2024年考研英语真题与翻译

2024年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding

“yes!"1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthat

hugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,a

warmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.

Inarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellon

UniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthe

receiptofhugs6theparticipants'susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncold

afterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwereless

likelytocome8withacold,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducing

effectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11among

thosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmore

frequenthugshadlesssevere12

“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcolds

that'susually14withstress,“notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyat

Carnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothers

aretheretohelp16difficulty.M

Someexperts17thestress-reducing,heahh-relaledbenefitsofhuggingto

thereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghonnonc,'18itpromotes

attachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.

Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitis

releasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,

behaviorandphysiology.

1[A]Besides[B]UnlikefC]ThroughoutfD]Despite

2[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior

3[A]viewIB]host[CJlesson[D]choice

4[A]avoid[B]forget[C]recall[D]keep

5[Alcollecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving

6[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of

7[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed

8[A]along[B]across[C]down[D]out

9[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated

10[A]served[B]restored[C]explained[D]required

11[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even

12[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests

13[A]highlighted[B]increasedfC]controlled[D]minimized

14[A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared

15[A]assess[B]generate[Clmoderate[D]record

16[A]inthenameof[B]intheformof[C]inthefaceof[D]inthewayof

17[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return

18[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until

19[A]remains[B]emerges[Clvanishes[D]decreases

20[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences

拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案或许是洪亮的“是的”。除了能帮助你感

到和自己在乎的人关系密切之外，事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来很多

好处。不管你信不信，暖和的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避开生病。

最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆高校的探讨人员对超过400名健康成年人进

行了探讨。他们在让这些试验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支持”

和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。感觉到更多社

会支持的人更不简洁患感冒，探讨人员推算出，这种对健康的有益影响，大约有

32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中，感觉

得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。

“拥抱可以爱护那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感冒

的风险,”来自卡内基高校的心理学教授谢尔登•科恩视察道。拥抱“能制造密

切，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉

一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素,

其通常被称为“结合激素;因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲与新生婴儿之间

的依附关系。催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部，其有一部分会被释放进血液里。

但还有一部分会留在大脑里，影响人们的心情、行为及生理。

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Firsttwohours,nowthreehours—thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesare

recommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.

aiimportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.

Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturn

forincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhave

downedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.But

demandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturn

underminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:Wastedtimeisadragon

Americans,economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.

Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecret

checkthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons-bothfakeand

real—pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasures

sincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyand

andlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago's

O'HareInternational.ltisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhas

become一butthelinesareobvious.

Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreasein

airlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partofthe

issueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormay

bethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoid

checkcd-baggagcfees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.

ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairports

orrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposed

tobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheck

areeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelers

whoarehigherrisks,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolvcd.TSAwantstoenroll25

millionpeopleinPreCheck.

Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:

Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Since

thebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck'sfatalflaw.Upcomingrefbnnsmight

bringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingso

directly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.

TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklanes

whilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimeto

maketheprogramwork.

21.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto.

[A]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide

[B]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairports

[C]explainAmericans,toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks

fDlemphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection

22.Whichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairport?

[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags

[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA

[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravelers

[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks

23.Theword“expedited”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]faster

[B]quieter

[C]wider

[D]cheaper

24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis.

[AJAdramaticreductionofitsscale

[B]Itswrongly-directedimplementation

[C]Thegovernment'sreluctancetobackit

[D]Anunreasonablepriceforenrollment

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety

[B]PreCheck-aBelatedSolution

fClGettingStuckinSecurityLines

[D]UnderusedPreCheckLancs

Text1

全文翻译

以前是2小时，现在是3小时—这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶

国内航班的时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越

来越长。

美国人现在情愿忍受费时的安检程序，以换取更高的平安性。被恐怖分子攻

击而坠入地中海的埃及航空804号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提示。

但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在平安保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低公众

