医学院校研究生英语视听说（第四版）课件 unit 2 Section A Traveling and Public Transportation

医学院校研究生英语

视听说(第四版）EnglishforGraduateStudentsinMedicalUniversitiesUnit2SectionATravelingandPublicTransportationOutlineBrainstormingMonologueConversation

PassageSpeechCultureLinkBrainstorming

1.inventedandbuilttheworld’sfirstsuccessfulairplane2.inventedanddevelopedtheearliestmodernbicycle3.inventedthemodernautomobile4.builtthefirstrecordedsteam-poweredpassengership5.inventedthefirststeamlocomotiveengineforrailwaysA.JamesWatt,WilliamMurdoch,Richard

Trevithick,GeorgeStephensonB.PierreandErnestMichaux,Kirkpatrick

MacMillan,ComteMededeSivrac,

BaronKarlvonDraisdeSauerbrun,PierreLallementC.JohnFitch,RobertFultonD.HenryFord,GottliebDaimler,WilhelmMaybachandKarlBenzE.OrvilleandWilburWrightAListofMeansofTransportandItsInventorsBrainstorming

1.E2.B3.D4.C5.AMonologueI.1.False.Themanwhoattemptedtoreachspacein1390usinggunpowderrocketswasnotsuccessfulinhisendeavor;hediedintheattempt.2.True.Thepaceandlongmarchlauncheshasacceleratedoverthelasthalfacentury.3.True4.True5.False.TheLongMarch-7isnotprimarilyusedtoferryastronautsforChina’sspacestationmissions;itisamedium-liftlaunchvehicleusedtodeliversupplies.MonologueII.1.LongMarch-12.astronauts3.flight4.engineering5.probeMonologueIII.Suggestedanswers1.China’sspaceprogramhasevolvedsignificantlyoverthecenturies,progressingfromearlyattemptsatspaceexplorationtobecomingamajorplayerintheglobalspacecommunity.Historically,duringtheMingDynastyinthe14thcentury,therewereearlyaspirationsforspaceexploration,asevidencedbytheendeavorsofindividualslikeanalchemistwhoattemptedtolaunchhimselfintospaceusinggunpowderrockets,albeitunsuccessfully.However,itwasnotuntilthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturythatChinaofficiallyestablisheditsmodernspaceprogram.Sincethen,Chinahasmaderemarkableadvancements,launchingitsfirstsatellitein1970andsendingitsfirstastronautintospacein2003.Overtheyears,Chinahasdevelopedandrefineditsrockettechnology,expandeditscapabilitiesinsatellitedeployment,conductedsuccessfullunarexplorationmissions,andestablisheditsownspacestation.Today,China’sspaceprogramcontinuestogrowrapidly,withambitiousplansforfuturemissionstoexplorethemoon,Mars,andbeyond.MonologueSuggestedanswers2.AdvancementsinrockettechnologyhavesignificantlyacceleratedspaceexplorationinChina.Theseadvancements,suchasthedevelopmentofpowerfulandreliablerocketsliketheLongMarchseries,haveenabledChinatolaunchmoremissionsatafasterpace.Withimprovedpropulsionsystemsandpayloadcapabilities,Chineserocketscancarrylargerandmoresophisticatedspacecraft,facilitatingmissionstoexplorenewfrontiersinspace,conductscientificresearch,andestablishapresencebeyondEarth’sorbit.Additionally,advancementsinrockettechnologyhavereducedcostsandincreasedefficiency,allowingChinatoexpanditsspaceprogramandpursueambitiousgoalsinspaceexploration.MonologueSuggestedanswers3.SpaceagencieslikeChinaprioritizethesafetyofastronautsandmissionsuccessthroughcomprehensivemeasures.Thisincludesextensiveastronauttrainingtoprepareforthechallengesofspaceflightandrigoroustestingofspacecrafttoensurereliability.Strictprotocolsgovernmissionplanningandexecution,withcarefulconsiderationgiventofactorslikelaunchtimingandtrajectory.Advancedtechnologiesareutilizedforhazarddetectionandmitigation,whilecollaborationwithinternationalpartnersenhancescollectiveexpertiseandresources.Throughtheseefforts,spaceagenciesaimtosafeguardastronautsandachievemissionobjectivesinspaceexploration.MonologueSuggestedanswers4.China’slunarprobeandmassmissioncontributetoourunderstandingoftheuniversebyconductingresearchoncelestialbodiessuchasthemoon,gatheringdataonlunargeology,surfacecomposition,andpotentiallyidentifyingresourcesforfutureexploration.Additionally,thesemissionsadvanceourunderstandingofplanetaryformationprocesses,sheddinglightontheoriginsandevolutionofthesolarsystem.Throughtheseendeavors,ChinaaimstodeepenscientificknowledgeandpavethewayforfutureexplorationbeyondEarth’sorbit.MonologueSuggestedanswers5.Futurevehiclesinspaceexplorationarelikelytofeatureadvancedtechnologyandinnovativedesignelements.Thesespacecraftwillbeequippedwithimprovedpropulsionsystemsforefficienttravelandmaneuverability,aswellassophisticatedinstrumentsforconductingscientificresearch.Theymayalsoincorporatemodulardesignprinciplesforversatilityinmissionobjectivesandenhancelifesupportsystemstosustainastronautsduringextendedmissions.Additionally,advancementsinartificialintelligenceandroboticscouldenableautonomousoperationandmaintenanceofspacecraftsystems,whilerenewableenergysourceslikesolarpowermayprovidesustainableenergyforpropulsionandonboardsystems.Overall,theseadvancementswillrevolutionizeourcapabilitiesinspaceexplorationanddeepenourunderstandingoftheuniverse.Conversation

