段落大意题的解题方法。考点一题型特征知识点1主旨大意题的命题特征主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。知识点2主旨大意题的设问方式主旨大意题常见的设问方式：Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？Whatisthepassagemainlyabout？Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage？Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext？Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout？知识点3主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征正确选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。3.精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感情色彩。4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。干扰选项特征以偏概全只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面主题过大归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容断章取义以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点无中生有与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖考点二标题归纳题知识点题型特点标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：概括性强，言简而意赅；精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文内容并提炼文章主旨。知识点2解题技巧正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。反面否定法撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。研读备选项本身研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，排除过于具体化、细节化、绝对化的选项。考向标题归纳题例1（2024·浙江1月卷）TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Followupstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacaloriepoorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformationpoor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．EatLess,ReadMore B．TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumansC．TheLater,theBetter D．TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups【答案】D【详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted（诱惑）byglyarytreats,butbyourputers,phones,andtablets—thealldevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.（作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样）”结合文章主要内容可知，文章主语介绍了在信息化时代我们作为成年人都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。D选项“成人棉花糖测试”最符合文章标题。故选D。考点三文章大意题知识点1题型特点文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。知识点2解题技巧主题句法根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句根据行文标志来定位主题句转折词段落中出现表示转折的词语，如but、however、infact、actually等，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句总结词表示总结或结论的词语，如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，总结词后的内容往往是文章的主题句疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句高频词法若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中出现的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项考向文章大意题例1（2024·新课标II卷）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF’smajorstrengths. B．BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF’sglobalinfluence. D．BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】A【详解】主旨大意题，根据第一段“Whilefarmer”smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)至终缩短了旅程)”第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuse塑料。“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。考点四段落大意题知识点1题型特点段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的提炼和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。知识点2解题技巧定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意常用的写作架构每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高考向段落大意题例1（2024·新课表I卷）“Iamnotcrazy,”saysDr.WilliamFarber,shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(针灸)onarabbit.“Iamaheadofmytime.”Ifheseemsalittledefensive,itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionallylaughathisunusualmethods.ButFarberiscertainhe’llhavethelastlaugh.He’soneofasmallbutgrowingnumberofAmericanveterinarians(兽医)nowpracticing“holistic”medicinebiningtraditionalWesterntreatmentswithacupuncture,chiropractic(按摩疗法)andherbalmedicine.Farber,agraduateofColoradoStateUniversity,startedoutasamoreconventionalveterinarian.Hebecameinterestedinalternativetreatments20yearsagowhenhesufferedfromterriblebackpain.Hetriedmusclerelaxingdrugsbutfoundlittlerelief.Thenhetriedacupuncture,anancientChinesepractice,andwasamazedthatheimprovedaftertwoorthreetreatments.Whatworkedonaveterinarianseemedlikelytoworkonhispatients.So,afterstudyingthetechniquesforacoupleofyears,hebeganofferingthemtopets.LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorefortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.3.