《轮机英语（二三管轮）》-Lesson 22 Deck Machinery

NewWordsandExpressionscrane[kreɪn]n.起重机；吊车winch[wɪntʃ]n.绞车；卷扬机cranejib

起重臂；吊臂brake[breɪk]n.刹车；制动器；车闸servomotor['sɜːvəʊ,məʊtə]n.伺服电机；伺服马达slewing[ˈsluːɪŋ]n.回转，转向axialpistonpump

轴向活塞泵checkvalve

止回阀，止逆阀NewWordsandExpressionswindlass[ˈwɪndləs]n.锚机hoist[hɔɪst]v.吊起；提升；拉高anchorchain[ˈæŋkə(r)tʃeɪn]

锚链；drum[drʌm]n.卷筒sprocket[ˈsprɒkɪt]n.链轮；链轮齿；链齿wildcat[ˈwaɪldkæt]n.锚链轮whelp[welp]n.（链轮的）扣链齿，绞盘肋骨hawsepipe

锚链管；NewWordsandExpressionssimultaneously[ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəsli]ad.同时；联立；急切地warpinghead

卷筒；绞缆筒stalling[ˈstɔːlɪŋ]v.航行失控；停止shelter[ˈʃeltə(r)]v.使遮蔽，庇护mooring[ˈmɔːrɪŋ]n.系泊；系泊设备；停泊slack[slæk]a.松弛的；懈怠的spurgear正（圆柱）齿轮wormgear蜗杆齿轮；蜗轮NewWordsandExpressionscapstan[ˈkæpstən]n.（立轴）绞盘，绞车gypsy[ˈdʒɪpsi]n.绞车副卷筒，锚机滚筒gypsyhead

