2025年专升本英语阅读理解强化训练讲义

专升本英语讲义-阅读理解

一、专升本阅读理解能力规定.............................................1

二、专升本阅读理解测试要点.............................................1

三、影响阅读理解解题的四大恶习.........................................1

四、专升本的题材.......................................................2

五、阅读理解的体裁.....................................................2

六、专升本阅读理解篇章构造类型.........................................3

七、做题三步走..........................................................3

八、五路标..............................................................4

九、英语长难句的分析专题练习...........................................5

十、四考点..............................................................7

H^一、十二法宝.........................................................13

十二、一要素..........................................................13

十三、三原则..........................................................13

参照答案：.............................................................62

一、专升本阅读理解能力规定

专升本英语考试阅读理解部分规定考生顺利阅读中等语言难度的i般性题材的文章，掌握

中心大意以及阐明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者

的观点和态度，阅读速度到达每分钟70〜80词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过

总词数3%的材料时，能掌握中心大意，抓住重要事实和有关细节，阅读速度到达每分钟

100词。

二、专升本阅读理解测试要点

1.基本规定：测试考生通过阅读文章获取信息的能力。文章选材的原则是：题材广泛，包

括人物传记、社会、文化、平常知识、科普常识等，所波及的背景知识应能为学生所理

解。

2.阅读四篇短文，总阅读量在1000-1200词之间。每篇短文后5个题，总计20题，每题

2分，共40分，规定根据文章从四个选择项中选一种最佳答案。

三、影响阅读理解解题的四大恶习

在做阅读理解试题的过程中，几乎所有的考生或多或少都会受课文学习阅读习惯的影响，

不知不觉地养成了不好的阅读习惯。只有戒除这些坏习惯才能顺利完毕阅读理解试题，获

得更好的成绩。

这些坏习惯包括：

“指读”(pointingroading)：即为了“集中注意力”，用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅

读。一碰到生词，便停止下来。

——无法在通篇理解的基础上进行迅速流畅的阅读。

“唇读”(lipreading)：即有的学生在阅读中喜欢读出声来，虽然不出声，嘴唇也在

动，或脑子里也在想着读音。

一一影响了大脑的思维速度。

“回读”(repeatedreading)：即在阅读中碰到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至

段首重读；尚有相称多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定式，认为自己第一遍肯定读不懂，因

此反复多遍阅读。

一阅读做题效率低，挥霍时间。

“译读”(translationreading)：即在阅读过程中，不停地进行逐词逐句的翻译，通

过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握对的的阅读措施，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对

一小段文章精雕细琢，

导致了养成逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。

——无法整体把握文章，理解支离破碎。

四、专升本的题材

L题材:信息(文章内容)

阅读理解是考察考生以语言知识和能力为工具获取有用信息的过程。所谓信息就是指文章

所波及的内容，即题材。

2.专升本文章题材

专升本英语阅读理解文章题材较为广泛，几乎包括了我们平常学习的各个科目，如：社会

生活、人物传记、社会文化、平常知识、经济、科普常识等。

根据命题规定，所波及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。

五、阅读理解的体裁

1.议论文：是对某个问题、现象或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态

度、见解和主张的一种文体。议论文三要素包括：论点、论据和论证措施。论点是观点，

论据是事实根据或公认的

真理，论证是得出结论的措施，如归纳法、推理法、对照法、驳论法等。

2.记叙文：以记叙为重要体现方式，综合其他体现方式；以写人、叙事、写景、状物为重

要内容；通过描述人物、时间、地点、事件或状物、写景来体现一定的中心。记叙文包括

六个基本要素：时间、地点、人物、起因、通过、成果。

3.阐明文：是以阐明为重要体现方式来讲解事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通

过揭示概念来阐明事物特性、本质及其规律性。阐明文一般简介事物的形状、构造、类

3.重叠原文定答案（针对选项）

八、五路标

L主题句(theme)