1.T2.T3.F4.T5.TPassagePassage1I.Thetruestatementsare4and5.1.Itwasn’tuntilabout100yearsagothatmachinesbegantogofasterthanhorses.2.Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,mostlong-distancetravelwasdoneontrains.3.By1990,thereweremorethan200millioncarsintheUnitedStatesandCanada.PassageII.1.1900;1002.fast,efficient;anywhere3.solve;transportationproblems4.European;high-speed5.airport;fighttrafficPassagePassage21.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T10.TPassagePassage3

I.1.toimaginelifewithoutasubway2.eventhoughyoucan’tseeitstunnelsfromthestreet3.weremovingtothecities;couldn’tcarrythemall4.citiesandtheirtransportationsystemsranoutofroom5.becamecongestedanddangerous;grewincreasinglydifficult6.withabove-groundmasstransit7.fromplacetoplace;withhorses,cartsandthefirstcars8.torelievethecongestion;ledtoviolence9.thatthey’dhavetobuildanewsystemoftransportation;toputthissystemunderthecity10.morethan160;overcrowding,pollutionorurbansprawlSpeech1.theNation’sCapital2.enjoyable3.atreasuretrove4.29,0005.preservationlaw6.heritageandappeal7.apleasingmix8.trendyshopsSpeech9.therichdiversityof10.specialtyrestaurants11.orrevelin12.therenownedMetrorailsystem13.ThroughthisInternetsite14.visitingusinperson15.yournextvacationanunforgettableoneCulturalLink1.120yearsofthemoderncarPatentDRP37435fortheBenzPatentMotorCarin1886isconsideredthebirthdateofthemoderncar.Thatyear,inJanuary,KarlBenzappliedforhis“vehiclewithgasoperation”whichincludedsuchfeaturesasasingle-cylinder,four-strokeenginepoweredbygasoline;acarburetor;water-cooledradiator;andelectricignition.Duringthatsameyear,GottliebDaimlerandengineerWilhelmMaybachcreatedthefirst“horseless”carriagebyattachingDaimler’senginetoacoach.BenzandDaimler’sorganizationswouldlatermergetoformDaimler-Benz(nowDaimlerChryslerAG).CulturalLink2.TheinventorofthesteamshipRobertFultonispopularly,ifinaccurately,consideredtheinventorofthesteamship.BorninPennsylvania,hebeganhiscareerasanartist,paintingmostlyportraits.In1786hetraveledtoEngland,whereheputhiseffortstoengineering,specializingincanalnavigationandshipbuilding.Inthelate1790sheworkedondesigningandbuildingasubmarine,firstinFranceandthen,moresuccessfully,inEngland.SomethingofacelebritywhenhereturnedtotheUnitedStatesin1806,FultonsettobuildashippoweredbyanEnglish-builtsteamengine.InAugustof1807hisClermontCulturalLink2.TheinventorofthesteamshipmadethetripfromNewYorktoAlbany,upriverontheHudson,in32hours.AlthoughJohnFitchhadbuiltaworkingsteamboatin1790