专题04时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用（真题案例）（方法技巧高考真题）（讲义）

专题04时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用（真题案例）高考时文阅读聚焦科技发展、社会热点、文化交流等主题，题型以主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点态度为主。本文核心是“技巧+解题”深度绑定，先讲解适配不同题型的可操作阅读技巧，再通过真题案例演示技巧应用，最后用近3年真题练习强化，帮助学生快速掌握“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的核心能力。方法讲解核心方法讲解：题型适配型阅读技巧时文阅读的核心逻辑是“先抓框架，再找细节，按需解题”，不同题型对应不同的阅读侧重点和技巧，以下技巧均附明确操作步骤，直接对接解题场景：1.主旨大意题：“框架定位法”（找核心论点/主题）适用题型：考查段落主旨、全文主旨（如“Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?”“Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?”）操作步骤：快速扫读文章首尾段+各段首句，标记“转折词（but/however）、总结词（inshort/thus）、观点词（think/believe）”——这些词后多为核心观点排除“细节干扰项”：若选项仅涉及某一段的具体内容（如某个例子、某个数据），大概率不是主旨提炼高频词：全文重复出现的名词/名词短语，多是主旨的核心话题（如“renewableenergy”“bikesharing”）④验证：将候选主旨代入全文，判断是否能覆盖各段核心内容。关键提醒：时文主旨多“开门见山”或“结尾总结”，优先关注首尾段；遇到“总分/分总”结构，直接定位“总”的部分。2.细节理解题：“关键词定位法”（精准找对应信息）适用题型：caused...?因果关系等（如“Whatcaused...?”“Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?”）操作步骤：从题干中提取“关键词”（专有名词、数字、特殊名词、否定词等，如“2024”“PietOudolf”“not”）带着关键词回原文快速扫描，定位到包含关键词的12个句子（精准定位，不读无关内容）比对原文与选项：重点关注“同义替换”（如原文“reduce”对应选项“decrease”）、“因果逻辑”（because/so等），排除“偷换概念”（如原文“some”换成选项“all”）、“无中生有”（选项内容原文未提及）的干扰项④验证：确保选项内容与原文定位句语义完全一致。关键提醒：时文细节题答案多是原文信息的“同义改写”，无需过度推理；定位不到关键词时，可根据题干话题锁定对应段落。3.推理判断题：“逻辑推导法”（基于原文合理推断）适用题型：考查隐含意义、作者意图、读者对象等（如“WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?”“Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?”）操作步骤：定位题干对应的原文段落/句子，标记“逻辑标志词”（因果、转折、条件等，如“since”“but”“if”）排除“原文原句”：推理题答案是“隐含信息”，直接摘抄原文的选项大概率错误基于原文逻辑推导：从已知信息推出合理结论（如原文“manycountriesfocusonrenewableenergy”可推出“traditionalenergyhasdrawbacks”）④验证：确保推导结论不偏离原文主旨，无过度联想。关键提醒：时文推理题“有据可依”，所有推断都要基于原文信息，不能凭常识主观判断。4.观点态度题：“情感词定位法”（抓作者情感倾向）适用题型：towards...?is...atistheauthor’sattitudetowards...?”“Theauthor’stoneinthepassageis...”）操作步骤：回原文定位“情感态度词”（形容词、副词、动词等，如“positive”“fortunately”“support”“criticize”）区分“作者态度”与“他人态度”：注意原文中是否有“sb.thinks”“somepeopleargue”等，避免混淆归类态度倾向：正面（supportive/optimistic）、负面（critical/doubtful）、中立（neutral/objective）④验证：结合全文主旨判断态度是否一致（如主旨是“推广绿色出行”，作者对“共享单车”大概率是正面态度）。关键提醒：时文作者态度多明确，少数客观说明类文章为中立态度；遇到“indifferent（冷漠的）”“biased（偏见的）”等选项，大概率是干扰项。典型例题案例1：主旨大意题（2024新课标I卷）真题片段：Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld.Manycountriesareinvestingheavilyinsolarandwindpower.Forexample,Chinahasbuilttheworld’slargestsolarpowerstation.Besides,windfarmshavebeensetupinmanycoastalareas.Theseeffortshelpreducecarbonemissionsandprotecttheenvironment.题目：Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?（）A.ChinaleadstheworldinsolarpowerB.RenewableenergyisdevelopinggloballyC.WindfarmsarepopularincoastalareasD.Howtoreducecarbonemissions技巧应用（框架定位法）扫读首尾句：首句“Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld”（可再生能源在全球受欢迎），尾句“Theseeffortshelpreducecarbonemissions”（这些努力助力减排）排除细节干扰：选项A（中国领先太阳能）、C（风电场在沿海流行）均是原文举例的细节内容，排除提炼高频词：“renewableenergy”贯穿全文，是核心话题④验证：选项B（可再生能源在全球发展）覆盖首句核心观点和各段内容（投资、举例、意义），符合主旨。答案：B案例2：细节理解题（2023新课标II卷）真题片段：Bikesharingserviceshavebeepopularinmanycities.Userscanrentabikewithamobileappandreturnitatanydesignatedstation.Thecostisusuallylow,about1yuanper30minutes.Thisservicenotonlyprovidesconvenienceforpeople’stravelbutalsohelpsreducetrafficjams.