小结：

2.转折句

①显性转折词but,however,although,though,despite,inspiteof,onthe

contrary,otherwise,while

②隐性转折词：strongly,infact,actually

小结：

3.强烈体现句

①具有绝对意义的词：all,no,never,must,everything,nothing,anything,

anybody,nobody,everybody…

②表达唯一等特定的词汇：Only,merely,unique,just…

(3)重要的：important,essential,vital,crucial,significant,unavoidable,

「undamenlal…

④最高级(强烈体现引人注意)：top,first.No.1,extreme,favorite,1imitless---

⑤seldom,not,few,1ittle,hard1y,rarely等否认副词位于句首时引导的倒装句

4.因果条件句(题型：给果求因，给主句求条件句)

因果句标忐性词汇：

①as,since,because,for

②reason,cause

(3)resultin,resultfrom,so,thus,therefore

条件句文章标志性词汇:

If,unless

小结：

5.例证句

九、英语长难句的分析专题练习

根据句子构造，长难句分为四种类型：环环相扣式：并列式；插入语式：变化语序式。

1.环环相扣式

此类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分，这些修饰成分往往由非谓语动词或从句充当。在阅读

过程中，对于此类句式应当先找到句子的主干，然后再看修饰成分。

例1：Amerehundredspecies（物种）arethebasisofourfoodsupply,ofwhich

buttwentycarrytheload.Wilsonsuggestschangingthissituationbylocking

intotenthousandspeciesthatcouldbemadeuseof,whichwillbeawayto

reducetheclearingofthenaturalhomesofplantsandanimalstoenlarge

farmingareas.

解析：第二句是多层构造。第一层：Wilsonsuggestschanging•••bylooking…；

thatcouldbemadeuseof做定语修饰specieso第二层:which引导的非限定性从句修

饰changing…useof。第二层：不定式toreduce…做定语修饰awayo第四层：不

定式toenlarge…做目的状语,修饰clearing。

例2：Thisprocessisalsofoundamongscholarsandauthors：astatementof

opinionbyonewritermayberestatedbyanother,whomayinturnbequotedby

yetanother；andthisprocessmaycontinue»unlessitoccurstosomeoneto

questionthefactsonwhichtheoriginalwriterbasedhisopinionorto

challengetheinterpretationheplaceduponthosefacts.

解析：冒号前是句子主干，冒号后深入解释。解释中，分号分开两个句子。第一句中具有

一种who引导的非限定性定语从句。第二句中具有一种unless引导的条件状语从句；状语

从句用it做形式主语，toquestion---ortochallenge…是真正主语；两个不定式宾语

thefacts和theinterpretation各有定语从句onwhich…和hoplaced…修饰。

2.并列式

这种类型的句子包括多种并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列构造

常由连词连接。在解读此类句式时，要注意运用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。

例1：ThethingIlikebestaboutthemisthatyourmoneyisgoingtobea

goodcauseandnotintothepocketsofprofitdrivencompanies,andyouare

notdamagingtheplanet,hutfindinganewhomefcrunwantedgoods.

解析：该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子：第一种是thatyourmoneyis

going…，第二个句子是youarcnot---butfinding…，并且两个句子用and连接。

例2：TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitsposition,

beingabouttwomilesfromthevillage,halfair.ilefromthenearestneighbor,

bounded（相邻）ononesidebytheriver,andseparatedfromthehighwaybya

widefield.

解析：该句主干是“主语+系表构造”，从being到句末都是position的同位语。

3.插入语式

有些句子其中一部分会用逗号或破折号与其他部分分开，而处在逗号或破折号之间的内容

一般被称为插入语。阅读时，要先将插入谙部分跳过，先读主句，然后再读插入语部分。

例1：Thelackofrightmalerolemodelsinmanyoftheirlives—athome

andparticularlyintheschoolenvironment—meansthattheirpeersarethe

onlypeopletheyhavetojudgethemselvesagainst.

