中科大科学与宗教课件01科学与宗教

科学与宗教

Science&Religion"SincetheScientificRevolutionoverturnedtheauthorityinsciencenotonlyofthemiddleagesbutoftheancientworld...itoutshineseverythingsincetheriseofChristianity."

---HerbertButterfieldTheOriginsofModernScienceAlfredNorthWhitehead

(1861—1947)Whenweconsiderwhatreligionisformankind,andwhatscienceis,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthefuturecourseofhistorydependsuponthedecisionofthisgenerationastotherelationsbetweenthem.

------AlfredNorthWhitehead

ScienceandtheModernWorld(1925).

ReligionandScience

Wehavetounderstandthetypeofconnectionwhichexistsbetweenscienceandreligion,andthentodrawsomedefiniteconclusionsrespectingtheexistingsituationwhichatpresentconfrontstheworld.

conflictionTheconflictbetweenreligionandscienceiswhatnaturallyoccurstoourmindswhenwethinkofthissubject.Itseemsasthoughtheresultsofscienceandthebeliefsofreligionhadcomeintoapositionoffrankdisagreement,fromwhichtherecanbenoescape,exceptbyabandoningeithertheclearteachingofscienceortheclearteachingofreligion.PossibleModelsfortheRelationshipConflictOneisright,theotheriswrongIndependenceTwohavenothingtodowitheachotherComplementarityRemainseparate,butcanassistoneanotherIntegrationNoboundary,bothpartofonewholeScienceandReligionWhatisScience?WhatisReligion?WhatisScience？

scientia,“knowledge”or“toknow”Theefforttodiscover,andincreasehumanunderstandingofhowthephysicalworldworks.

WhatisReligionThewordreligionderivesfromtheLatinwordtobindortoligate(tie)tothegods.Beliefinandreverenceforasupernaturalpowerorpowersregardedascreatorandgovernoroftheuniverse.Apersonalorinstitutionalizedsystemgroundedinsuchbeliefandworship.Asetofbeliefs,values,andpracticesbasedontheteachingsofaspiritualleader.宗教释义——InterpretationTheHumanSearchforMeaning.

——byJSKruger,1996根(roots)——在整个历史上，宗教是供人們安全感，宗教提供人們「根」(roots)。翼(wings)——在整个历史上，宗教也提供人们的精神飞翔的翅膀(wingstofly)。宗教是每个人的正常经验的延伸，它也是科学与艺术的延伸，我们能夠透过宗教寻求真正的知识与美。可以说，宗教乃是追求绝对的真、绝对的美、绝对的善。APROXIMATERELIGIOUSAFFILIATIONWORLDWIDE

(BYPERCENTAGE)Christians24%Muslims14%Hindus2.6%Buddhists6.3%Jews0.4%Othersreligiousandnon-religious42.7%信就是

Faithis所望之事的实底（实际、支持的根基）。

thesubstantiationofthingsofhopedfor(theessence,thereality,supportingfoundation).未见之事的确据（证据、证明）。

theconvictionofthingsnotseen

(evidence,proof).从提出的问题和基本关注点来看

ScientificknowledgeisarelationshipbetweenobservationsReligionisabeliefinsomethingThebeliefisnotnecessarilysubstantiatedbyphysicalormaterialevidence从人对世界的态度来看

ScientificattitudeisakindofI-it.ReligionrefersarelationshipbetweenmanandGod.ItsattitudeisbetweenI-You.Scientificknowledgeisneithertruenorfalse,butratherconsistentwiththeobservationsandpriorknowledge.Inreligionknowledgeistakenaseithertrueorfalse.从作出的回答和概念的内容来看

ScienceformulatesquantifiablequestionsScienceusesunits,numbers,directionalongwithmathematicstoexpressknowledgeNumbersarequantitative.Religiousknowledgeisnotgottenthroughmeasurement.Religiousknowledgeisqualitativenotquantitative.ScienceandReligionReligionandscienceaskdifferentkindsofquestionsanddefinewordsdifferentlyReligionandscienceappearasiftheyweretwoincommensurateparadigmsaddressingtheidenticalinformationareaScientificMethodScientificMaterialismacceptsonlyonereality:thephysicaluniverse,composedasitisofmatterandenergy.