,Fultonwasthefirsttoestablishacommerciallysuccessfullineofships,whichledtoatransportationrevolution.AfterClermonthebuiltmorethanadozenothersteamships,atorpedoboatand,underthedirectionoftheUSCongress,asteam-poweredfrigate.CulturalLink3.PierreLallement—inventorofthebicyclePierreLallementwasanenterprisingyoungmanwhoarrivedinAnsonia(thenaboroughofDerby)in1865afterdabblinginmakingbabycarriagesandhisownnewinventioncalledthevelocipede,betterknowntodayasthebicycle.Accordingtohistoricalaccounts,hesawpeopleusingaratherawkwardwheeledvehicleknownasadandyhorse,andaddedthebasiccomponentsoftoday’sbicyclestocreateaworkingbicycle.CulturalLink3.PierreLallement—inventorofthebicycleOnNovember20,1866,hefiledforUSpatent#59,915—thefirstpatentissuedforatruebicycle.Heneverreallycapitalizedonhisinventionashecouldnotfindinvestors.HereturnedtoParisforatime,andwhilethere,soldthepatenttoCalvinWittyofBrooklynwholaterbecamepartofamajorlawsuitbeforethecompanythatproducedColumbiabikeseventuallygainedlegalpossession—andmadeafortune.Lallementdidnotfaresowell.HediedinBostonattheageof47andformanyyearshisroleastheinventorofthebicyclewasforgottenwhilemanygavethecredittoMichaux.Howeverinrecentyears,historyhasbeenmuchkindertoLallement,andhiswork.CulturalLink4.KarlBenz(CarlBenz)In1885,Germanmechanicalengineer,KarlBenzdesignedandbuilttheworld’sfirstpracticalautomobiletobepoweredbyaninternalcombustionengine.OnJanuary29,1886,Benzreceivedthefirstpatent(DRPNo.37435)foragas-fueledcar.Itwasathree-wheeler;Benzbuilthisfirstfour-wheeledcarin1891.Benz&Company,thecompanystartedbytheinventor,becametheworld’slargestmanufacturerofautomobilesby1900.CulturalLink5.HenryFordrevolutionizedtheautoindustryManypeoplebelieveHenryFordinventedtheautomobile.ButHenryForddidnotstarttobuildhisfirstcaruntil1896.ThatwaselevenyearsaftertwoGermDaimlerandKarlBenz—developedthefirstgasoline-poweredautomobile.ManypeoplebelieveHenryFordinventedthefactorysystemthatmovedacar’spartstotheworker,insteadofmakingtheworkermovetotheparts.Thatisnottrue,either.ManymanufacturersusedthissystembeforeFord.CulturalLink5.HenryFordrevolutionizedtheautoindustryWhatHenryForddidwastouseotherpeople’sideasandmakethembetter.Othersmadecars.HenryFordmadebettercars.Andhesoldthemforlessmoney.Othersbuiltcarfactories.HenryFordbuiltthebiggestfactoryofitstime.Andhemadethewholefactoryamovingproductionline.CulturalLink6.JohnFitch(1743–1798)Americaninventor,clockmaker,andbronzesmithwhobuiltthefirstrecordedsteam-poweredshipintheUnitedStates.