解析：该句中破折号中间部分可以先略过不看，首先要找到句子的主干，即：Thelack…

meansthat…。that从句中又包括一种省略了关系代词whom或that的定语从句，即

theyhavetojudgethemselvesagainst,修饰先行词theonlypeople。而破折号之间

的部分为插入语、一般状况下略去插入语不影响对句子大意的理解。

例2：Herwork—thoughttobethefirstofitskindtotestthepressure

theory—resultedfromtheobservationthatjuvenileblacktipsharksoffFlorida

movedintodeeperwateraheadofaviolentstormin.

解析：破折号之间部分可以先略过不看，首先要找到句子的主干，即：Horwork…

resultedfromtheobservation…。然后再理解细节部分：插入语thought••,theory是

补充阐明的成分，做非限定性定语，修饰主语herwork。that从句用来阐明

observation的详细内容，是同位语从句。

4.变化语序式

有时候，有些句子会使用变化语序的手段，重要以强调构造和倒装来使句子复杂化。对的

掌握强调句型和倒装语法是理解此类句型的关键。

例：ItwasthenthatIrealizedthatIhadnotreallycometohelp,butto

learnaboutandexperienceanotherculturethathelpedimprovemyown

understandingoflifeandtheworld.

解析：该句主干用了强调句型ItwasthenthatIrealized…，强调时间then。原句次

序应当是Irealized…then。在该句第二层构造中，即that引导的宾语从句中，又用

了一种not…but…连接的句式。该句的第三层构造是culture背面that引导的定语从

句,修饰culture。

十、四考点

专升本英语阅读部分规定考生理解所读文章的大意，掌握重要事实和有关详细细节，通过

上下文猜测某曲词语的意思，辨别作者的基本态度和观点，根据有关信息进行一定的推

理、判断或引申。这些规定表目前阅读理解的题型上分为四种类型：主旨大意题，词语理

解题，事实细节题和推理判断题。

1.主旨大意题

(D基本概念：考察文章的灵魂与中心。测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力，意在考察考

生归纳总结能力以及对文章整体上的理解把握能力，尤其是加工与浓缩信息的能力。常就

文章重要内容、主题或标题设问。此类题目的对的选择项绝不会是原文主题句的简朴反

复，而是其意思的重新表述。

(2)题型细分为三类：主题型主旨大意题，标题型主旨大意题和目的型主旨大意题。

(3)主题型主旨大意题的设问方式

Themainidea/centralidea/majorpointofthepassageis.

Thepassageismainlyabout/mainlydiscusses.

Thepassageisconcernedprimarilyabout.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressedthemainideaofthepassage?

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

Whatisthemaintopic/mainsubjectofthispassage?

Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

(4)标题型主旨大意题的设问方式

Thebesttitleforthepassagemight/wouldbe.

Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizethemainideaofthepassage?

Thetitlebestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.

Thepassagecanbeentitled.

(5)目的型主旨大意题的设问方式

Theauthor,spurposeinwritingthepassageisto.

Thepassageismeantto.

Theauthor'spurposeistoshow.

Thepurposeofthearticleisto.

Whatistheauthor*smainpurposeinthepassage?

例1：Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven*teaten

amealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenor

fishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesand

fruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.

Sti11otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,

Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.

Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaoftheparagraph?

A.Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.

B.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.

C.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwel1apersonmaylikeit.

D.Differentpeoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.

解析：主题句在段首，根据文段大意可知时的答案为D。

例2：AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefrlendsar=?so

formalwiththem.Japanesemightfeelinsultedbecause.Americanacquaintances

greetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshow

respectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehavea

differentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentway

ofshowingrespect.

Thispassagemainlytellsus.