题目：Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutbikesharingservices?（）A.UsersneedtoreturnbikesattherentalstationB.Thecostis1yuanperhourC.IthelpsreducetrafficjamsD.Itispopularonlyinbigcities技巧应用（关键词定位法）：①提取选项关键词：A（returnbikesattherentalstation）、B（1yuanperhour）、C（reducetrafficjams）、D（onlyinbigcities）；②定位原文：A对应“returnitatanydesignatedstation”（指定站点，非租赁站），语义不符；B对应“about1yuanper30minutes”（30分钟1元，非1小时），错误；C对应“helpsreducetrafficjams”，语义一致；D对应“popularinmanycities”（许多城市，非仅大城市），错误；③验证：选项C与原文定位句完全一致。答案：C案例3：推理判断题（2025浙江卷）真题片段：Urbangreenbeltsareimportantforecologicalbalance.Theycanabsorbharmfulgasesandprovidehabitatsforsmallanimals.However,manygreenbeltsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.Ifthistrendcontinues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected.题目：Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?（）A.UrbangreenbeltsareuselessforhumansB.UrbanexpansionisharmfultotheecologicalbalanceC.AllgreenbeltshavebeendestroyedD.Smallanimalsonlyliveingreenbelts技巧应用（逻辑推导法）：①定位原文关键句：“manygreenbeltsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.Ifthistrendcontinues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected”；②排除原文原句/错误项：A（无用）与原文“importantforecologicalbalance”矛盾；C（all被破坏）原文是“many”，绝对化错误；D（only）过于绝对，原文未提及；③逻辑推导：绿地对生态平衡重要，城市化扩张破坏绿地→若持续则影响生态环境，可推出“城市化扩张有害生态平衡”；④验证：选项B推导合理，符合原文逻辑。答案：B案例4：观点态度题（2024新课标II卷）真题片段：Onlinereadinghasbeemon,butithassomedisadvantages.Itiseasyforreaderstogetdistractedbypopupads.Besides,staringatscreensforalongtimeisbadforeyes.Incontrast,printreadingallowsreaderstofocusbetterandishealthier.Ipreferprintreadingfordeepreading.题目：Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsprintreading?（）A.Supportive B.Doubtful C.Neutral D.Critical技巧应用（情感词定位法）：①定位情感词：“Incontrast”（对比）、“focusbetter”“healthier”（正面形容词）、“prefer”（偏好动词）；②区分态度主体：原文直接是“Ipreferprintreading”，是作者本人态度；③归类倾向：“focusbetter”“healthier”“prefer”均体现正面支持态度；④验证：选项A（Supportive）与情感词传递的倾向一致，符合全文对比逻辑。答案：A即时练习练习1：2023新课标I卷·主旨大意题真题片段：Digitalminimalismisalifestylethathelpspeoplereducetheirdependenceondigitaldevices.Itadvisespeopletousedigitaltoolsonlywhennecessaryandfocusonreallifeinteractions.Manypeoplewhopracticedigitalminimalismsaytheyfeelmorerelaxedandhavemoretimeforhobbies.题目：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?（）A.HowtousedigitaltoolswiselyB.ThebenefitsofreallifeinteractionsC.WhatdigitalminimalismisanditsadvantagesD.Whypeopledependondigitaldevices解析步骤（框架定位法）：①扫读首句：首句定义“digitalminimalism是减少数字设备依赖的生活方式”，后续讲“建议”和“好处”；②排除细节干扰：A（如何明智用数字工具）、B（现实互动的好处）均是细节，未覆盖核心话题“digitalminimalism”；D（依赖数字设备的原因）原文未提及；③验证：选项C（数字极简主义的定义及其优势）覆盖首句定义和后文好处，符合主旨。答案：C练习2：2024新课标I卷·细节理解题真题片段：Observationaldataarebeingmoreimportantinscientificresearch.Thesedataarecollectedbyordinarypeoplethroughmobileapps.paredwithprimarydatafromphysicalspecimens,observationaldataareeasiertocollectandcoverawiderrange.题目：Whatistheadvantageofobservationaldata?（）A.ItiscollectedbyscientistsB.ItishardertocollectC.ItcoversawiderrangeD.Itesfromphysicalspecimensdata...observational键词“advantageofobservationaldata”；②定位原文：“paredwithprimarydata...observationaldataareeasiertocollectandcoverawiderrange”；③比对选项：A（科学家收集）与原文“ordinarypeople”矛盾；B（更难收集）与“easiertocollect”相反；C（覆盖范围更广）与原文一致；D（来自实物标本）是primarydata的特点；④验证：选项C符合原文细节。