绞缆筒fiber[faɪbə]n.（动植物的）纤维;hatch[hætʃ]n.(船甲板或飞机底部装货物的)舱口Boththeluffingwinchandthewinchforturningthecraneareoperatedfromthesamecontrolhandle.Asmallmovementofthiscontrolhandleseitherforwardsorbackwardsresultsinthebuild-upofoilpressureinthecontroloillineandthepistoninthebrakecylinderreleasesthebrake.Movementofthecontrolhandlefurtherthanthepositionforreleasingthebrakestartstheluffingwinch.Thecranejibisraisedorloweredbymovingthecontrolhandlebackwardsorforwardsrespectively.Thespeedatwhichthejibisraisedorloweredisproportionaltothedistancethehandleismoved.Changesinspeedareeffectedbychangingthepressureoftheoilthatissuppliedtothecontrolcylinderandwhichregulatesthepumpbymeansofaservomotor.Thischangestheoilflowandthusthespeedoftherotorinthehydraulicmotor.HydrauliccraneThesafetysystemconsistsof:amainsafetyvalve;twopressurereducingvalves.Theslewingwinch,whichisalmostidenticaltoluffingwinch,iscontrolledbyusingthesamehandleasthatusedfortheluffingwinch.Asmallmovementofthecontrolhandlestotherightorleftgivesrisetooilpressureinthebrakecylinderandreleasesthebrakeontheslewingwinch.Movementofthecontrolhandletotherightorleftinexcessofthepositionsthatreleasethebrakestartsthecranemovingtotherightorleftrespectively(控制手柄向右或向左移动超过释放制动器的位置时，起重机相应的向右或向左移动).HydrauliccraneTheclosedhydraulicsystemconsistsofanaxialpistonpumpwithvariableoutputandahydraulicmotormutuallyconnectedthroughoilpressurelines.Theamountofoilflowingthroughthesystemandthedirectionofflowareregulatedbymeansofaservomotor.Wheninoperation,itisunavoidablethatasmallamountofoilescapesthroughleakage,andinordertocompensatefortheseleaksthesystemisconnectedtoafeedpump.Forpumpingup,twocheckvalvesareused,andabypassvalvelimitsthepressureto17-25bar.HydrauliccraneThesafetysystemisdesignedforacertainmaximumpressure,andtheworkingpressuremustthereforebelimited.Forthisreasonthereisincludedamainreliefvalvethatconnectsthepressuresideofthesystemtoitssuctionsideifthepermissiblepressureisexceeded.Adoublecheckvalvewithacommonspringensuresthatthereliefvalvealwaysoperates,regardlessofwhichoftheoillinesisthepressureside(带有通用弹簧的双止回阀确保安全阀始终处于工作状态，无论哪条油管线是压力侧).HydrauliccraneWindlasses(seeFig.22-1)areusedforhoisting(or"heaving")anchorchain,andthedrumtakestheformofasprocket,calledthe"wildcat,"whichisshapedtograspthelinksofthechain,inalternatingwhelpsandpocketscastintothesprocket(锚机是用于收（放）锚及锚链的机械，卷筒开有与锚链链环啮合的深槽，称为“锚链轮”，锚链轮铸造而成并且表面交替排列着链轮齿和链环承窝).Thisexampleisaduplexwindlass,withtwowildcat,andthereforecapableofservingtwoanchors.Thechainisnotstoredonthewindlassbutpassedthroughachainpipeinthemaindecktoachainlockerbelow.WindlassesThewindlassisnotusedtosecuretheanchoratsea:oncetheanchorisheavedupandfirmlyseatedatthefootofthehawsepipe,achainstopperisusedtolockthechaininplace.锚机并不是用来固定锚的：锚链制动器将锚链锁在适当的位置一旦锚（受力）起升会被牢固地固定在锚链的底部。WindlassesAduplexanchorwindlassisusedtohoistbothanchors.Thesmallhandwheeloperatesthevalveforthemotor.Thetwolongleversoperatethetwoclutchestoengagethetwowildcats.Thelargehandwheelsoperatethebrakes,separatelyforeachanchor.Thewindlasscanhoistbothanchorssimultaneouslyatlowspeed,oreachanchorseparatelyathigherspeed.Thiswindlassisalsofittedwithwarpingheadsdrivenfromtheintermediateshaftinthereductiongeartrain.Theseheadsarenotclutched,whenbothofthewildcatsaredisengagedandlockedbythebrakes.WindlassesAlthoughbothofthewindlassesillustratedarehydraulicallydriven,identicalwindlassesaredrivenbyelectricmotors.Further,althoughbothexamplesarehorizontal,verticalwindlassesareusedwhendeckspaceislimited,asonnavalvessels.Intheverticalarrangementonlythewildcatsareabovethedeck,andthegearbox,brakes,andmotorareshelteredbelow.WindlassesFig.22-1WindlassesandWarpingHeadsforShips:ElectricDriveDoubleDrumMooringwinchFig.22-2MooringwinchMooringwinches(seeFig.22-2)providethefacilityfortensioningthewireuptothestallingcapacityofthewinch,usually1.5timesfullload,thereaftertheloadisheldbytheprimemoverbrakeorbarrelbrakewhenthepowerisshutoff.Thewinchcannotpayoutwireunlessthebrakeisoverhauledorrecoverwireunlessmanuallyoperated,thuswiresmaybecomeslack.