A.howAmericansshowrespecttoothers

B.howJapaneseshowrespecttotheirAmericanacquaintances

C.AmericansandJapanesehavedifferentwaysofshowingrespect

D.JapanesearenotsatisfiedwithAmericancasualbehavior

解析：主题句在最终，根据文段大怠可知对的答案为C。

2.细节题(60%)

(D基本概念：考察对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力，问题重要

包括问询人(who)、物(what)时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、成果(effect)、

文中的数据(data)等.要选择出对的答案一定要在短文中找到有关的词、词组、句子，甚

至是段落。

(2)题型特点：阅读理解题中细节题所占比重很大(靠近60%),难度低，轻易得分。一般

是根据短文提供的细节信息和事实提问。所提问题可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案。对

的选项一般不会与阅读材料的原句一模同样，而是用不一样的词语或句型体现相似的意

思。选择的根据必须是短文自身提供的信息，考生绝不可根据自己的主观假设或推测或是

自己的观点来决定取舍。

(3)提问方式

Thestudyshowsthat.

Therealcauseofisthat.

Accordingtothepassage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how?

WhichofthefolIowingisincorrect/notmentioned/notincluded?

Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowexcept.

Thewriterwantstoprovewithexampleofthat.

Theexampleofisusedto.

Whatdosetheexampleofshow/illustrate?

Whichofthefollowingistrue/falseexcept?

Whichofthefollowingismentionedexcept?

Whichofthefollowing(statements)isNotmentionedinthepassage?

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexcept.

(4)答案选项类型

①直接识别类：不规定对客观事实解释判断，只规定从材料中直接获取信息。规定记住必

要细节，并精确迅速地问忆出来。这种类型的答案几乎可以直接从短文中获得，对的答案

和原文中具有关信息的句子和用词也几乎相似。

直接识别类细节题举例：

StudentsinJuniorOnehadagreattimeontheschooltriponChildren,sDay.

TheywenttoBlueWaterAquariumbybus.Theteacherswereveryhappybecause

thestudentscleanedthebusesafterthetrip.

JuniorOnestudentsonChildren,sDay.

A.visitedBeijingB.watchedamatch

C.tookatripD.gaveatalentshow

解析：由文段首句“…hadagreattimeontheschooltrip”可以直接判断答案为C。

②间接识别类：规定对客观事实解释判断，答案是从阅读材料中获取的信息用同义或近义

的形式复述出来。有时在原文中找不到同对的选项相近的词，对的答案也许是原文某•事

实的成果、原因、前提等，

间接识别类细节题举例：

SomeEastAfricansspitfourtimesasakindofblessing.Theydoittoshow

thattheywantasickpersontogetwell,ortc-blessanewbornbaby.In

mostotherplaces,spittingmeanssomethingconpletelydifferent.Itusually

showsanunhealthyhabit.Inmanycountries,itmaymeanthatyouhatesomeone.

Inmanyplaces,spittingmaymean.

A.yougiveanewbornbabytheblessing

B.youwantasickpersontogetwell

C.youquitedislikesomeone

D.youshowyourlovetoyourrelativesorfriends

解析：根据文段最终一句"Inmanycountries,itmaymeanthatyouhatesomeone.”

可知答案应选C,其中quitedislike与原文中hate同义。

细节题的错误类型特点：

a）无中生有

b）正话反说

c）混淆（张冠李戴,类而不一样）

d）超越范围（例如限定词的范围，文章里说all,选项换成了most）

3.推理题

(1)基本概念：重要测试考生在理解字面意义的基础上，根据材料进行判断和推论，进而理

解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。此类题综合性强，难度较大，需要综合运用多种阅读技

巧，合理地根据内容、逻辑关系、关键词语以及有关背景知识进行推断。在精确把握全篇

主旨或段落主题的基础上，分析句与句之间的关系，捕捉语言线索，揣测作者的意图，不可

死抠字面意思。

(2)

⑶推理题特性词汇：infer.besuggested(implierl)hutnotstated.indicate,

possible,probably,•••

4.词语理解题(特殊变体是指代题)

此类题重要考察对文中某个单词、短语或者句子的理解，一般根据特定语境选择对的答

案。对于不认识的生词，考生可结合上下文进行大胆猜测。

(1)提问方式

Theword"…”inthepassagemeans.

Theword"…”(line--)couldbestbereplacedby.