Everythingthatisnotphysical,measurable,ordeduciblefromscientificobservations,isconsideredunreal.Lifeisexplainedinpurelymechanicalterms.Thatis:OnlythatwhichcanbeobservedandmeasuredthroughthetechniqueofScientificMethodisreal,andeverythingelseisunreal.

MethodsinReligion

Religiondoesn'thaveamethodinthesamewaythatsciencedoes.TheyarenotconsciouslyplannedReligionisanattempttofindmeaningintheworld,andtoexplainhumanity'splaceinitandrelationshiptoitandtoanypositeddivineentityorentities.

Questionsscienceasksandattemptstoanswer:When,where,howmany,why(bywhatmeans)Howdoesalivingthingfunction?Whatarethefundamentalforces?Questionreligionasksandattemptstoanswer:WhyamIhere?Isthattherightthingtodo?HowvaluableamI?DoesGodexist?DoesGodact(theism)?WillthatGodrespondifIpray?Questionsbothask(butbydifferentmeans)Howandwhendidlifeoriginate?Howandwhendidtheuniverseoriginate?ScienceandReligionReligionofferscertaintyScienceistentative

Thoughscienceistentative;itisalsoefficaciousandprogressive

UnansweredquestionswhichseemtorelatetoscienceConsciousness(whatisconsciousnessandwhyareweconscious?)OriginsoflifeOriginoftheuniverse.Whyisthereanything(asopposedtonothing)AssumptionsofScienceTheworldisreal.Therealworldisknowableandcomprehensible.Therearelawsthatgoverntherealworld.Thoselawsareknowableandcomprehensible.Thoselawsdon't[radically]changeaccordingtoplaceortime,sincetheearlystagesofthebigbang.

AssumptionsofScienceNatureisunderstandableTherulesoflogicarevalidLanguageisadequatetodescribethenaturalrealmHumansensesarereliable.MathematicalrulesaredescriptiveforthephysicalworldBasicAssumptionsofScience

AssumptionsareacceptedwithoutproofFormthebasisofallscientificthinkingInotherwords,thebasicassumptionsofscienceareacceptedonfaith.Interesting.BasicAssumptionsofreligion

TheGodoftheBibleisreal.

TheGodoftheBibleisrational

TheGodoftheBibleisunderstandable

.科学与宗教的三层双向循环结构

B理论

经验AC应用谢林(H.K.Schilling)

科学与宗教的认同机制

B假设

直觉AC经验谢林(H.K.Schilling)

LimitationsofScienceSciencecan'tanswerquestionsaboutvalue.Forexample,thereisnoscientificanswertothequestions,"Whichoftheseflowersisprettier?"or"Whichismorevaluable,oneounceofgoldoroneounceofsteel?"Ourcultureplacesvalueontheelementgold,butifwhatyouneedissomethingtobuildaskyscraperwith,goldisprettyuseless.Sothere'snowaytoscientificallydeterminevalue.LimitationsofScienceSciencecan'tanswerquestionsofmorality.Theproblemofdecidinggoodandbad,rightandwrong,isoutsidethedeterminationofscience.Thisiswhyexpertscientificwitnessescanneverhelpussolvethedisputeoverabortion:allascientistcantellyouiswhatisgoingonasafetusdevelops;thequestionofwhetheritisrightorwrongtoterminatethoseeventsisdeterminedbyculturalandsocialrules--inotherwords,morality.Thesciencecan'thelphere.

LimitationsofScienceSciencecan'thelpuswithquestionsaboutthesupernatural.Theprefix"super"means"above."Sosupernaturalmeans"above(orbeyond)thenatural."Thetoolboxofascientistcontainsonlythenaturallawsoftheuniverse;supernaturalquestionsareoutsidetheirreach.你能想到什么？科学不是救世主，也当不了救世主马克思论述人类把握世界的基本方式有四种，依次为“科学”、“艺术”、“宗教”与“实践—精神”。这无形中已在逻辑层面拟定了科学的功能范围。

“人们希望科学教给他们如何生活，如何同家人、邻居和外国人相处，如何在感情的交战中把握住该相信什么和