2025年GMAT语文批判性思维

2025年GMAT语文批判性思维考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______写作部分directions:thefollowingessaytopicisbasedontheinformationpresentedinthepassagebelow.thefollowingappearedinareportissuedbythenationalhighwaysafetyadministration.thegraphaboveshowstheaveragenumberofmilesdrivenperhouseholdintheunitedstatessince1945.asthegraphindicates,thenumberofmilesdrivenperhouseholdhasincreaseddramaticallysince1945.thisincreaseisamajorcontributingfactortotherisingnumberoftrafficaccidents.therefore,thefederalgovernmentshouldimposeheavytaxesonhighwaytraveltoreducethenumberofmilesdrivenandtherebydecreasetrafficaccidents.discusshowwellreasonedyoufindtheargument.inconstructingyourargument,besuretoanalyzethelineofreasoningandidentifyanyweaknessesintheevidencepresented,thereasoning,ortheconclusionsdrawn.youmayalsodiscussalternativeexplanationsthatcouldaccountforthefactspresented.写作部分directions:thefollowingisastatementfromalocalnewspaper.theeditorialboardofthestarnewspaperisrecommendingthatthecitycouncilvoteagainstconstructinganewhighschoolinnorthwood.theboardarguesthatnorthwoodalreadyhasmorestudentsperteacherthananyotherschooldistrictinthecounty,andaddinganotherschoolwouldonlyworsenthisratioandleadtopoorereducationalquality.therefore,theeditorialboardconcludesthatthenewschoolshouldnotbebuilt.discusshowwellreasonedyoufindtheargument.inconstructingyourargument,besuretoanalyzethelineofreasoningandidentifyanyweaknessesintheevidencepresented,thereasoning,ortheconclusionsdrawn.youmayalsodiscussalternativeexplanationsthatcouldaccountforthefactspresented.逻辑推理部分arecentstudybythenationalinstituteofmentalhealthsuggeststhatpeoplewhoexerciseregularlyhavealowerincidenceofdepressionthanpeoplewhodonotexerciseregularly.therefore,tocombatthehighratesofdepressioninthecityoflakeview,thelakeviewcitycouncilshouldimplementacity-wideprogramtoencourageresidentstoexercisemore.whichofthefollowingisanassumptionunderlyingtheconclusionoftheargumentabove?theprogramtoencourageexercisethatthelakeviewcitycouncilproposestoimplementwouldactuallybesuccessfulingettingresidentstoexercisemore.theincidenceofdepressioninlakeviewishigherthanthenationalaverage.peoplewhodonotexerciseregularlybutwhobegintoexerciseregularlywouldexperiencealowerincidenceofdepression.exerciseistheonlyfactorthatcontributestoalowerincidenceofdepression.studieshaveshownthatexercisecaneffectivelyreducesymptomsofdepressioninpeoplewhoalreadysufferfromthecondition.asoftwarecompany,alphatech,recentlyimplementedanewpolicythatallowsemployeestoworkfromhometwodaysperweek.thecompany'smanagementispleasedwiththeinitialresultsofthispolicy,asemployeeproductivityhasincreasedby15%sincethepolicywasenactedsixmonthsago.therefore,alphatechshouldmaketheoptiontoworkfromhomeapermanentpolicyforallemployees.whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheconclusiondrawnabove?workingfromhometwodaysperweekhasledtoadecreaseintheamountofcollaborationamongalphatechemployees.the15%increaseinproductivityisnotsignificantwhenconsideringtheincreasedcostsassociatedwithallowingemployeestoworkfromhome.someemployeeswhoworkedfromhometwodaysperweekreportedfeelingisolatedandlessmotivated.theincreaseinemployeeproductivitywasprimarilyduetoatemporaryreductioninprojectdeadlinesduringthesix-monthperiodfollowingtheimplementationofthepolicy.manyemployeeswhoinitiallywelcomedtheopportunitytoworkfromhomehavenowrequestedthatthecompanyreturntoacompletelyin-officeworkschedule.acertaincountry,alberta,hasexperiencedasignificantdeclineinthepopulationofitshoneybeecoloniesoverthepastfiveyears.localfarmershaveexpressedconcernthatthisdeclinecouldleadtolowercropyields,ashoneybeesareaprimarypollinatorformanyofthecropsgrowninalberta.thegovernmentofalbertahasproposedspendingmillionsofdollarstoimportforeignhoneybeestoboostpollinationlevels.whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargumentinfavorofthegovernment'sproposal?foreignhoneybeesareknowntoberesistanttothediseasesthathaveaffectedlocalhoneybeepopulationsinalberta.theimportationofforeignhoneybeeshasbeensuccessfullyusedinothercountriestoincreasepollinationlevelsandimprovecropyields.foreignhoneybeescanberaisedinalbertawithoutcausinganynegativeenvironmentalimpacts.thecostofimportingforeignhoneybeesisjustifiablegiventhepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheagriculturalsector.manylocalfarmersinalbertaarealreadyusingartificialpollinationmethodsinadditiontorelyingonhoneybees.themarketingdepartmentofalargeretailchain,bigsale,hasnoticedthatsalesofitsproductshavebeendeclininginrecentmonths.thedepartmenthasproposedamajormarketingcampaigninvolvingdiscountsandpromotionstoattractnewcustomersandboostsales.themanagementofbigsalehasacceptedthisproposalandplanstoimplementthecampaignnextmonth.whichofthefollowingisapotentialflawinthereasoningofthemarketingdepartment'sproposal?thecampaignmayattractcustomerswhoareonlyinterestedinthediscountsandnotinthelong-termloyaltyofthebrand.thecostofthemarketingcampaignmaybetoohigh,potentiallyleadingtoanetlossforthecompany,evenifsalesincrease.thedeclineinbigsale'sproductsalescouldbeduetofactorsunrelatedtothemarketingcampaign,suchaschangesinconsumerpreferencesortheentryofnewcompetitorsintothemarket.thediscountsandpromotionsofferedduringthecampaignmaydevaluethebrand'sproductsintheeyesofcustomers.thecampaignisscheduledtobeginnextmonth,whichisduringaperiodwhensalestypicallyincreaseduetoseasonalfactors.aresearcherisstudyingtheeffectsofsleepdeprivationonmemory.theresearcherconductedanexperimentinwhichparticipantsweredividedintotwogroups.thefirstgroupwasallowedtosleepforonlyfourhourspernightforoneweek,whilethesecondgroupmaintainedtheirnormalsleepschedule.attheendoftheweek,theparticipants'memorywastested.thefirstgroupperformedsignificantlyworseonthememorytestthanthesecondgroup.whichofthefollowingisanassumptionmadebytheresearcherindrawingconclusionsfromtheexperiment?sleepistheonlyfactorthataffectsmemory.theparticipantsintheexperimentwereallagedbetween18and25.theparticipantsintheexperimentdidnothaveanypriormemoryproblems.thememorytestusedintheexperimentwasanaccuratemeasureofmemoryperformance.theparticipantsinthefirstgroupwerenotsignificantlydifferentfromthesecondgroupintermsofintelligencebeforetheexperimentbegan.试卷答案写作部分关于高速公路税收的论证分析：论证分析：该论证试图通过指出家庭驾驶里程数的增加是交通事故增加的主要原因，来证明联邦政府应征收重税以减少驾驶里程，从而减少交通事故。主要缺陷：1.相关性不足(InsufficientRelevance)：论证假设驾驶里程增加直接导致事故增加。然而，驾驶里程增加也可能伴随着汽车保有量、驾驶时间、道路条件、驾驶员人口增长等因素的变化。仅仅指出里程增加和事故增加在时间上同步，并不能证明前者是后者的直接或唯一原因。可能存在其他混杂因素同时影响着这两个变量。2.因果谬误(CausalMisinterpretation)：论证直接将里程增加视为事故增加的“主要”原因，并基于此提出解决方案（税收）。这忽略了其他可能导致事故增加的因素，如驾驶员疲劳、酒驾、分心驾驶、道路设计缺陷、天气条件、车辆安全性能等。增加里程税可能无法有效解决所有这些根本原因。3.解决方案的有效性未证明(UnprovenEffectivenessofSolution)：论证没有提供证据表明征收重税是减少驾驶里程或事故的有效方法。人们可能因为税收而减少非必要出行，但必要出行（如通勤、购物）可能难以完全避免。此外，高税收可能导致非法驾驶或使用替代交通方式，反而带来其他问题。论证也未考虑税收对经济和消费者负担的可能影响。替代解释：交通事故增加可能是由其他因素驱动的，例如：人口增长导致车辆总数和驾驶员总数增加；经济发展使得人们出行需求增加；车辆安全标准提高反而记录了更多“可避免”的事故；或者执法力度加大导致更多事故被报告。写作部分关于北木高中建设的论证分析：论证分析：该论证试图通过指出北木学区学生与教师比例过高，来证明不应在该地区新建高中。主要缺陷：1.以偏概全(Overgeneralization/HastyGeneralization)：论证将“学生与教师比例高”这一现象与“教育质量差”直接挂钩。虽然教师比例可能影响资源投入，但教育质量是一个复杂的多因素概念，还涉及教学质量、课程设置、学生背景、学校设施、管理水平、教师专业发展、家长参与度等。高比例本身并不必然导致差质量，也可能是在资源有限的情况下，学校努力提供个性化关注。比例高可能是结果，而非原因。2.混淆相关性与因果关系(ConfusingCorrelationandCausation)：即使承认比例高与质量有某种相关性，论证也未能证明前者是后者的直接原因。可能恰恰是因为学区需要更多资源来改善教育质量，才导致了当前的高比例，或者高比例是历史遗留问题，新建学校旨在改善整体状况。结论缺乏充分的因果链条支持。3.忽略替代方案和积极因素(IgnoringAlternativesandPositives)：论证完全忽视了新建学校可能带来的积极影响，例如：缓解现有学校拥挤、降低现有学校比例、为学生提供更现代化的设施、引入新的教学资源、满足学区增长需求等。仅仅基于一个潜在的负面指标就否定建设计划，过于片面。替代解释：北木学区的学生与教师比例高可能是由于学生人数激增或教师数量相对不足，但这未必意味着当前教育质量一定差。新建学校可以解决空间和资源问题，并为所有学生提供更好的学习环境。或者，高比例可能是为了实施小班化教学等特定教育理念。逻辑推理部分1.假设题：*正确答案：A*解析思路：论证的结论是湖景市应实施鼓励锻炼的计划来对抗抑郁症。论据是锻炼与较低抑郁率的关联性。要使论证成立，必须假设该计划能够成功实施，即能够让人们真的锻炼更多。如果计划失败了，人们没有锻炼更多，那么就无法通过这个计划来降低抑郁率。因此，计划的成功性是结论成立所必需的隐含假设。其他选项不是必须假设的：B（对比基数）、C（个体情况）、D（唯一因素）、E（对已有患者有效）都与论证核心（新计划能否降低*整体*抑郁率）无关。2.假设题：*正确答案：D*解析思路：论证认为因为远程工作提高了15%的效率，所以应该对所有员工永久实施。结论是“永久实施”，前提是“效率提高”。这个论证假设效率的提高是永久性的或至少能持续存在。选项D直接挑战了这一点，指出效率提高可能只是暂时的，与政策实施时间（6个月）重合。如果效率提高是暂时的（例如，项目初期大家更有干劲，或者项目本身较简单），那么基于短期数据就推广为永久政策就是有风险的，这削弱了结论。其他选项如A（协作影响）、B（成本效益）、C（员工感受）、E（其他员工请求）虽然也是需要考虑的因素，但并不直接质疑效率提高本身的可持续性，不如D削弱力度大。3.假设