Accordingtothepassage,theword”…"isknownas.

bromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword"…"means.

Asusedinthepassage.thephrase”•••"suggests.

Theexpression”…"isclosestto.

Thepassageusedtheword”•••"toreferto.

By“…”theauthormeans.

Thephraseinthepassagemostproperlymeans.

Thesentence”…"inPara.Xcanbebestreplacedby.

Theword"…”inPara.Xisclosestinmeaningto.

(2)词语理解考察的三种命题思绪：

例；Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetails?Absolutely.Perfectiorists

struggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargerthantheywork

toward.

Theword“perfect,ionisls”referstothosewho.

A.paytoomuchattentiontodetailsonlytolosetheirmajorobjective

B.knowhowtoadjusttheirgoalsaccordingtothecircumstances

C.arecapableofachievingperfectresultsinwhatevertheydo

D.demandotherstogeteverythingabsolutelyright

解析：文段第三句即perfectionists所在句对其进行理解释，即“struggleover

littlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargerthantheyworktowardn,其意思

是：以牺牲要做的大事为代价而注意某些鸡毛蒜皮的小事。可见，perfectionists是一种

事无巨细一概追求尽善尽美，但往往又失去重要目的的人。故选A。

(3)指代题

提问方式如：Whatdoes“this”refersto?

出题方式一般为问It，this,that,he/she,they,we这些代词指代部分的内容。做此类

题时切忌全文通读或查读距离代词过远的部分。要注意句内指代和句间指代。句内指代常

指所有格附近的名词，如Ilovethisappleanditscolor中，its指代的是前边的

appleo句间指代指的一般是前边的整个句子。

十一、十二法宝(针对选项，是最终实在没措施的状况下怎么“蒙”的)

十二、一要素

查找细节，把握主旨。读文章时宏观把握很重要，不要陷入句子里，应当用全局的眼光来

看整个文章，要“把握主旨”，再合适看点儿细节。

十三、三原则

阅读理解专题练习

Passage1

Themanagementoflogistical（物流的）operationisaboutmovementandstorage

ofmaterialandfinishedproducts.Logisticaloperationsstartwiththeinitial

shipmentofamaterialorcomponentpartfromasupplierandarcfinishedwhen

amanufacturedorprocessedproductisdeliveredtoacustomer.

Fromtheinitialpurchaseofamaterialorcomponent,thelogisticalprecess

addsvaluebymovinginventory（移动库存）whenandwhereneeded.Ifallgoes

well,amaterialgainsvalueateachstepofitstransformationintofinished

inventory.Inotherwords,anindividualparthasgreatervalueafteritis

putintoamachine.Likewise,themachinehasgreatervalueonceitis

deliveredtoabuyer.

Tosupportmanufacturing,workinprocessinventorymustbemovedto

supportfinalassembly.Thecostofeachcomponentanditsmovementbecomes

partofthevalueaddedprocess.Thefinalormeaningfulvaluethatisadded

occursonlywithfinalownershiptransferofproductstocustomerswhenand

wherespecified.

Foralargemanufacturer,logisticaloperationmayconsistofthousandsof

movements,whichfinallydevelopintothedeliveryofproductstoanindustrial

user,retailer,

wholesaler,dealer,orothercustomer.Foralargeretailer,logistical

operationsmaystartwithgainingproductsforresaleandmayfinish\vith

consumerpickupordelivery.

Forahospital,logisticsstartswithpurchasingandendswithfullsupportof

patientsurgeryandrecovery.Thesignificantpointisthatregardlessofthe

sizeandtypeofenterprise,logisticsisessentialandrequirescontinuous

managementattention.Forbetterunderstandingitisusefultodivide

logisticaloperationsintothreeareas:physical

distribution,manufacturingsupport,andprocurement（筹措，采购）.

1.Logisticaloperationsareconcernedwith.

A.transferofmaterialsandfinishedproducts

B.manufacluringofmaterialsandCinishedproducts

C.inventoryofmaterialsandfinishedproducts

I),bothAandC

2.Thelogisticalprocessincreasesvalueby.