答案：C练习3：2025全国卷I·推理判断题真题片段：Plantbaseddietshavebeepopularbecausemorepeoplecareabouthealthandtheenvironment.Meatproductionusesalotofwaterandland,anditproducesalotofcarbondioxide.Plantbasedfoods,however,requirelessresourcesandproducefeweremissions.题目：Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?（）A.PlantbaseddietsarebetterfortheenvironmentB.MeatproductionischeapC.NooneeatsmeatanymoreD.Plantbasedfoodsaremoreducesalotofcarbondioxide”“plantbasedducefeweremissions”；②排除错误项：B（肉类生产便宜）、D（植物性食物更贵）原文未提及；C（没人吃肉）过于绝对，原文仅说植物性饮食流行；③推导：肉类生产排放多，植物性食物排放少→植物性饮食更环保；④验证：选项A推导合理，符合原文因果逻辑。答案：A练习4：2023新课标II卷·观点态度题真题片段：Onlinecourseshavemadeeducationmoreaccessible.Studentsfromremoteareascanlearnfromtopteachers.However,onlinecourseslackfacetofaceinteraction,whichmayaffectlearningeffectiveness.Overall,onlinecoursesareausefulsupplementtotraditionaleducation.题目：Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsonlinecourses?（）A.Fullysupportive B.Stronglycritical C.Objective D.Doubtful解析步骤（情感词定位法）：①定位情感词：“moreaccessible”（正面）、“lack...affectlearningeffectiveness”（负面）、“overall”（总结）、“usefulsupplement”（正面总结）；②分析态度：作者既讲优势也讲不足，最后总结为“有用的补充”，无明显偏向；③归类：属于中立客观态度；④验证：选项C（Objective）符合作者全面评价的倾向。答案：C练习5：2024浙江卷·细节理解题真题片段：Matrixgardensgroupplantswithsimilarneeds.Thishelpsplantsgrowbettertogether.Thegardensalsoconservewaterandreduceweeds.Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswaterthantraditionalgardens.题目：Howmuchlesswaterdomatrixgardensusethantraditionalones?（）A.20% B.30% C.50% D.70%解析步骤（关键词定位法）：①提取题干关键词“howmuchlesswater”“matrixgardens”“traditionalones”；②定位原文：“Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswaterthantraditionalgardens”；③比对选项：直接匹配选项B；④验证：选项B与原文数字完全一致，无同义替换陷阱。答案：B练习6：2025新课标II卷·推理判断题真题片段：Parentingdiscussionsoftencovermanytopics,butfoodisnotagoodone.Forcingchildrentotalkaboutfoodpreferencesmaymakethemanxious.Itisbettertoletchildrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood.题目：Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor’sadviceonparentingfoodissues?（）A.ParentsshouldforcechildrentotalkaboutfoodB.ParentsshouldletchildrendecideonfoodbythemselvesC.FoodisthemostimportanttopicinparentingD.Childrenareneveranxiousaboutfoodchoices解析步骤（逻辑推导法）：①定位原文关键句：“Forcingchildren...maymakethemanxious.Itisbettertoletchildrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood”；②排除错误项：A（强迫孩子谈食物）与原文“forcing...maymakethemanxious”相反；C（食物是最重要话题）与原文“foodisnotagoodone”矛盾；D（孩子从不焦虑）原文未提及；③推导：强迫不好→最好让孩子自己选；④验证：选项B是原文“itisbetterto...”的合理推导，符合逻辑。答案：BPassage1Nietzsche(尼采)waswrong:Whenyougazelongenoughintotheabyss(深渊),theabyssdoesnotgazebackintoyou.Instead,thecosmic(宇宙的)void(空白)remainssilentandfrighteninginitsvastness.Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱惑)tolookatourtinyworldwithnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.Thatourhistoryfailstoleaveamark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarepointless.I’macosmologist,thekindofscientistwhostudiestheorigin,historyandevolutionoftheuniverse.Ihavespentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthecourseofmystudies,Ihavelearnedtorejectthattemptation.It’struethatEarthisneitherlargenorlonglived,butthatisonlyonewayofmeasuringsignificance.paredwiththecosmicvoids,thereissomethingspecialhappeningonourplanet.Earthisstilltheonlyknownplaceintheentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraisetheircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonlyknownplacewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonlyknownplacewherewecanfinddance,music,andart.Ourdisagreementsandallthebeautifulplexitiesthatmakeushumanaren’tmeaningless.Theexperiencesinourlivesarespecialbecausetheywillneverhappenintheemptyexpanseofmostoftheuniverse.Thesamelessonsthatcosmicvoidsteachusarefoundinthevoidsweencounterinourownlives.Thepresenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyarefullofpotential.Thepainwefeelfromlossisthelastreminderofthegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebeforeaperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.Ourchoicetoignorestressfulnewsisnecessarytoallowustofocusonwhattrulymatters.Artistshavelongunderstoodthepowerofthevoid.The12thcenturypoetSaigyonotedthatthepausesbetweenraindropswereasimportantasthedropsthemselves.ThefamedarchitectRemcelebratedtheusefulnessofnegativespaces,declaring,“Wherethereisnothing,everythingispossible.”Theuniversewon’tdoanythingforusexceptgiveusthefreedomtoexist.Itisourjobtofilltheuniversewithmeaningandpurpose.1．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthe“temptation”inparagraph2?A．Itreflectshumanity’sfearofcosmicemptiness.B．Itstrengthenspeople’sscientificcuriosityaboutthevoid.C．ItleadspeopletounderstateEarth’suniquequalities.D．Itesfromtheuniverse’scoldnesstohumanexistence.2．Whydoestheauthorrejectthetemptation?A．Heisacosmologistwhobelievesscience.B．Earthremainstheonlyknownhomeforhumanexperiences.C．Humanexperiencesdifferfromthoseinvoids.D．Earth’ssmallsizeandshortlifemakesitunique.3．Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph5?A．Toexplainwhyvoidsexistinuniverseandlife.B．Tosuggestpeopleshouldremoveemptyspacesinlife.C．Toanalyzehowemptinessinlifeofferssignificance.D．Toprovefillingemptyspacescreatesgreaterpurpose.4．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．CosmicVoids:AScientist’sTechnicalAnalysisB．FillingtheEmptiness:FindingMeaningintheVastUniverseC．NietzscheRevisited:WhenPhilosophyMeetsAstronomyD．TheSilentUniverse:WhyOurExistenceMeansNothing【答案】1．C2．B3．C4．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨面对宇宙的虚无，人类应如何在其中寻找意义与价值。1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱惑)tolookatourtinyworldwithnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.Thatourhistoryfailstoleaveamark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarepointless.(当凝视宇宙的浩瀚虚无时，人们难免会被诱惑，以虚无主义的眼光看待我们这个渺小的世界。觉得我们的伟大成就微不足道，我们的历史未能留下任何印记，我们的关切与焦虑都毫无意义。)”可知，这种“诱惑”会导致人们低估地球的独特品质。故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Ihavespentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthecourseofmystudies,Ihavelearnedtorejectthattemptation.(我花费了多年时间去探究宇宙空洞所带给我们的启示。在研究的过程中，我逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。)”和第四段中的“Earthisstilltheonlyknownplaceintheentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraisetheircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonlyknownplacewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonlyknownplacewherewecanfinddance,music,andart.(地球仍然是整个宇宙中已知的唯一有意识的生物抬起好奇的眼睛望向天空并感到好奇的地方。地球是已知的唯一人类可以生存的地方。它是已知的唯一有笑声、爱、愤怒和喜悦存在的地方。唯一已知的可以找到舞蹈、音乐和艺术的地方。)”可知，第四段中用排比句式强调地球是宇宙中已知的唯一存在“有意识的生物”、人类情感和艺术的地方，由此可知，地球是已知的人类唯一能有各种体验的地方，所以作者在研究过程中逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Thepresenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyarefullofpotential.Thepainwefeelfromlossisthelastreminderofthegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebeforeaperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.(虚空的存在保证了相反的情况；它们创造对比；它们充满潜力。我们从失去中感受到的痛苦是对深爱的生命礼物的最后提醒。演出前的沉默充满了强烈的期待。)”可推断，第五段的主要目的是分析生活中的空虚如何赋予意义。故选C项。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“Itisourjobtofilltheuniversewithmeaningandpurpose.(我们的工作是让宇宙充满意义和目的。)”可知，作者反对宇宙的虚无使人陷入无意义论，强调人类情感、艺术和存在的独特性，倡导在宏大宇宙中主动创造的意义，所以，“填补空虚：在浩瀚宇宙中寻找意义”最能概括全文，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。Passage2IntheAlpsandApenninesofsouthernEurope,longhornbeetlesaremovinguphill,andararebrownbutterflywithorangetippedwingsisfacingextinctionduetoisolation(隔离)athighpeaks.Thisisapictureofaglobaltrend.Withtemperaturesrisingandpressureonbiodiversitygrowing,insectsvitaltoourecosystemsarenotonlymovingnorthandsouth,butup.Researchshowsmanyanimalsaremakingsimilarmoves,butinsects’highlevelsofmobilityandshortgenerationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.BumblebeesinthePyreneeshavemovedupwardsonaveragebymorethanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreaterjourneys.Allofthisshowsthespeedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes(海拔).Inecology,findingthe“smokinggun”toneatlyexplainanyphenomenonisgenerallydifficult.Prof.ChristyMcCain,whorunsColoradoUniversity’sMountainLab,said:“Onethingthatpeopledon’tthinkaboutasmuchiscontext:howclimateaffectsinsectsatdifferentlifestages,suchaseggsandlarvae(幼虫).Measuringadultsinsummermightnotrevealthemostcriticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountainenvironments.”McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoomanymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andfarfewerfromhigherup.Andmanygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmoths(蛾)havebeenneglected.Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrionbeetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthatclimatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,whichplayakeyroleindepositionandprotectthemfromextremeconditions.TheirlonghistorysincetheCretaceous(白垩纪)alsoaidstheiradaptationtoday.Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsomegroups,itmightbeacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyare,thebettertheirchances.Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitatandthistoocouldproveasavinggrace.5．BumblebeesinthePyreneesarementionedbecause______.A．theyaremoremobilethanotherinsectsB．theyhaveadaptedwelltohigheraltitudesC．theyareausefulindicatorofclimatechangeD．theyfaceextinctionduetoupwardmovement6．WhichstatementmayMcCainagreewithaccordingtoparagraphs3and4?A．Studycontextisbeyondgrasp.B．Researchdataarehardtoobtain.C．Insectsamplesareunrepresentative.D．Collectionmethodisunconventional.7．WhydoesMcCainciteresearchoncarrionbeetles?A．Toarguefortheirsensitivitytoenvironmentalchanges.B．Tocallfortheprotectionofinsectsfromhigheraltitudes.C．