绞缆机可将钢缆张紧到绞车达到堵转转矩，通常为全负荷的1.5倍。此后在断电时，通过原动机制动器或卷筒制动器握持负载。绞缆机将不再放松钢缆或回收钢缆，除非张力超过制动器的额定刹车力(收缆)或手动操作(放缆)，(不在回收钢缆时)钢缆可能松弛MooringwinchAutomaticmooringwinchesprovidethemanualcontrolpreviouslydescribedbutinadditionincorporatecontrolfeaturessuchthat,inthe"automatic"setting,thewinchmaybeoverhauledandwireispaidoffthebarrelatapre-determinedmaximumtension(自动系泊绞车提供前面描述的手动控制，但除此之外，还包括控制功能，以便在“自动”设置中，可以检修绞车，并在预先确定的最大张力下将钢丝绳从卷筒上放下来);alsowireisrecoveredatalowertensionshouldittendtobecomeslack.Thusthereisacertainrangeoftension,associatedwitheachstepofautomaticcontrol,whenthewireisstationary.Itisnotpracticaltoreducethisrangetotheminimumpossibleasthisresultinhuntingofthecontrols.MooringwinchItshouldbenotedthattheprincipalreasonforincorporatingautomaticcontrolswiththefeaturesdescribedistolimittherendervalueofthewinchandavoidbrokenwires;alsotopreventmooringwiresfrombecomingslack(应注意的是，将自动控制与所述功能结合在一起的主要原因是限制绞盘的输出值并避免断缆；同时防止系泊缆松弛).Loadsensingdevicesareusedwithautomaticmooringwinches,e.g.spring-loadgearwheelsandtorsionbarsarewidelyusedwithsteamandelectricwinches;fluidpressuresensingeithersteamorhydraulicoilpressure,isalsousedwhereappropriate(自动系泊绞车采用负载感应装置，例如蒸汽绞车和电动绞车广泛采用弹簧-负载齿轮和扭矩杆；在适当情况下也采用流体压力感应、蒸汽或液压（感应）).MooringwinchThemajorityofautomaticmooringwinchesarespurringgearedtoimprovethebackwardefficiencyofthegeartrainforrendering,thegearingandbearingsbeingtotallyenclosedandlubricatedfromtheoilsump.Onlargermooringwincheswhereabarrelbrakeisfitted,itisnowcommonpracticetodesignthebraketowithstandthebreakingstrengthofthemooringwire.Wormgearedautomaticmooringwinchesareuncommonasthemulti-startfeaturerequiredtoimprovedgearefficiencyreducestheadvantageofwormgeari.e.thehighgearratio(自动系泊绞车采用蜗杆传动很少见，为提高齿轮效率所采用的多启动功能降低了蜗杆传动的优势，即高传动比).MooringwinchCapstansandWarpingHeadsFig.22-3ElectricDrivenCapstanOnShipModerncapstansandwarpingheads(alsocalledgypsyheads)aresimilarinconstruction,purpose,anduse,thedifferencebeingintheorientation:capstansareverticalwhilewarpingheadsarehorizontal.WhilewarpingheadsareoftenfittedtoshaftsofwindlassesandwinchesasnotedaboveandasillustratedinFig.22-1,capstansaremostoftendrivenbyindependentmotors.Fig.22-3showsacapstandrivenbyanelectricmotorviareductiongearing,inanarrangementfittedtoacut-outintheupperdeck,withthemotorthereforeshelteredbelowdeck.CapstansandWarpingHeadsSimilarcapstansaredrivenbyhydraulicmotors.Inanothercommonconfigurationthemotorandreductiongeararemountedtothedeckbelow,anddrivethecapstanheadviaanextendedverticalshaftfittedwithflexiblecouplings,whichpenetratestheupperdeck.Asimilararrangementisusedtoenableacapstantobedrivenbyanintermediateshaftfromaverticalwindlass.Inyetanotherarrangement,themotorishousedwithinthecapstanhead,allowingtheentireunittobemountedabovedeck.CapstansandWarpingHeadsCapstansandwarpingheadsareusedtoassistinthemanualhandlingoffiberropelines:thepersonhandlingthelinewrapsitonceortwicearoundtherotatinghead,andthen,standingbehindthehead,appliessufficienttensiontoenabletheheadtograspthelinebyfriction(绞盘和副卷筒用于协助手动处理纤维缆绳：处理绳的人将绳绕在旋转头上一到两圈，然后站在头后施加足够的张力，使头能够通过摩擦抓住绳).Theoperatorpullsthelinehand-over-handtomaintainthetension,coilingthelineondeckorpassingittoabinorstoragespoolbelowthroughanopenhatch.Becausethelinemustbehandledmanually,therotationoftheheadcannotbeto