对这一程序的支持。其就会演化成：奢侈的时间耽搁了美国的经济和私人生活，

也会使乘客感到生气。

去年，美国运输平安管理局在一次隐私检查中发觉，管理局的便衣调查员在

尝试偷运武器的时候1无论真假），屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措

施，同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括芝加

哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否变得更

加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍的确变长了。

导致这一问题的部分缘由是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增，

所以美国运输平安管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员。另一个

缘由是，机场只有这么多空间，能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能是，

越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避开行李安检费用，尽管航空公司

对此剧烈反对。

美国运输平安管理局可以实行的一个不须要改造机场或仓促聘请人员的措

施，那就是激励更多的乘客参与预检项目。预检对游客和美国运输平安管理局而

言是双赢的选择。通过背景检查的乘客有资格运用快速安检通道。这能使美国运

输平安管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客，从而节约了其他人的时间。美国运

输平安管理局支配将2500万乘客纳入预检项目。

然而，这一支配还未达到预期目标，其中的一个主要缘由就是定价太高。乘

客必需每五年支付85美元进行背景审核。从一起先这一价格就是预检项目的重

大缺陷。接下来的改革或许会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应当通过资助

预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式干脆参与到价格调整中去。

在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的苦痛之时，美国运输平安管理局不能接

着将资源投入到未充分运用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的起先起作

用，那还须要很长的时间。

Text2

“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii's

lastreigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatcherswereamongthemostesteemed

membersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.

ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiant

observatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity'sviewofthecosmos.

AtissueistheTMT'splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcano

worshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstothe

heavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld'smostpowerful

telescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKca'speakrisesabovethebulkofour

planet'sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesof

unsurpassedclarity.

OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.Asmallbutvocalgroup

ofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectfor

sacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereign

nation.

Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheir

eagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgot(hatscienceistheonlywayof

understandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKca's

fragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland'sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnota

relicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.

Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnof

civilization.Thesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbrought

earlyPolynesianstoHawaii'sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexplorethe

heavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuture

developmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseekto

answerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.

Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingto

knowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.

TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMauna

Kca.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope'svisibilityaroundtheisland

andtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.Tolimitthenumberof

telescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesand

theirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.Thereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbe

welcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.

26.QueenLiliuokalani^remarkinParagraph1indicates.

[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy

[BltheimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety

[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancientlimes

[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers'featsinhertime

27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto.

[A]itsgeographicalfeatures

[B]itsprotectivesurroundings

[C]itsreligiousimplications

[D]itsexistinginfrastructure

28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause.

[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife

[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory

[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival

[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea

29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday'sastronomy

[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians

[BlhelpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld

[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture

[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians5hostility

30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisone

of.

[A]severecriticism

[B]passiveacceptance

[C]slighthesitancy

[D]fullapproval

Text2

全文翻译

“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家,”夏威夷最终一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女

王在1897年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受敬重的人物。悲伤的是，

现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望变更人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30米望远镜”

的修建支配引发了激烈的抗议。

抗议的焦点是30米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山支配的选址，该休眠火山被一些

夏威夷人供奉为阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世

界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以

远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无

比清楚的图像。

反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建立望远镜并非簇新事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷

人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不敬重，

同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占据‘这一苦痛事实的提示。

一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有肯定的责任。他们渴望建立更

大的天文望远镜，却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳

凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的爱护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位

置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是正在复兴的生动文化。

然而，科学也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。抱着希望发觉地

平线之外东西的新奇心，早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同样的

新奇心则鼓舞今日的天文学家去探究天堂。那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山上全部望

远镜或禁止将来全部发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实，那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都

在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题。

或许这就是我们探究繁星天空的缘由，似乎我们正在回应一个原始的呼唤，去了

解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。

天文学界正在做出妥协，他们变更了对冒纳凯阿火山的运用方式。他们在岛

上选了一个尽可能隐藏的地方来修建30米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避开对考古

和环境造成影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量，旧的望远镜在达到运

用年限时就会被移除，并让它们的原址回来到自然状态。因此，任何人都应被欢

迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产，探讨天空的繁星。

Text3

RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry'sGDPmeasures“everythingexcept

thatwhichmakeslifeworlhwhile."WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,

andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassess

whathewasreferringto.

ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfa

century.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatter

andmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK'sGDPhasbeentheenvy

oftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.If

everythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,

despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry'seconomicprospects?

Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthinto

well-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,the

UKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslated

intomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over

40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhave

beenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.

Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberof

consistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2024

globalcrash,bulinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,major

economieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn'tthecasewithallcountries.Some

relativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasures

includingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.

Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedas

thesolemeasureofacountry'ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.

So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemost

commonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisno

longerenough.ltdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityor

educationoutcomes—allthingsthatcontributetoaperson'ssenseofwell-being.

ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoa

declineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.But

policymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimply

worryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevensee

progress.

31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe.

[AJpraisedtheUKforitsGDP

[BiidentifiedGDPwithhappiness

[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP

[DlhadalowopinionofGDP

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that.

[A]lheUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern

[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK

[C]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy

[DJpolicymakersintheUKarcpayinglessattentiontoGDP

33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?

[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.

[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.

[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.

[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.

34.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat.

[AJtheUKispreparingforaneconomicboom

[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline

[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP

[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

fAlHighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson

[BJGDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth

[CIRebortF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP

[D]Brexit,theUK'sGatewaytoWell-being

Text3

全文翻译

罗伯特•肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活变得有意义

的事之外的任何事物J由于英国投票确定脱离欧盟，其GDP预料会出现下跌。

现在是时候来思索肯尼迪所说的话了。

有关对GDP及其有用性的质疑已经困扰政策制定者超过半世纪了。很多人

认为GDP是一个有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些无关紧要的事物，而没有衡量一些

重要的事物。最近的衡量结果表明，英国的GDP因其低失业率以及高增长而令

西方世界艳羡。假如一切进展得如此顺当，那为什么L7亿人在被警告说脱欧将

会影响国家经济前景的状况下还要投票支持脱离欧盟呢？

最近一份调查了各国和它们将经济增长转换为华蜜感实力的年度报告可能

会对上述问题有肯定的启示性作用。在163个被调查的国家中，英国在确保将增

长转化为公民生活水平提升方面是表现得最差的国家之一。这次调查并没有将衡

量重心放在GDP上，其还涉及到了包括健康、教化以及公民社会参与度等40

多项不同的指标，以求对接受调查的国家的表现做一个更加全面的评估。

尽管这些国家都面临挑战，但仍旧存在很多持续性的主题。的确，自2024

年全球衰退以来，经济复苏缓慢，但主要经济体在医疗和教化领域的关键性指标

呈现出接着下滑的态势。然而，这并不是全部国家面临的状况。一些相对贫困的

欧洲国家在公民社会、收入同等以及环保等指标上都取得了显著的进步。

这是富有国家须要学习的阅历：当GDP不再被视为衡量国家胜利的唯一标

准时，这个世界会变得别出心裁。

所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，尽管GDP是最常用的衡量一个国家经济活动

的方法之一，但作为衡量指标，GDP已经不够用了。其并不包括一些重要的因

素，比如环境质量或教化成果这些能提升人类华蜜感的事物。

意料中全世界及英国经济增长的受挫会导致我们华蜜感和经济增长所依靠

的日常服务有所下滑。但那些将重心重新放在如何提升华蜜感上，而不是简洁考

虑GDP数据的政策制定者将会避开可以预见的风暴，并能看到进步。

Text4

Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruption

convictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butildidsowhile

holdingitsnosealiheelhicsofhisconducl,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasa

RolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.

Thehighcourt'sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnelTstrialfailedtotella

jurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,“ortheformergovernor'sdecisionson

“specific”and“unsettled“issuesrelatedtohisduties.

Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewithclear

intenttopressurethoseofficials,isnotcorruption,thejusticesfound.

Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis

<vdistastefur,and"nasty."Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcrete

benefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,

makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact”.

Thecourt'srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnot

criminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucratic

problemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery."Thebasiccompactunderlying

representativegovernment,MwroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsfbrthecourt,t4assumcs

thatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.^^

Buttherulingreinforcestheneedfbrcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,

notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbe

allowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimply

becauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.This

typeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchas

recordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabouteachelected

leader'ssourceofwealth.

Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Buiitis

notalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypes

ofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasic

premiseofdemocraticsociety-thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment—is

undermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthof

eachindividual.

Thecourt'srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorniptionand

officialfavoritism.

36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt.

[AJavoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnell'sduties

[BlmadenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell

[C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnclPsconduct

[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnelPsethics

37.AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifit

involves.

[A]leakingsecretsintentionally

[Blsizablegainsintheformofgifts

[C]concretereturnsforgift-givers

[DIbreakingcontractsofficially

38.Thecourt'srulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare.

[A]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents

[B]qualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues

[C]allowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters

[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism

39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto.

