高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语A 第4讲　利用逻辑关系,破解七选五阅读

第4讲利用逻辑关系,破解七选五阅读高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025每篇文章都是一个有机统一的整体,各部分之间存在着一定的内在联系。从逻辑意义上来看,句子之间常常有总分、并列、递进、顺承、转折、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系,有时甚至包含不止一种关系。因此,理解阅读七选五的材料时一定要把握文章脉络,弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文章或选项中出现了逻辑关系词,考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断;如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词,这就需要考生全面理解文章大意,根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系,并做出正确的判断。技法1根据总分关系定答案总分关系:其实就是从抽象到具体,或者说从概括到例子的过程。前面的句子进行总述,后面的句子对该句子加以分述说明。[典例](2021新高考Ⅰ卷)Theplacewasn’tentirelyauthentic,though.UnlikeanormalParisianapartment,theplumbing(水管)worked.

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Ourbuildingevenhadatinyliftwithafemalevoicethatsaid,“Ouverture

des

portes,”inperfectFrench.ThatistheonlyFrenchphraseImastered,andit’sashameIdon’thavemuchuseforit.

A.Notallthecustomersaretourists.B.ThequalityoflifeinFranceisequallyexcellent.C.Therewasanicekitchenandacomfortablebed.D.Theamazingfoodismainlyconsumedbylocalfarmers.分析

本段首句介绍了作者租住的公寓情况,下文列举了公寓的特殊之处。根据空前一句提到的“和通常的巴黎公寓不同,这里的水管可以正常使用”和空后一句提到的“我们的公寓楼里甚至还有一部小电梯”可知,设空处和上下句之间为并列关系,不管是水管和电梯,还是厨房和床,都是对公寓的介绍。[自主解答]

C技法2根据顺承关系定答案顺承是按时间、空间或逻辑事理上的顺序说出连续的动作或相关的情况,分句之间有先后相承的关系。[典例](2024浙江1月卷)Inthepastfewyears,onlinelearninghasbecomeasignificantpartoftheuniversityandcollegeexperience.

36

Butareallonlinecoursescreatedequal?Howcanyoubesurethatdigitallearningisrightforyou?37.Ifyoutakeanonlinecourse,whatcanyoudotoensurethebestpossiblegrade?Weinterviewedstudentsandprofessorstogettheiradviceaboutonlinecourses.

E.Thechiefcomplaintaboutonlinecoursesisthattheylackhumaninteraction.F.Ifyoutakeanonlinecourse,whatcanyoudotoensurethebestpossiblegrade?G.Asurveyfoundthat29percentofcollegestudentsregisteredforonlinecourses.分析

由上文“In

the

past

few

years,online

learning

has

become

a

significant

part

of

the

university

and

college

experience.”可知,在线学习对大学生活很重要,设空处是跟“这种现象的具体表现”有关的内容。[自主解答]

G技法3根据转折关系定答案表示转折关系的连接词汇有but、however/whereas、nevertheless(然而,不过)、though、yet、inspiteof、atanyrate(无论如何)、inanycase(无论如何,不管怎样)、onthecontrary、bycontrast(相反,相比之下)、bycomparison(相比之下)、otherwise、not...but、aswell等。[典例](2022全国乙卷)·Don’trelyontechnologyalone

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,butlong-distancefriendships—evencloseones—mayrequiremoreconsciousefforttosustain.Trytoseekoutchancestorenewfriendships.Howtodoit?Justspendface-to-facetimetogetherwheneverpossible.

D.TrytofindatimethatworksforbothofyouandsticktoitE.FriendsneedtotalkabouttheirpreferredmethodsofcommunicationF.ItiseasytohaveasenseofconnectednessthroughsocialmediaG.Youmaybethefriendwholeftortheonewhowasleftbehind分析

本段小标题提到不要只依靠技术,空后分句表示“但是远距离的友谊,即使是亲密的朋友之间,可能需要更多有意识的努力来维系”,又根据空后的转折连词but可知,设空处应与空后内容形成转折关系,故F项“通过社交媒体保持联系很容易”符合语境。[自主解答]

F技法4根据因果关系定答案设空处前后句之间是否含有因果的逻辑关系,可以通过一些关联词(组)来判断,如why,because,since,nowthat,so,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult,consequently,onaccountof,asaconsequence,therefore,thus,hence等。[典例](2021新高考Ⅰ卷)MyhusbandandIjustspentaweekinParis.

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Sothefirstthingwedidwasrentafantasticallyexpensivesixth-floorapartmentthesizeofacupboard.Itwassotinythatwehadtoleaveoursuitcasesinthehallway.