A.manufacturingB.inventoryflow

C.finishedproductsD.operationalmanagement

3.Inthelastparagraph,thewritergivestheexamplesoflogistical

operationsinordertoshowthat.

A.alargeretailerpurchasesproductsforresale

B.aconsumerhastopickupordeliverproductshimself

C.Logisticsisimportanttoanenterpriseandneedscontinuousmanagement

D.alargemanufacturerhastodeliverproductstoitscustomer

4.Theparagraphfollowingthelastoneinthepassagewillprobablydiscuss.

A.inventoryB.manufacturingsupport

C.physicaldistributionD.procurement.

5.Themainideaofthepassageisabout.

A.movinginventory

B.logisticaloperations

C.transformationofmaterialsandfinishedproducts

D.storageofmaterialsandfinishedproducts

Passage2

Oncesomebodythoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediately

aroundlargecitieswithfactoriesandheavyautomobiletraffic.Today,weknow

thatalthoughthesearetheareaswiththeworstairpollution,theproblemis

literallyworldwide.Onseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecade,aheavycloud

ofairpollutionhascoveredtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesand

ledtohealthwarningseveninruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationof

manufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infact,theveryclimateoftheentire

earthmaybeaffectedbyairpollution.Sonescientistsfeelthatthe

increasingconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairresultingfromthe

hiirningoffossiIfuels(coa1andoil)iserpatingagrppnhouspeffect-

holdinginheatreflectedfromtheearthandraisingtheworld'saverage

temperature.Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld'stemperatureisraised

onlyafewdegrees,muchofthepolaricecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNew

York,Boston,Miami,andNewOrleanswillbeunderwater.

Anotherview,lesswidelyheld,isthatincreasingparticularmatterinthe

atmosphereisblockingsunlightandloweringtheearth*stemperature-aresult

thatwouldbeequallydisastrous.Adropofjustafewdegreescouldcreate

somethingclosetoanewiceage,andwouldmakeagriculturedifficultor

impossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas.Atpresentwedonotknowforsure

thateitheroftheseconditionswillhappenthoughonerecentgovernmentreport

preparedbyexpertsirthefieldcone1udedthatthegreenhouseeffectisvery

likely.Perhaps,ifweareverylucky,thetwotendencieswilloffseteach

otherandtheworldTstemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow.

1.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith.

A.thegreenhouseeffectB.thepotentialeffectofairpollution

C.theburningoffossilfuelsD.theprobabilityofanewiceage

2.Asdescribedatthebeginningofthepassage,peopleusedtothinkthatair

pollution.

A.haddamagingeffectsonhealth

B.existedmerelyinurbanandindustrialareas

C.affectedtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates

I),causedwidespreaddamageinthecountryside

3.Asfarasthegreenhouseeffectisconcerned,theauthor.

A.thinksthatitwi11destroythewor1dsoonB.rejectsitasitis

ungrounded

C.isuncertainofitsoccurrenceD.sharesthesameview

withthescientists

4.Theword“offset”inthe2ndparagraphcouldproperlyreplacedby.

A.setupB.makeupforC.slipupD.catchupwith

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.raisingtheworld'stemperatureonlyafewdegreeswouldnotdomuchharm

to1ifeontheearth

B.almostnotemperaturevariationshaveoccurredoverthepastdecade

C.loweringtheworld*stemperaturemerelyafewdegreeswouldleadmanymajor

farmingareastodisaster

D.theworldtemperaturewillremainconstantintheyearstocome

Passage3

Aresomepeopleborncleverandothersborrstupid?Orisintelligence

developedbyourenvironmentandourexperience?Strangelyenough,theanswer

tothesequestionsisyes.

Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountof

specialnducatinnranmake*agoniiisoutofachildhnrnwithInwintnl1igpneo.