[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials

[BJguaranteefairplayinofficialaccess

[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying

[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthecourt'srulingis.

[AJsarcastic

[B]tolerant

[C]skeptical

[D]supportive

Text4

全文翻译

美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特・麦克唐纳的贪腐指控.法

官罕见地一样通过了这一判决。但最高法院是强忍着对麦克唐纳行为道德的鄙视

做出这一判决的，其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物，包括劳力

士手表和法拉利汽车。最高法院的这一判决认为，在麦克唐纳案中，法官并未告

知陪审团只要关注其“公务行为”，或者说应当只对这位前州长在某些“特定”

且“并未解决”的职责范围内的问题所做的确定进行判决。

法官认为，除非蓄意对相关政府官员施加压刀，否则仅仅帮助送礼的公司接

触政府官员不能算是腐败。

最高法院的确认为，帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感”

和“厌烦”。但依据反贿赂法，腐败指控的成立肯定要有证据证明官员给送礼人

带来了实质性的好处，比如帮其批准了一项合同或规定。仅仅支配见面、打一个

电话或举办一次活动井不属于“公务行为”。

法院将这种牵线行为判定为偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的。被选举的领

袖应当被允许帮助自己的支持者解决政务问题，而不用担忧自己背上贪污的指

控。最高法院的首席大法官约翰•罗伯茨写道，“代议制政府下的基本条约,意

味着公职人员应听取选民看法，并以选民的利益行事。

但是这个判决强化了确保接触政府公允的须要，这主要是针对公民和他们所

选举的代表的，而不是法院的。官员不能因个人或组织为其选举活动供应捐献或

私人资助而在供应信息或支配与官员见面方面表现出偏袒。这种正直要求具备有

关政府透亮度方面的切实执行的法律，比如政府会议的记录、游说的规定以及有

关每位被选举领导财产来源信息的相关规定。

虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为可能会煽动公众对腐败的反

感。但这种偏袒行为不肯定就意味着腐败。更准确地说，政府官员必需避开对一

般人和富人实行双重标准，或者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区分对

待。假如与官员的关系可以被买卖，民主社会的基本信条(即政府应对人人同等)

就会受到损害。良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在价值的理解。

在打击腐败以及行政不公方面，法院的这一淮断是一次进步。

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,

youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosing

fromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhave

beencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(1()points)

[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,UADinneratPoplarWalk"broughttearsto

Dickens'seyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.From

thenonhissketches,v/hichappearedunderthepenname“Boz”inTheEvening

Chronicle,earnedhimamodestreputation.

[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapersyasitisgenerallyknowntoday,

securedDickens'sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,andthe

plump,spectacledhero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.

[CJSoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickens

towriteastoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbythe

then-famousartistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.With

characteristicconfidence,DickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymour'spictures

illustratehisownstoryinstead.Afterthefirstinstallment,Dickenswrotetotheartist

andaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfeltwasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.

Seymourmadethechange,wentintohisbackyard,andexpressedhisdispleasureby

committingsuicide.Dickensandhispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.

Thecomicnovel,ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin

1836and1837,andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin1837.

[DJCharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatest

Englishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer.Dickens

craftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglish

society.

[E]Soonafterhisfather'sreleasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrand

boyinlawoffices.Hetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasa

courtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,who

hadareporter'seyefortranscribingthelifearoundhimespeciallyanythingcomicor

odd,submittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.

[F]DickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland'ssoutherncoast.Hisfatherwas

aclerkintheBritishnavypayoffice-arespectableposition,butwithlittlesocial

status.Hispaternalgrandparents,astewardandahousekeeperpossessedevenless

status,havingbeenservants,andDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dickens's

mothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectablefamily.Yettwoyearsbefore

Dickens'sbirth,hismother'sfatherwascaughtstealingandfledtoEurope,neverto

return.Thefamily'sincreasingpovertyforcedDickensoutofschoolatage12to

workinWarren'sBlackingWarehouse,ashoe-polishfactory,wheretheotherworking

boysmockedhimas“theyounggentleman.vHisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.

Thehumiliationsofhisfather'simprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactory

formedDickens'sgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfide

themeventohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhis

fiction.

[G]AfterPickwick,Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,he

tracesanorphan'sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.

NicholasNickleby,hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliver7\vistwiththe

sunlightofPickwick.ThepopularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDickens'as