E.That’snottheonlyreasontheFrencheatlessthanwedo.F.Ouraimwastoseeifwecouldlive,insomeway,likerealParisians.G.Thefoodissodeliciousthatyoudon’tneedmuchofittomakeyouhappy.分析

根据空后提示词So可知设空处与下文是因果关系。空前“我和丈夫刚刚在巴黎待了一周”。空后提到“所以,我们做的第一件事情就是花大价钱租了一个橱柜大小、位于六层的公寓”。F项“我们的目的是看在某种程度上是否能像真正的巴黎人一样生活。”可以构成下文租公寓的原因。[自主解答]

F技法5根据并列关系定答案设空处前后句之间是否含有并列的逻辑关系,可以通过表示并列关系的标志词语来判断,如and,first(ly),second(ly),then/next,tobeginwith,foronething,foranotherthing,finally/last等。[典例](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)So,howdoyoufindaworkoutpartner?Firstofall,decidewhatyouwantfromthatperson.

37

Ordoyoujustwanttobephysicallyfit,abletomovewithstrengthandflexibility?Thinkabouttheexercisesyouwouldliketodowithyourworkoutpartner.

A.Yourfirstmeetingmaybealittleawkward.B.Aworkoutpartnerusuallyneedstolivecloseby.C.You’llworkharderifyoutrainwithsomeoneelse.D.Doyouwanttobeabetterathleteinyourfavoritesport?E.Howcanyouwriteagood“seekingatrainingpartner”notice?分析

选段第一段提到如何找到一个健身伙伴,第二段提到首先要决定你想要从那个人那里得到什么。根据空后一句“Or

do

you

just

want

to

be

physically

fit...?”可知,设空处与空后一句之间是并列关系,设空处也应是一般疑问句,是对本段首句的进一步解释。[自主解答]

D技法6根据解释关系定答案从逻辑意义上来看,句子与句子之间常常是解释关系,往往作者提出观点,紧接着对这个观点进行解释说明。表示解释关系的标志词语有thatistosay,inotherwords等。因此,把握文章结构,理清作者所表达的观点至关重要。[典例](2021全国甲卷)·Putdifferenttypesofclothingondifferentsurfacesintheroom.

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.Placeafewmirrorsaroundyourroomsopeoplecanseehowthingslookwhentheytrythemon.Oneofthegroundrulesoftheswapshouldbethateveryonemusttryontheclothesbeforetheytakethem—thingsalwayslookdifferentwhenyouputthemon.

E.DonatewhateverclothesareleftoverF.HaveeveryoneputtheirclothesintherightspotsG.Telleveryonetobringcleanclothesingoodcondition分析

由空前“Put

different

types

of

clothing

on

different

surfaces

in

the

room”可知,在房间的不同区域放不同类型的衣服。设空处应当是对上文如何在不同区域放不同类型衣服的解释,F项“让每个人都把衣服放在合适的位置”是对上文的解释和说明。[自主解答]

F技法7根据例证关系定答案设空处前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性,思维过程基本是归纳和推理。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有like,suchas,forexample,forinstance,infact/asamatteroffact,actually,inotherwords/thatistosay等。[典例](2023全国乙卷)Thereisalsoresearchshowingthatpotplantscancleantheairaroundthembyremovingharmfulgases,suchascarbondioxide.Theyalsoremovesomeharmfulchemicalsfrompaintsorcooking.

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.

E.Plantslikepeaceliliesanddevil’sivyareamongthebestF.ChangingthepotofyourplantfromtimetotimewillalsohelpG.Learningabouttherequirementsofeachplantcanbeveryrewarding分析

本题可以利用例证关系解题。根据上文可知,盆栽植物能够清除有害物质。由此可知,E项“像和平百合和常春藤之类的植物是最好的”能够承接上文,列举了在这方面做得最好的植物,符合语境。[自主解答]

E技法8根据递进关系定答案表示递进关系的连接词汇有also、further、furthermore、similarly、moreover、inaddition、what’smore、too、either、neither、notonly...butalso...、themore...themore...等。[典例](2022全国甲卷)Someoftheseculturaldiningetiquetterulesmayseemrandomandstrange,buttheyareimportantinvariouscountries.

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,themorecomfortableyou’llbegintofeelwithitsforeignculturalpractices.

A.ThemorefriendsyoumakeinyourlifetimeB.ThemoretimeyouspendinanygivencountryC.MexicansconsideritinappropriatetoeatwithutensilsD.Don’tgetcaughtmakinganembarrassingmistakeatarestaurant分析

根据设空处后的“the

more

comfortable

you’ll

begin

to

feel

with

its

foreign

cultural

practices”可将答案锁定选项A和B。

根据语境可知,你在任何特定的国家待的时间越长,你就会对它的文化习俗感到越适应。[自主解答]

B课堂应用Passage

1(2022新高考Ⅱ卷)Writinganessayisadifficultprocessformostpeople.However,theprocesscanbemadeeasierifyoulearntopracticethreesimpletechniques.

1

Whenyouarefirsttryingtothinkofideasforanessay,putyourpentoyourpaperandwritenonstopfortenorfifteenminuteswithoutlettingyourpenleavethepaper.Staylooseandfree.