Ontheotherhand,achiIdwho1ivesinaboringenvironmentwi11develophis

intel1igencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthe

limitsofaperson,sintel1igencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothe

reachesthose1imitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldby

mostexperts,canbesupportedinanumberofways.

Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingweareborn

with.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeopleis,thecloserthey

arclikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwctaketwounrelatedpeopleat

randomfromthepopulation,itislikelythattheirdegreeofintelligencewill

becompletelydifferent.If,ontheotherhand,wetaketwoidenticaltwins,

theywi11verylikelybeasintel1igentaseachother.Relationslikebrothers

andsisters,parentsandchiIdren,usuallyhavesimilarintelligence,andthis

clearlysuggestsIhatintel1igpnepdpppndonhirth.

Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferent

environments.Wemightsendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheotherto

afactorywheretheworkisboring.Wewouldsoonfinddifferencesintheir

intelligencedeveloping,andthisindicatesthatenvironmentaswellastirth

playsapart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggested

bythefactthatpeoplewho1iveinclosecontactwitheachother,butwhoare

notrelatedatallarelikelytohavesimilardegreeofintel1igence.

1.Ifachildisbornwithlowintelligence,hecan.

A.notreachhisintelligenceinhislife

B.gobeyondhisintelligence1imitsinrichsurroundings

C.stillbecomeageniusifheshouldbegivenspecialeducation

D.becomeagenius

2.“ifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfromthepopulationv(Para.2)

means.

A.choosetwopersonswithdifferentintelligence

B.choosetwopersonswhoarerelative

C.takeouttwopersonsofcloserelationship

D.pickanytwopersons

3.Theexampleofthetwinsgoingtoauniversityandtoafactoryseparately

shows.

A.thepartthatbirthplaysB.theimportanceoftheirpositions

C.theroleofenvironmentonintel1igencel).theimportanceoftheir

intel1igence

4.Thewriterisinfavoroftheviewthatman'sintelligenceisgiventohim.

A.neitheratbirthnorthrougheducationB.bothatbirthandthrough

education

C.througheducationD.atbirth

5.Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe.

A.EffectofEducationB.DependenceonEnvironment

C.IntelligenceD.Surroundings

Passage4

Withatremendousroarfromitsrocketengine,thesatelliteissentupinto

thesky.Minuteslater,atanaltitudeof300miles,thistinyelectronicmoon

beginstoorbitabouttheearth.Itsradiobeginstotransmitastaggering

amountofinformationaboutthesatellite'sorbitalpath,theamountof

radiationitdetects,andthepresenceofmeteorites.Informationofall

kindsracesbacktotheearth.Nohumanbeingcouldpossiblycopydownall

thesefacts,muchlessrememberandorganizethorn,butanelectroniccomputer

can.

Themarvelofthemachineage,theelectroniccomputerhasbeeninuseonly

since1946.Itcandosimplecomputations-add,subtract,multiply,anddivide

—withlightningspeedandperfectaccureicy.Itcanmultiplytwo10digit

numberin1/1000second,aproblemthatwouldtakeanaveragepersonfive

minutestodowithpencilandpaper.Somecomputerscanwork500,000times

fasterthananypersoncan.

Onceitisgivenaprogram,whichisacarefullyworkedoutsetofinstructions

devisedbyatechniciantrainedincomputerlanguage,acomputercangathera

widerangeofinformationformanypurposes.Forthescientistitcanget

informationfromouterspaceorfromthedepthsoftheocean.Inbusinessand

industrythecomputerpreparesfactoryinventories,keepstrackofsalestrends

andproductionneeds,mailsdividendchecks,andmakesoutcompanypayrolls.It

cankeepbankaccountsuptodateandmakeoutelectricbiIls.Ifyouare

planningatripbyplane,thecomputerwi11findoutwhatroutetotakeand

whatspaceisavailahle.

1.Whydoestheauthorregardtheelectroniccomputerasthemarvelofthe

machineage?

A.Becauseelectroniccomputersarcrare.

B.Becausepeopleknowlittleaboutelectroniccomputers.

C.Beca