CulturalLink7.InventionoftherailroadandthesteamengineAsearlyasthe16thcentury,roadsofrailscalledwagonwayswerebeingusedinGermany.Theserailedroadsconsistedofwoodenrailsoverwhichhorse-drawncartsmovedwithgreatereasethantheywouldhaveoverdirtroads.Thesewagonways,althoughprimitive,werethebeginningofwhatwenowconsidermodernrailroads.By1776,ironhadreplacedthewoodintherailsandthewheelsonthecarts.Wagonwaysevolvedintotramways,withhorsesprovidingallthepullingpower,andspreadthroughoutEurope.In1789,thefirstwagonsweredesignedwithflangedwheelsthatallowedthewheelstogetabettergripontherail.Thisnewdesignwasimportanttothedesignthatcarriedovertolater,moremodernlocomotives.CulturalLink7.InventionoftherailroadandthesteamengineThekeydevelopmenttotheinventionofmodernrailroadswasthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.IttookthreedifferentBritishinventorsandaboutahundredyearstodevelopthesteamengine.Withtheinventionofthesteamengine,thedevelopmentofthemodernrailroadcame.JamesWattandhisfellowinventorscanbecreditednotonlyforthedevelopmentofthesteamengineandtherailroad,butalsoforusheringintheindustrialrevolutionandwiththatamoremodernage.Unit2SectionBMedicalEthicsOutlineWatchingandDoingWatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutMedicalEthicsFourcommonlyacceptedprinciplesofhealthcareethicincludetheprincipleofrespectforautonomy,principleofnonmaleficence,principleofbeneficence,andprincipleofjustice.WatchingandDoingRespectforAutonomyAnynotionofmoraldecision-makingassumesthatrationalagentsareinvolvedinmakinginformedandvoluntarydecisions.Inhealthcaredecisions,ourrespectfortheautonomyofthepatientwould,incommonparlance,implythatthepatienthasthecapacitytoactintentionally,withunderstanding,andwithoutcontrollinginfluencesthatwouldmitigateagainstafreeandvoluntaryact.Thisprincipleisthebasisforthepracticeof“informedconsent”inthephysician/patienttransactionregardinghealthcare.WatchingandDoingThePrincipleofNonmaleficenceTheprincipleofnonmaleficencerequiresofusthatwenotintentionallycreateaharmorinjurytothepatient,eitherthroughactsofcommissionoromission.Incommonlanguage,weconsideritnegligentifoneimposesacarelessorunreasonableriskofharmuponanother.Providingaproperstandardofcarethatavoidsorminimizestheriskofharmissupportednotonlybyourcommonlyheldmoralconvictions,butbythelawsofsocietyaswell.Thisprincipleaffirmstheneedformedicalcompetence.Itisclearthatmedicalmistakesmayoccur;however,thisprinciplearticulatesafundamentalcommitmentonthepartofhealthcareprofessionalstoprotecttheirpatientsfromharm.WatchingandDoingThePrincipleofBeneficenceTheordinarymeaningofthisprincipleisthathealthcareprovidershaveadutytobeofabenefittothepatient,aswellastotakepositivestepstopreventandtoremoveharmfromthepatient.Thesedutiesareviewedasrationalandself-evidentandarewidelyacceptedasthepropergoalsofmedicine.Thisprincipleisattheveryheartofhealthcareimplyingthatasufferingsupplicant(thepatient)canenterintoarelationshipwithonewhomsocietyhaslicensedascompetenttoprovidemedicalcare,trustingthatthephysician’schiefobjectiveistohelp.WatchingandDoingThegoalofprovidingbenefitcanbeappliedbothtoindividualpatients,andtothegoodofsocietyasawhole.Forexample,thegoodhealthofaparticularpatientisanappropriategoalofmedicine,andthepreventionofdiseasethroughresearchandtheemploymentofvaccinesisthesamegoalexpandedtothepopulationatlarge.WatchingandDoingThePrincipleofJusticeJusticeinhealthcareisusuallydefinedasaformoffairness,orasAristotleoncesaid,“givingtoeachthatwhichishisdue.”Thisimpliesthefairdistributionofgoodsinsocietyandrequiresthatwelookattheroleofentitlement.Thequestionofdistributivejusticealsoseemstohingeonthefactthatsomegoodsandservicesareinshortsupply,thereisnotenoughtogoaround,thussomefairmeansofallocatingscarceresourcesmustbedetermined.(/bhdept/ethicsmedicine/bioethics-topics/articles/principles-bioethics)WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutBeaGreatDoctorAdoctorisamedicalprofessionalwhohascompletedthenecessaryeducationandtrainingtodiagnose,treat,andpreventillnessesandinjuriesinindividuals.Doctorsprovideessentialmedicalcare,prescribemedication,performsurgeries,andofferpreventativemeasurestohelppeoplemaintaintheirhealth.Theyalsoconductresearch,educatepatientsandthepublic,andworkcollaborativelywithotherhealthcareprofessionalstoensurethebestpossibleoutcomesfortheirpatients.(https://www./careers/doctor/)WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutBeaGreatDoctorAgooddoctorarguablyrecognisesboththescienceandtheartofpractisingmedicine.Clearly,medicaleducationandtrainingshouldaimtomarrytheskillsandsensitivitiesoftheappliedscientisttothereflectivecapabilitiesofthehumanist.WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutBeaGreatDoctorDespitechallengestomedicalauthority,doctors’skillsandadvicearestillheldinveryhighregardbythepublic.Patientsdesireempathy,honesty,informationandempowermentinordertotrusttheirdoctors.Thesearenotoptionalextras.Doctorsshouldrecognisethatpatientsarecomplexandvulnerable,andtheyshouldstrivetotreatdisease,relievesufferingandpromotehealthwithhonestyandcompassion.Indoingthistypeofworkdoctorsmighttrulybecomegood.(/doi/full/10.1111/imj.13942)WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationabout

PrivacyandConfidentialityItisimportanttoprotectpatients’privacyandconfidentialityinordertopreservepatients’trustindoctors.Privacyisafundamentalright,essentialtoautonomyandtheprotectionofhumandignity,servingasthefoundationuponwhichmanyotherhumanrightsarebuilt.Privacyenablesustocreatebarriersandmanageboundariestoprotectourselvesfromunwarrantedinterferenceinourlives,whichallowsustonegotiatewhoweareandhowwewanttointeractwiththeworldaroundus.Privacyhelpsusestablishboundariestolimitwhohasaccesstoourbodies,placesandthings,aswellasourcommunicationsandourinformation.(/explainer/56/what-privacy)WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutPrivacyandConfidentialityConfidentialityisthekeepingofanotherpersonorentity’sinformationprivate.Theprincipleofconfidentialityismostcommonlyexpectedinthemedicalfield,andthelegalfield.Confidentialityisanintegralpartofcaringforpeopleinthementalhealthandmedicalfields.Doctorsandallhealthcareprovidingfacilitiesandstaffarerequiredbylawtomaintaintheconfidentialityofpatients.WhileconfidentialityinthemedicalfielddatesbacktotheHippocraticOath,lawsgoverningthisprinciplehavebecomemorestrictinrecentdecades.(/confidentiality/)WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutPrivacyandConfidentialityTrustandconfidencearekeycomponentsoftheclinician-patientrelationship.Therearemanybenefitsthatcanaccruefromatrustingrelationship,includingopencommunicationofinformation,improvedadherencetomedicaladvice,improvementofhealthoutcomesandbetterpatientexperience.(.uk/resource/confidence-and-trust-in-clinicians)Inconclusion,patients’privacyandconfidentialityneedtobeprotectedtopreservepatients’trustandthusmaintainagooddoctor-patientrelationship.WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutDeliveringBadNewsDeliveringserious,bad,orlife-alteringnewstoapatientisoneofthemostdifficulttasksphysiciansencounter.Broadlydefinedasinformationthatmayalterapatient’sviewofhisorherfuture,badnewsmayincludeinformationrelatedtoachronicdisease(e.g.,diabetesmellitus),alife-alteringillness(e.g.,multiplesclerosis),oraninjuryleadingtosignificantchange(e.g.,aseason-endingkneeinjury).WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutDeliveringBadNewsPatientsprefertoreceivesuchnewsinperson,withthephysician’sfullattention,andinclear,easy-to-understandlanguagewithadequatetimeforquestions.Mostpatientsprefertoknowtheirdiagnosis,buttheamountofdesireddetailsvariesamongdifferentculturesandbyeducationlevel,age,andsex.Thephysicianshouldrespectthepatient’suniquepreferencesforreceivingbadnews.Physiciansmayexperiencestressrelatedtoprovidingbadnewsthatextendsbeyondtheactualconversation.Forexample,physiciansareafraidofelicitinganemotionalreaction,beingblamedforthebadnews,andexpressingtheiremotionsduringtheprocess.WatchingandDoingBackgroundinformationaboutDeliveringBadNewsPhysiciansoftenwithholdinformationorareoverlyoptimisticregardingprognosis,butthiscanleadtoconfusionforpatientsregardingtheircondition.Thereareseveralalgorithmsavailabletohelpguidethephysicianinthedeliveryofbadnews,includingtheSPIKESprotocol(setting,perception,invitation,knowledge,emotion,andstrategyandsummary).Skillfuldeliveryofbadnewscanprovidecomfortforthepatientandfamily.