核心素养测评（选择性必修第一册Unit5WorkingtheLand）

核心素养测评(30分钟32.5分)二十一选择性必修第一册Unit5WorkingtheLandⅠ.阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2.5分,满分20分)A(2025·广东模拟)Here’saquickquiz.PersonAdoesafavorforyou.PersonBasksyoutodoafavorforhim.Whodoyoutendtolikemore?Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.Thisquirk(怪癖)ofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.BenjaminFranklincameacrossthephenomenonin1736whenservingasaclerktothePennsylvaniaAssembly.Apowerfulmemberdidn’tcareforFranklinandthreatenedtomakelifemiserableforhim.Whattodo?Insteadofwinninghimoverwithsweettalk,Franklinaskedifhecouldborrowarareandvaluablebookthemanowned.Thisrequestalteredtheman’sattitudeandpavedthewayfortheirfriendship.Franklin’stakeaway:“Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbereadytodoyouanother,thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged.”Severalstudieshaveconfirmedthis.ButhowcanweexplntheBenFranklinEffect?Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance(失调).It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.Weresolvethistensionbychangingourmind.“Idon’tlikeJoe,butIamdoinghimafavor,”wemightthink.“SomaybeIdolikehim.”Whilecognitivedissonanceexplnsalot,italonedoesn’texplntheBenFranklinEffect.One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliative(亲和的)motivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomntngoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.Thisexplnsalotaboutaltruisticbehavior.Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.Yetthereismuchwestilldon’tknowabouttheBenFranklinEffect.Doesitapplyequallyacrosscultures?Isthereapointbeyondwhichaskingafavormakesyouless,notmorelikable?Askingtoborrowabookisonething;askingtoborrowacarisanother.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会(良好的人际关系与社会交往)语篇内容本文介绍了富兰克林效应语篇结构Para.1IntroductiontoBenFranklinEffectPara.2TheoriginofBenFranklinEffectPara.3StudyandConfirmationofBenFranklinEffectPara.4ExplanationsofBenFranklinEffectPara.5DoubtaboutBenFranklinEffect【命题意图】1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?第二段主要通过BenjaminFranklin的经历说明富兰克林效应的起源。本题的命制旨在考查考生对说明文中举例子作用的把握2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?第三段主要讲述了人们对富兰克林效应的研究和确认,发现了其中的缘由并称之为cognitivedissonance。本题主要考查考生对这个缘由的理解3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?画线词是对上文的解释,同时在下句中用具体实例对画线词进行进一步阐释。命题者利用上下句之间的逻辑联系命制试题,很好地考查了考生对大意群的理解4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?最后一段体现了作者对富兰克林效应的质疑,有些情况下,富兰克林效应可能失效。本题主要考查考生从字里行间揣摩作者观点态度的能力1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?A.Toillustrateadilemmainmakingchoices.B.Tosuggestawayofstrikingupfriendships.C.Tostresstheimportanceofstrategicrequests.D.TointroducetheoriginoftheBenFranklinEffect.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第一段的“Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.ThisquirkofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.”和第二段内容可推断,作者提到本杰明·富兰克林的经历是为了介绍富兰克林效应的起源。故选D。2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?A.Reducingthetensioncausedbysocialcontact.B.Increasingthechanceofgettinghelpinreturn.C.Avoidingthediscomfortfromconflictingthoughts.D.Establishingacooperativecommunityofsharedtrust.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第三段的“Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance.It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.”可知,人们倾向于喜欢寻求帮助的人是因为认知失调,即避免持有矛盾的想法带来的不适。故选C。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Selfless. B.Impolite.C.Aggressive. D.Responsible.【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliativemotivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomntngoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.”以及下文“Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.”可推断,画线词所在句说明人们希望通过帮助他人来保持良好的关系,这解释了无私的行为,因此推断画线词与selfless“无私的”意思相近。故选A。4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?A.Itmakeslittlesense.B.Itappliestomostcultures.C.Ithassituationallimitations.D.Ithasgreatpracticalsignificance.