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Stepsofachiropractictreatment. B．Theplexityofveterinarians’work.C．Examplesofrareanimaldiseases. D．Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.【答案】D【详解】主旨大意题。根据第六题内容“LeighTindale”dogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber”streatmentseasedherdog”ssuffering,sothatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorefortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.(利廷代尔的狗患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理看病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西杜(PriscillaDewing)报告说，她的马(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。)可知，本段主要讲述了两个人，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后和骑行行为更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。Passage1（2024·天津·高考真题）Researchsometimesproves,withdata,whatwemoreorlessalreadyknow（e.g.Exerciseisgoodforyou,andpollutedairisn’t）.Still,sometimesourassumptionsareincorrect,andscientificfindingssurpriseresearchers,alongwiththerestofus.ArecentexampleisthephenomenonofdisappearinglakesinpartsofthefrozentreelessArctic（北极的）region.Youmightthinktheselakeswouldbeexpanding,notdisappearing.Asclimatechangewarmstheregion—melting（融化）surfacesnowandiceaswellasthepermafrost（永冻层）—thereshouldbemoresurfacewater,forminglargerlakesandevennewones.Recently,however,scientistshaveobservednotjustshrinking（缩小的）lakesbutlakesthathavepletelygoneaway.Manyscientistssharedthemonsenseexpectationthataspermafrostmelted,lakeswouldatfirstexpandwithmeltwaterflowingintothem.Eventually,researchersmadeapredictionthatprogressivewarmingduringthe21stand22ndcenturieswoulddryouttheArctic,andlakeswouldbegintoshrink.ButnowitlooksasifArcticlakesaredisappearingacenturysoonerthanpredicted.Acaseinpointisthatsomelarge,ageoldlakesshrankdramaticallyinwhatappearstohavebeenamatterofmonths.Scientistshavelabeledthisphenomenon“disastrouslakeloss”Whatcausedthis?Thefrozensolidgroundactuallycontainsbitsofrock,mineralandorganicmatter,leavingspacesinbetween.Andbecausethesespacesarefilledwithsolidice,liquidwatercannotreadilygetinside,butitcanwhenthepermafrostmelts,allowingmorewatertogetthrough.Soonafterthat,around192lakesinnorthwesternAlaskaaregonefromsight.Whydidscientistsmissthis?Oneprobablereasonisthatmostclimatemodelsassumethatthemeltingofpermafrostisdrivenonlybywarmingair.Newevidencesuggests,however,thatrainfall—particularlyincreasingautumnrain—isnowcontributingsignificantlytopermafrostloss.Therainfallcarriesheatintotheground.Yetnoneoftheexistingmodelsincludessuchprocesses.Thatisagoodexampleofwhy—nomatterhowplexourmodelsareormayonedaybe—weneeddirectobservationofthenaturalworld.1．WhatdoesParagraph1mainlytellus?A．Generalknowledgecanattimesturnouttobetrue.B．monsenseassumptionscansometimesprovewrong.C．Researchfindingsshouldbebuiltonpopularassumptions.D．Scientificresearchisinspiredbyanunknownphenomenon.2．Contrarytothegeneralexpectation,climatechangehascaused________.A．arapidriseofwatersurface B．thepermafrosttomeltfasterC．manyArcticlakestogrowlarger D．thedisappearanceofmanyArcticlakes3．ThedisastrousclimaticimpactsontheArcticregionhavebeen________.A．provedwithemerginglakes B．underestimatedbyscientistsC．wellpredictedbyresearchers D．shownelsewhereintheworld4．WhyisthefrozenArcticgroundhardforwatertogetthrough?A．Becauseofthesolidicewithinit.B．Becauseofitsuniqueposition.C．Becauseitisfarawayfromthewaters.D．Becausesnowrarelymeltsonfrozenground.5．Whatlessoncanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Directobservationisamustforscientificresearch.B．Scientificresearchisguaranteedbysufficientlabfacilities.C．Newevidenceshouldbefoundtobackupresearchfindings.D．Scientificpredictionsshouldbemostlybasedonresearchmodels.【答案】1．B2．D3．B4．A5．A【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，表明了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchsometimesproves,withdata,whatwemoreorlessalreadyknow.