Toredirectfocusfrominsectsmovinguphilltothosedownhill.D．Tooffernewinsightsintoinsects’adaptationtoclimatechange.8．Whatdoes“asavinggrace”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Amethodusedtocollectdata.B．Aproblemthatneedstobesolved.C．Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.D．Atypeofinsectthatadaptswelltochange.【答案】5．C6．C7．D8．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着气温上升和生物多样性压力增大，昆虫向高海拔迁移这一全球趋势，分析了研究中存在的问题，并提及不同昆虫对气候变化的适应情况。5．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Researchshowsmanyanimalsaremakingsimilarmoves,butinsects’highlevelsofmobilityandshortgenerationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.BumblebeesinthePyreneeshavemovedupwardsonaveragebymorethanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreaterjourneys.Allofthisshowsthespeedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes.(研究表明，许多动物都在做出类似的迁移，但昆虫的高机动性和短代际时间使它们能够迅速对变化做出反应。比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂平均每年向上迁移超过一米，一些物种的迁移距离明显更远。所有这些都显示了气候变化的速度及其在高海拔地区的生态影响。)”可知，提到比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂的向上迁移是因为它们能反映气候变化的情况，是气候变化的一个有用指标。故选C项。6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Onethingthatpeopledon’tthinkaboutasmuchiscontext:howclimateaffectsinsectsatdifferentlifestages,suchaseggsandlarvae.Measuringadultsinsummermightnotrevealthemostcriticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountainenvironments.(人们不太考虑的一件事是背景：气候如何影响昆虫在不同生命阶段，如卵和幼虫。在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的影响，尤其是在寒冷干燥的山区环境中。)”和第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoomanymuseumspecimensfromlowaltitudes,andfarfewerfromhigherup.Andmanygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmothshavebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为，历史上的数据收集方式阻碍了他们的理解，博物馆里来自低海拔地区的标本太多，而来自高海拔地区的标本太少。除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)”可知，麦凯恩认为在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的影响，且来自低海拔地区的标本太多，所以昆虫样本不能很好地代表整体情况，缺乏全面性和代表性。故选C项。7．推理判断题。第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoomanymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andfarfewerfromhigherup.Andmanygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmoths(蛾)havebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为，历史上收集数据的方式防碍了他们的理解，因为博物馆里有太多来自低海拔地区的标本，而来自高海拔地区的标本则少得多。而除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)”麦凯恩提出“在昆虫适应气候变化的相关研究中，除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了”这一观点，而第五段中“Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrionbeetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthatclimatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,whichplayakeyroleindepositionandprotectthemfromextremeconditions.TheirlonghistorysincetheCretaceousalsoaidstheiradaptationtoday.(为了支持她的观点，她引用了她实验室里一名学生对埋葬虫的研究。研究表明，在这些影响中，气候耐受性可能会遗传下来，这在分解过程中起着关键作用，并保护它们免受极端条件的影响。它们自白垩纪以来的悠久历史也有助于它们如今的适应。)”麦凯恩引用了对埋葬虫的研究来证明自己的观点，即提供关于昆虫适应气候变化的新领悟。故选D项。8．词句猜测题。上文“Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsomegroups,itmightbeacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyare,thebettertheirchances.(没有一种标准的昆虫或对环境变化的标准反应。对于一些群体来说，可能是它们越大、越具移动性，生存机会就越好。)”