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,作者认为富兰克林效应有情境限制。故选C。【失分剖析】第1题容易误选A。因为第一段中提到你可能更喜欢你帮助过的人,而不是帮助过你的人。这是一种“quirkofhumannature”,考生可能把这种怪癖理解成一种dilemma,从而造成误选。B(2024·湖北武昌检测)Manyculturesaroundtheworldhaveagrnthatisnotgrownorevenknownoutsideitshomearea.Now,astaplegrnnativetoEthiopia,Teff,isappearingongroceryshelvesinAmerica.TeffhasbeenanimportantpartoftheEthiopiandietforthousandsofyears.Likericeandwheat,itisacerealgrass.Teffisknownforitsfinegrnandusedmnlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.TeffwasintroducedtotheUnitedStatesbyamannamedWayneCarlson,wholearnedaboutteffwhiledoingpublichealthworkinAfricainthemid-1970s.“IcametoknowteffbecauseIwaseatingitallthetimeandhostedbytefffarmers,”hesd.Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.“Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.”WayneandhiswifeElisabetharenotfarmersnordotheywanttobe.SotheyconvincedactualfarmersinIdahotogrowteffoncontractforthem.TheCarlsonsmilleditthemselves.WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.RichRosebergisafoodresearcheratOregonStateUniversity.HesaysteffproductionhasexplodedoverthepastdecadeintheU.S.HesaysmostteffgrownintheU.S.isfedtofarmanimals.InIdaho,however,wheretheCarlsonsarebased,Rosebergbelievesmoreoftheteffproductionisforhumanfood.Teffcontnslotsofcalcium,iron,proteinandfiber.RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章详细地介绍了苔麸这种原产于埃塞俄比亚的谷物如何被引入美国,并在美国市场上逐渐受到欢迎的过程。5.HowdotheEthiopiansmnlyuseteff?A.Byeatingthecerealgrass.B.Byaddingitsgrnintoinjera.C.Bymixingitwithriceandwheat.D.Byusingtheflourmadefromit.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段中“Teffisknownforitsfinegrnandusedmnlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.”可知苔麸以其细粒而闻名,主要用于制作面粉。埃塞俄比亚人主要使用苔麸粉来做食物,尤其是英吉拉,故选D项。6.AccordingtoWayne,whycanteffgrowwellinIdaho?A.IdahoislocatedclosetoEthiopia.B.Teffiseasytosurviveonitsown.C.IdahohasgeographicfeaturessimilartoEthiopia.D.TeffwasoriginallyintroducedtoEthiopiafromIdaho.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段中“Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.‘Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.’”可知,Wayne选择在Idaho种植苔麸是因为那里的地质特征与埃塞俄比亚相似,故选C项。7.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph5?A.WaynesenttefftohisEthiopianfriends.B.Wayne’steffdidnotsellwellatfirst.C.Wayne’steffwassoldonlytoEthiopians.D.WaynelostcontrolofhisTeffCompany.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第五段“WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.”可知,Wayne最初通过华盛顿特区的电话簿寻找埃塞俄比亚人的名字来推销他的产品,这说明了他最初销售并不顺利。故选B项。8.WhatisRichRoseberg’sattitudetoWayneintroducingteffintoAmerica?A.Favorable. B.Pessimistic.C.Concerned. D.Disapproving.【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.”可知,Roseberg认为Wayne引进苔麸到美国是走在时代前列的,他对Wayne的做法持肯定态度。故选A项。Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)Whileit’ssimpletonamemanyfamousmaleinventors,peoplemightbehard-pressedtonamesomefemaleinventors.9

10Backonafreezingwinter’sdayin1902,MaryAndersonwastravelingbytramthroughNewYorkCity.Snowwasfalling,forcingthedrivertostoprepeatedlyandgetouttoclearit.Eachtimethedooropened,Marysufferedagustofwind.Shehadasuddengoodidea:whynotmakesomekindofarubberblade(刮片)thatcouldbeoperatedfrominsidethevehicle?11

What’smore,thedishwasherdatesbackevenearliertothe19thcenturyandtothedinnerpartiesheldbyaladycalledJosephineCochrane.Asafrequenthostess,shewantedamachinethatcouldwashdishesfasterthanhumans.12Andfinally,shedevelopedwhatwastobecomethefirstcommerciallysuccessfuldishwasher.Interestingly,innovationwasinherblood:hergrandfatherhadinventedthesteamboat.

Lastly,oneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20thcenturymustsurelybethecomputerprogram.Intoday’sworldofprogramming,menvastlyoutnumberwomen.13GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompiler(编译程序)in1952.

A