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。)”和“Still,sometimesourassumptionsareincorrect,andscientificfindingssurpriseresearchers,alongwiththerestofus.(尽管如此，有时我们的假设是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人感到惊讶。)”可知，该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Youmightthinktheselakeswouldbeexpanding,notdisappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently,however,scientistshaveobservednotjustshrinking（缩小的）lakesbutlakesthathavepletelygoneaway.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。3．细节理解题。根据第三段“ButnowitlooksasifArcticlakesaredisappearingacenturysoonerthanpredicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Andbecausethesespacesarefilledwithsolidice,liquidwatercannotreadilygetinside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thatisagoodexampleofwhy—nomatterhowplexourmodelsareormayonedaybe—weneeddirectobservationofthenaturalworld.(这是一个很好的例子——说明为什么不管我们的例子有多复杂，或者有一天可能会复杂——我们都需要直接观察自然世界。)”可知，文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，让我们学到了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。故选A。Passage2（2024·天津·高考真题）Staringatthebookcasesinmystudy,packedwithsomanygreatbooksthathadremainedunread,Iheardaloudvoiceinmyhead—“Shameonyou!Howcanyouleavethesemasterpiecesunread?”ThefirstbookIpickedupwasMontaigne'sEssays.TomysurpriseIdiscoveredinthemargins(页边空白)whatclearlywasmyownfadedhandwriting.SoIwasactuallyreadingitagain,butwhatIwasrereadingseemedentirelynew.Ialsofoundsentencesunderlined.OnlythistimeIwondered:WhydidIunderlinethissentence?It'sthenextonethatisimportant!Clearly,mywayofreadingthetexthadshifted,andImyselfhadchangedovertheyears.Thisraisedthelargerquestionofrereading.Itesinmanyforms.There’svoluntaryrereading,theresultofawillfuldecisiontorevisitabookonehasadmired,orabookthathasleftonewithsomeunansweredquestions.Thiskindofplannedrevisitcouldalsobeforconfirmingcertaindetailsinthetext,orforcheckingonthemovesofagivencharacter.Adevotedteachermightalsowishtorefreshhisclosenesstoawork,andthusavoidteachingthroughthesameoldwrittennoteswithsoporific(让人瞌睡的)effects.Contrarily,there’sinvoluntaryrereading.Theoriginalreadingwaseitherforgottenorsototallyabsorbedthatthenewchanceencounterwiththetextproducedsurpriseandastonishment.Myreactiontotherenewedreadingnolongercorrespondedtotheoriginalexperience,andIwasnolongersurethatIrecognizedmyselfasthesamereader.Thentherearewhatonemightcallsubconscious(潜意识的)rereadings,thosethatoccurwithoutthespecificactofreading,muchasthememoryofatunecankeepingbacktothemindwithoutitsactuallybeingheardagain.Thisformofrememberedcontactwithabookcanacpanyusduringalifetimeandcontinuetostrengthenandshapeus.Muchinthesamemanner,wemayovertheyearsrecitetoourselvespoemslearntbyheartlongago,whichhavebeepartofourselfrecognition.Allofthesewaysofreadingarevaluable.Renewedcontactwithanovelorapoemcanactivatethesearchforabetterknowledgeoftheself.Thenewreading,aformofrevision,uncoversthechangeinus.Thenewnessisnotinthetext.Itiswewhohaveevolved.Intheprocessofrereading,ouroutlookhasalsobeensignificantlychanged.Rereadingmakesitpossibleforustoseetheworldaroundus,ourselvesincluded,inanewlight.1．WhatdidtheauthorfindwhenreadingMontaigne’sEssays?A．Hestillcouldn'tunderstandit. B．Hehadmadenotesinit.C．Itwasabrandnewcopy. D．Itwashisfavoritework.2．Accordingtotheauthor,whatcouldbeapurposeofvoluntaryrereading?A．Toimprovethequalityofteaching. B．Tolearnfromadmirablecharacters.C．Tocollectdetailsforwritingnovels. D．Tohelpmakingimportantdecisions.3．AccordingtoParagraph4,involuntaryrereadingcanbringabout?A．Unexpectedreadingexperience. B．Totalconcentrationonnewbooks.C．Changedpreferencesforbooks. D．Enhancedreadingskills.4．Whatcanbelearntaboutsubconsciousrereading?A．Itpreventsmemoryfromfading. B．Ithelpsmakewhoweare.C．Itinvolvesactualreading. D．Itworksbestwithpoetryandmusic.5．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AccessingMasterpiecesthroughRereading B．Rereading:VoluntaryorInvoluntary?C．Rereading:PursuitofTruth D．TransformativePowerofRereading【答案】1．B2．A3．A4．