说明昆虫适应环境变化的情况各不相同，接着“Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitatandthistoocouldproveasavinggrace.(也没有通用的高地栖息地，这也可能被证明是一种……)”提到也没有通用的高地栖息地。鉴于昆虫适应环境存在困难的情况下，“thistoocouldproveasavinggrace”说明这种没有通用高地栖息地的情况反而可能成为帮助改善昆虫适应环境现状的一个因素。所以“asavinggrace”指的是有助于改善现状的一个特征，与C项“Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.”意思相近。故选C项。Passage3Chinesescientistshavemadeasignificantbreakthroughinproducinghydrogenfromwaterusinglight.Theyaddedscandium(钪)totitaniumdioxide(二氧化钛,TiO₂)tocreateanewTiO₂structure.Thisinnovationincreaseshydrogenproductionefficiency15timesundersunlightparedtopreviousTiO₂materials.Thenewperformanceofphotocatalys,whichisachemicalreactionthatisacceleratedbytheabsorptionoflightbyacatalyst(催化剂)isdueto5%scandiumdoping.ThiscreatesTiO₂particleswithtwocrystalfacets(面):{101}and{110}.The{101}facetcollectselectrons,whilethe{110}facetreceivesholes.ThisarrangementproducesastrongelectricfieldwithintheTiO₂particles,enhancingchargetransportefficiency.Asaresult,thephotoinduced(光诱导的)chargeseparationefficiencyhasimprovedover200times,andthequantumefficiencyforultravioletlightat360nmhasexceeded30%.paredtotraditionalsolarhydrogenproductionmethodslikephotovoltaicpoweredelectrolysis,thisnewapproachissimplerandmorecosteffective.Traditionalmethodsrequireplexandexpensiveequipment,whileTiO₂basedphotocatalystsofferamorestraightforwardalternative.However,TiO₂hasaproblem:photoexcitedelectronsandholesreunitequickly,reducingefficiency.ThescandiumdopedTiO₂solvesthisproblemintwoways:1.EliminatingChargeTraps:Sc³⁺ionsfitwellintotheTiO₂structurewithoutcausingdistortion.Theirstable+3chargeneutralizestheimbalancecausedbyoxygenvacancies,reducingelectronholerebination.2.ReconstructingtheCrystalSurface:Scandiumatomsrearrangethecrystalsurfacetoformspecificfacets,givingelectronsandholesmoretimeandspacetoparticipateinreactions.Ifmadeintoa100m²photocatalyticpanel,thismaterialcouldgenerateenoughhydrogeninonedaytopowerahydrogenfuelcellvehicletotravelabout68kilometers.Chinahastheworld’slargestTiO₂productioncapacityandsignificantscandiumreserves,sothisdiscoverycouldfacilitatethelargescaleindustrialapplicationofphotocatalyticwatersplittingtechnology.Itoffersapromisingwayformoreefficientandeconomicalhydrogenproduction,whichiscrucialfortransitioningtosustainableandcarbonneutralenergysystems.Thisadvancementhighlightsthepotentialofrareearthelementsinimprovingphotocatalyticmaterials.Astheworldseekswaystoreducecarbonemissionsandbatclimatechange,thisscandiumdopedTiO₂photocatalystprovideshope.Itcouldacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogenasacleanenergycarrierandsupportthedevelopmentofhydrogenpoweredtechnologiesacrossvariousindustries.Insummary,thisnewscandiumdopedTiO₂photocatalystisamajorstepforwardinrenewableenergy.Itsimpressiveperformanceandpotentialforwidespreadapplicationbringusclosertoafuturewhereclean,sustainablehydrogenenergyisbothabundantandeconomicallyfeasible.Thisbreakthroughisexpectedtoinspirefurtherresearchandinnovationinthedesignofadvancedphotocatalyticmaterials,drivingtheworldclosertoacarbonneutralandsustainableenergyfuture.9．Whatfundamentalinnovationenablesthedramaticimprovementinhydrogenproductionefficiency?A．Substitutingrareearthelementsfortraditionalcatalysts.B．