(/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0715/p99.html)WatchingandDoingI.Exercise11.adaptability,confidentbuthumble,emotionalintelligence,compassion,workethnic2.arduous,orlong,orchallenging3.bounce4.failing,improving5.self-reliantWatchingandDoingI.Exercise21.B2.D3.B4.A5.DWatchingandDoingII.Exercise11.arrogance2.thinveil,earned3.listener,observer,empathetic4.empower,ownership5.prone,alistof6.smart,rightWatchingandDoingII.Exercise21.ImpostersyndromeImpostersyndrome,alsocalledperceivedfraudulence,involvesfeelingsofself-doubtandpersonalincompetencethatpersistdespiteyoureducation,experience,andaccomplishments.Tocounterthesefeelings,youmightendupworkingharderandholdingyourselftoeverhigherstandards.WatchingandDoing2.BedsidemannerItreferstothemannerthataphysicianassumestowardpatients.Bedsidemanneramongallmedicalprofessionalsisacrucialpartoftheirpatients’recovery.Notonlydoesitaffecthowpatientsfeelinthehospital,butalsohowmuchtheylearnaboutcaringforthemselvesathome.Thisimportantelementencompasseseveryaspectofone’sinteractionwithapatientandhisorherfamilymember—notonlywhatissaid,buthowit’sexpressed.Theultimategoalofanyencounteristopromotetrustandhealing.Howphysiciansandnursesapproachpatientsandtheirfamiliescandirectlyaffecttheoverallexperienceforpatientsandtheirwillingnesstolearn.Withgoodbedsidemanner,medicalprovidersareultimatelyabletoimprovecommunicationandreduceerrors.WatchingandDoing3.MotivationalinterviewingThisisacounselingmethodthathelpspeopleresolveambivalentfeelingsandinsecuritiestofindtheinternalmotivationtheyneedtochangetheirbehavior.Itisapractical,empathetic,andshort-termprocessthattakesintoconsiderationhowdifficultitistomakelifechanges.WatchingandDoing3.MotivationalinterviewingMotivationalinterviewingevolvedfromCarlRoger’sperson-centered,orclientcentered,approachtocounselingandtherapy,asamethodtohelppeoplecommittothedifficultprocessofchange.ItwasintroducedbypsychologistWilliamR.Millerin1983andfurtherdevelopedbyMillerandpsychologistStephenRollnick.“Themoreyoutrytoinsertinformationandadviceintoothers,themoretheytendtobackoffandresist.Thiswastheoriginalinsightthatgeneratedoursearchforamoresatisfyingandeffectiveapproach,”Rollnickwrites.“Putsimply,thisinvolvescomingalongsidethepersonandhelpingthemtosaywhyandhowtheymightchangeforthemselves.”WatchingandDoing4.EmotionalintelligenceEmotionalintelligencereferstotheabilitytoidentifyandmanageone’sownemotions,aswellastheemotionsofothers.Emotionalintelligenceisgenerallysaidtoincludeafewskills:namelyemotionalawareness,ortheabilitytoidentifyandnameone’sownemotions;theabilitytoharnessthoseemotionsandapplythemtotaskslikethinkingandproblemsolving;andtheabilitytomanageemotions,whichincludesbothregulatingone’sownemotionswhennecessaryandhelpingotherstodothesame.WatchingandDoingII.Exercise3Open.WatchingandDoingIII.Exercise11.professional,digital2.appropriately3.compromised4.consequences5.responsibility,unaddressedWatchingandDoingIII.Exercise24-5-2-3-1WatchingandDoingIII.Exercise31.Forhealthcareworkers,privacyandconfidentialityremainastwosidesofthesameextremelyimportantcoin.Inhealthcareterms,privacyistherightofthepatients’controlorlimittheaccesstothemselvesortoinformationaboutthemselves.Confidentialityisthedutyofsomeonewhohasreceivedaccessorinformationtoprotectthatinformationanddiscloseittoothersonlyinaccordancewithpermissions,rulesorlawsauthorizingitsdisclosure.WatchingandDoing2.Withtrustforhealthcarewor