2

Don’tworryaboutgrammarorspelling.Eventhoughthistechniquewon’tworkforeveryone,ithelpsmanypeoplegetagoodstoreofideastodrawon.

Thenexttechniqueistowriteyourdraftrapidlywithoutworryingaboutbeingperfect.

3

Yet,bylearningtolivewithimperfection,youwillsaveyourselfheadachesandawastepaperbasketfullofcrumpled(弄皱)paper.Thinkofyourfirstdraftasapathcutoutofthejungle—aspartofanexploration,notasacompletehighway.

Thethirdtechniqueistotryprintingoutatriple-spaced(三倍行距)copytoallowspaceforrevision.

4

Asaresult,thesewritersnevergetinthehabitofcrossingoutchunks(大块)oftheirdraftandwritingrevisionsintheblankspace.Afteryouhaverevisedyourdraftuntilitistoomessytoworkfromanymore,youcanenteryourchangesintoyourwordprocessor.

5

Theresultingblankspaceinvitesyoutorevise.

A.Makesureyourhandwritingisneat.B.Letyourpenfollowthewavesofthought.C.Theseconddraftoftheessayshouldbebetter.D.Firstofall,learnthetechniqueofnonstopwriting.E.Toomanywriterstrytogettheirdraftsrightthefirsttime.F.Manybeginningwritersdon’tleaveenoughspacetorevise.G.Thenyoucanprintoutafreshdraft,againsettingyourtextontriple-space.答案与解析

【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲的是写文章的技巧。1.D

空格处是本段的主题句,由空后的“When

you

are

first

trying...letting

your

pen

leave

the

paper.”可知,本段主要讲的是要学会不间断地写,D项概括了本段的主要内容,可作为主题句。故选D项。2.B

根据空前的“Stay

loose

and

free.”和空后的“Don’t

worry

about

grammar

or

spelling.”可知,空格处应说按心里想的写,自由发挥,B项表示“让你的笔跟随思想的波浪”,符合语境。故选B项。3.E

空前面一句提到:下一个技巧是快速写草稿,不要担心是否完美。空后面一句提到:然而,通过学习与不完美共存,你将避免自己的头痛和一个装满皱巴巴的纸的废纸篓。E项“太多的作家试图在第一次就把草稿写好”承上启下,符合语境,故选E项。4.F

F项中的revise和前面的revision呼应。另外space在前后句子中也都出现了。F项中的Many

beginning

writers和后文的these

writers也呼应,因此F项承上启下,符合语境。故选F项。5.G

空前面一句提到:在你修改你的草稿,直到它太乱以至于无法继续工作之后,你可以把你的修改输入到你的文字处理器中。空后面一句提到:由此产生的空白允许你修改。G项“然后你可以打印一份新的草稿,同样将文本设置为三倍行距”承上启下,符合语境。故选G项。Passage

2(2021浙江6月卷)You’ve

got

mail...and

it’s

a

postcardPauloMagalhaes,a34-year-oldPortuguesecomputerengineer,lovestoopenhismailboxandfindabrightlycoloredpictureofRome’sColosseum.OrAfrica’sVictoriaFalls.OrChina’sGreatWall.

6

“Ioftensendpostcardstofamilyandfriends,”hesaystoChina

Daily,“butyoucanimaginethatafterawhile,youneverreceiveasmanyasyousend,andyourealizethatnoteveryoneisintoit.

7

”Seekingotherlike-mindedsouls,however,Paulostartedlookinginasomewhatunlikelyplace:online.ManywouldsaytheInternetisaplaceforpeoplewhohavegivenuponthetraditionalpostalservice,butPaulo’shunch(直觉)paidoff.

Todayhishobbyhasdevelopedintothewebsite,asocialnetworkthathasgrownto575,217registeredusersin214countriesandregionssincehestartedit10yearsago.

8

Runningthewebsitehasalmostturnedintoafull-timejob.

Languageiscertainlyabarrierformanypeople.Forpostcrossingtoworkworldwide,acommoncommunicationlanguageisneededsothateveryonecanunderstandeachother.AscoolasitmaybetoreceiveapostcardwritteninChinese,theconceptdoesn’tworkifonedoesn’tunderstandit.

9

Soacommonlanguageisrequiredandinpostcrossingthat’sEnglishsinceit’swidelyspoken.

“ManypeopleinChinahavelimitedexposuretoEnglish.

10

Thatsaid,weknowofmanypostcrossingmembers,includingChinese,whohaveactuallyimprovedtheirEnglishskillsthroughtheiruseofpostcrossing,”Paulosays.

A.Andthat’stotallyfine.B.Thatmakesitextrahardtolearnandpracticeit.C.Helikestothinkofsendingpostcardsasafamily-friendlyhobby.D.Manylovetomakeaconnectionwithsomeonefromacrosstheworld.E.OnAugust5,thenumberofpostcardsexchangedbymemberstopped31million.F.Similarly,ify