Optimizingcatalyststructurethroughelementalintegration.C．Developingultrathinsemiconductormembranelayers.D．Implementingmultistagephotovoltaicconversionsystems.10．Whichdualmechanismaddressestherapidrebinationofelectronsandholes?A．Neutralizingionicimbalancesandrestructuringreactivepathways.B．Enhancingphotonabsorptionandextendingwavelengthranges.C．Introducingmagneticfieldsandcoolingthermalbyproducts.D．Isolatingoxygenmoleculesandpressurizingreactionchambers.11．ConsideringChina’sindustrialcontext,whichfactorwouldmostcriticallydeterminethescalabilityofthistechnology?A．Globalmarketdemandforhydrogenvehicles.B．Availabilityofspecializedmanufacturingequipment.C．Domesticmineralresourcedistributionpatterns.D．Internationalcarbonemissionregulations.12．Arenewableenergystartupplanstopilotthistechnology.Whichimplementationchallengealignswiththestatement“photoexcitedelectronsandholesreunitequickly”

(para.3)?A．Maintainingstablelightintensityacrosslargesurfaceareas.B．Preventingprematureenergylossduringchargemigration.C．Scalingupultravioletlightfiltrationsystems.D．Balancingproductioncostswithcatalystdurability.【答案】9．B10．A11．C12．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国科学家用掺钪的二氧化钛光催化剂从水中制氢的突破，该方法高效且成本低，有望推动氢能产业发展。9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Theyaddedscandium(钪)totitaniumdioxide(二氧化钛,TiO₂)tocreateanewTiO₂structure.Thisinnovationincreaseshydrogenproductionefficiency15timesundersunlightparedtopreviousTiO₂materials.(他们在二氧化钛(TiO₂)中加入钪，创造了一种新的二氧化钛结构。与之前的二氧化钛材料相比，这一创新使阳光下的制氢效率提高了15倍)”可知，通过元素融合优化催化剂结构，使得制氢效率大幅提高。故选B项。10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“1.EliminatingChargeTraps:Sc³⁺ionsfitwellintotheTiO₂structurewithoutcausingdistortion.Theirstable+3chargeneutralizestheimbalancecausedbyoxygenvacancies,reducingelectronholerebination.(1.消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的+3价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子空穴复合)”和“2.ReconstructingtheCrystalSurface:Scandiumatomsrearrangethecrystalsurfacetoformspecificfacets,givingelectronsandholesmoretimeandspacetoparticipateinreactions.(2.重构晶体表面：钪原子重新排列晶体表面形成特定的晶面，给电子空穴更多的时间和空间参与反应)”可知，解决电子空穴快速复合的双机制是中和离子不平衡和重构反应途径。故选A项。11．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Chinahastheworld’slargestTiO₂productioncapacityandsignificantscandiumreserves,sothisdiscoverycouldfacilitatethelargescaleindustrialapplicationofphotocatalyticwatersplittingtechnology.(中国拥有世界上最大的二氧化钛生产能力和大量的钪储量，因此这一发现有助于光催化水分解技术的大规模工业应用)”可知，国内矿产资源的分布模式会对该技术的可扩展性起关键作用。故选C项。12．推理判断题。根据第三段中“However,TiO₂hasaproblem:photoexcitedelectronsandholesreunitequickly,reducingefficiency.(然而，二氧化钛有一个问题：光激发的电子空穴很快重新结合，降低了效率)”和“1.EliminatingChargeTraps:Sc³⁺ionsfitwellintotheTiO₂structurewithoutcausingdistortion.Theirstable+3chargeneutralizestheimbalancecausedbyoxygenvacancies,reducingelectronholerebination.(1.消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的+3价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子空穴复合)”可知电子空穴快速复合导致能量损失，可再生能源初创公司在试点这项技术时，“防止电荷迁移过程中的过早能量损失”这一挑战与“光激发的电子空穴很快重新结合”相契合。故选B项。Passage4Lifecanbemetaphoricallyperceivedasavastwilderness,anextensiveandunchartedterrainwaitingtobeexplored.Thisanalogycarriesprofoundimplicationsthatcanofferusuniqueinsightsintotheessenceofexistenceandguideustowards