B5．D【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自己对重新阅读的感悟和想法，认为重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界，包括自己。1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“ThefirstbookIpickedupwasMontaigne'sEssays.TomysurpriseIdiscoveredinthemargins(页边空白)whatclearlywasmyownfadedhandwriting.(我拿起的第一本书就是Montaigne的散文。令我惊讶的是，我在页边空白处发现了明显是我自己褪色的笔记。)”可知，作者惊讶地发现书的空白处是自己之前的笔记，故选B。2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Adevotedteachermightalsowishtorefreshhisclosenesstoawork,andthusavoidteachingthroughthesameoldwrittennoteswithsoporific(让人瞌睡的)effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与工作的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学。)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一，故选A。3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Contrarily,there’sinvoluntaryrereading.Theoriginalreadingwaseitherforgottenorsototallyabsorbedthatthenewchanceencounterwiththetextproducedsurpriseandastonishment.Myreactiontotherenewedreadingnolongercorrespondedtotheoriginalexperience,andIwasnolongersurethatIrecognizedmyselfasthesamereader.(相反，有一种非主动再读。原来的阅读要么被遗忘，要么完全被吸收，以至于与文本的新的偶遇产生了惊讶和震惊。我对重新阅读的反应不再符合最初的体验，我也不再确定我是否认出自己是同一个读者。)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Thisformofrememberedcontactwithabookcanacpanyusduringalifetimeandcontinuetostrengthenandshapeus.Muchinthesamemanner,wemayovertheyearsrecitetoourselvespoemslearntbyheartlongago,whichhavebeepartofourselfrecognition.(这种与书的记忆联系可以伴随我们一生，并继续加强和塑造我们。同样地，多年来，我们可能会背诵很久以前背下来的诗，这些诗已经成为我们认知的一部分。)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。5．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Rereadingmakesitpossibleforustoseetheworldaroundus,ourselvesincluded,inanewlight.(重新阅读使我们能够以新的眼光看待周围的世界，包括我们自己。)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项“TransformativePowerofRereading(重新阅读的变革力量)”符合文章标题，故选D。Passage3（2023·天津·高考真题）Storytellingisanancientartformthathasbeenusedtohanddownlegends,talesandfactualstories.PerhapsthefirstthingthatspringstomindwhenyouthinkofstorytellingisthefantasylandthattookshapeinyourmindwhileMomorDadtoldyoustoriesaboutprinces,castlesandmonsters,withauniquevoiceforeachcharacter.Storytellingdoesnotjusttakeplaceatbedtimeorroundacampfire,however.Itcantakesomeotherforms,eitherviathebookswereadorthefilmswewatch.Buttheyusuallyhavesomeelementsinmon:ratherthanalistofdryfacts,storieshaveplotsandtheyintroducecharacters.Werespondtostories,particularlywhenthereisemotionaldetail.Andunlikewhatwesuppose,storytellingisnotjustaformofentertainment,butaformoflearningaswell.Longbeforereadingandwritingbecamewidelyspreadandavailable,oralstorytellinghadalreadybeenaformthatthewisdomandknowledgeofthepeoplewerepasseddownfromelderstochildren.Agoodstoryengagesourcuriosity,emotionsandimagination.Storytellinghelpswithlearningalsobecausestoriesareeasytoremember.Researchhasfoundthatlearningobtainedfromawelltoldstoryisrememberedmoreaccurately,andforfarlonger,thanfromfactsandfigures.Andaboveall,storieshaveatransformativepowertoallowustoseetheworldinadifferentwaythanwedoifwejustencounteritonourown.Storiesareanentrypointtounderstandingadifferentexperienceoftheworld.Thisaspectofstorytellingpresentingadifferentperspectiveoftheworld—isimportantwhenitestoconnectingwitheachother.Itgivesusanopportunitytolearnfromanotherperson’sexperienceanditcanshape,strengthenorchallengeouropinionsandvalues.So,whensomeonetellsustheirownpersonalstory,wecatchaglimpse(瞥见)ofaviewoftheworldthatmaybeslightlyorsignificantlydifferentfromourown.Whenweseetheworldastheyseeit,orwalkintheirshoes,theexperiencecaninspireempathy(共情；同理心)withthem.1．Whatoccurstousthemomentwethinkof“storytelling”?A．Achild'simaginaryworld.B．VoicesofMomorDad.C．Anancientartform.D．Factualstories.2．Whatarethemonelementsinallformsofstorytellingaccordingtotheauthor?A．Formandstyle.B．Factsandfigures.C．Emotionalandphysicaldetails.D．Aseriesofeventsandcharacters.3．Whydoesstorytellingworkbetterthanmerestatementoffactsinpromotinglearning?A．Itcarriesmorewisdomandknowledge.B．Itismorewidelyavailabletoyounglearners.C．Itsatisfiesourimaginationandreleasesouremotions.D．Itmakeswhatislearnedmorepreciseandlongerlasting.4．Howcanotherpeople’spersonalstoriesprobablybenefitus?A．Byofferingusmoreopportunitiestoknowpeople.B．Byhelpingusstayconnectedwiththecontemporaryworld.C．Byallowingustounderstandtheworldthewaytheyseeit.D．Byenablingustotellrealityfromimagination.5．Whatmakesthebesttitleforthepassage?A．TheHistoryofStorytellingB．ThePowerofStorytellingC．TheFormsofStorytellingD．TheArtofStorytelling【答案】1．A2．D3．D4．C5．B【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处。1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“PerhapsthefirstthingthatspringstomindwhenyouthinkofstorytellingisthefantasylandthattookshapeinyourmindwhileMomorDadtoldyoustoriesaboutprinces,castlesandmonsters,withauniquevoiceforeachcharacter.(也许当你想到讲故事时，你首先想到的就是爸爸妈妈给你讲王子、城堡和怪物的故事，每个角色都有独特的声音，在你脑海中形成的幻想世界。)”可知，当提到“讲故事”时，我们会想到一个孩子的想象世界。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Buttheyusually

havesomeelementsinmon:ratherthanalistofdryfacts,storieshaveplotsandtheyintroducecharacters.(但它们通常都有一些共同点：故事有情节，也有人物形象，而不是一长串枯燥的事实。)”可知，作者认为，一系列的事件和人物是所有叙事中的共同元素，故选D。3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Storytellinghelpswithlearningalsobecausestoriesareeasytoremember.Researchhasfoundthatlearningobtainedfromawelltoldstoryisrememberedmoreaccurately,andforfarlonger,thanfromfactsandfigures.(讲故事也有助于学习，因为故事容易记住。研究发现，从一个讲得很好的故事中获得的知识比从事实和数据中获得的知识记忆得更准确，时间也更长。)”可知，讲故事比仅仅陈述事实更能促进学习，这是因为它使所学到的知识更加精确和持久。故选D。4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Andaboveall,storieshaveatransformativepowertoallowustoseetheworldinadifferentwaythanwedoifwejustencounteritonourown.(最重要的是，故事有一种变革的力量，让我们以一种不同的方式看待这个世界，而不是仅仅依靠我们自己。)”可知，他人的故事让我们以他们看待世界的方式来理解世界，这会让我们受益，故选C。5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中“Andunlikewhatwesuppose,storytellingisnotjustaformofentertainment,butaformoflearningaswell.(与我们想象的不同，讲故事不仅仅是一种娱乐方式，也是一种学习方式。)”，第四段中“Storytellinghelpswithlearningalsobecausestoriesareeasytoremember.(讲故事也有助于学习，因为故事容易记住。)”，第五段中“Andaboveall,storieshaveatransformativepowertoallowustoseetheworldinadifferentwaythanwedoifwejustencounteritonourown.(最重要的是，故事有一种变革的力量，让我们以一种不同的方式看待这个世界，而不是仅仅依靠我们自己。)”和第六段中“Thisaspectofstorytellingpresentingadifferentperspectiveoftheworld—isimportantwhenitestoconnectingwitheachother.(讲故事的这个方面——呈现出一个不同的世界观——对于彼此之间的联系来说是很重要的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处，B项“讲故事的力量”适合作文章标题，故选B。Passage4（2023·天津·高考真题）Ilookedthroughthewindowofthecharminglittleviolinshop,andmyheartbegantorace.I'dbeenouttodinnerthatevening.Sinceitwasn'tdarkyetafterthemeal,Idecidedtowalkhomefromtherestaurant.Ihadtraveledthatwaybefore,yetIhadnevernoticedthatoldlittleshop.ButthatnightIfeltdrawntotheviolinshopthemomentIcameacrossit.Iwipedthedirtfromthewindowtogetabetterlookinside.Severalviolinshungfromthedarkwalls,quietlywaitingtobechosen.Asmyeyesrestedonthem,IfeltasthoughIwerelookingthroughawindowintomyownpast.MychildhoodwasallaboutthepursuitsIhadattempted,mostofwhichhadbeenchosenbyMom.Shewaslike,“Jointheswimteam,Tara.Yoursisterisagoodswimmer;surelyyouwillbe,too.”Whatsherefusedtoacknowledge,however,wasthatIwasvisiblyafraidofwater.EverySaturdayIbeggedMomnottomakemegototheswimmeet,buthadlittlechanceofsuccess.Thatsaid,withabangofthestartinggun,IwoulddiveintothecoldwaterwithallmystrengthandswimtotheothersideofthepoolasfastasIcould,onlytofindthattheotherswimmersslidpastme.IwouldhavegivenitupifIhadnotheardmyfather'sencouragingshoutstocheermeon.Whenatlastmyhandwouldgrabtheedgeofthepool,hewouldalwaysbetherewithawarm,drytowel,tellingmehowproudhewasofmydesperateefforts.Thencameaturningpointinmylifethedayourschoolorchestra(管弦乐队)visitedmyclass,andgaveademonstration.Thedrumsannoyedme.Theflutes(笛子)boredme.Buttheviolin…ah,theviolin.ItmadethesweetestsoundI'deverheard!Myheartwasdancingalongwithitsflowingtune.Forthefirsttimeinmylife,Iwentsowildwithjoy.Tightlyholdingthepermissionslipfromtheorchestradirector,Iranallthewayhomeafterschool,andshakilyhandedittomyparentswithafearthattheymightdismissmydesire.They