GRE（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷11

GRE(VERBAL)阅读模拟试卷11

一、GRE(VERBAL).小阅读(本题共30题，每题

L0分,共30分。)

Althoughmanyhypotheseshavebeenproposedtoexplainwhysomeplantcommunities

aremoresusceptiblethanotherstoinvasionbynonnativespecies,resultsfromfield

studieshavebeeninconsistentandnogeneraltheoryofinvasibilityhasyetemerged.

However,atheorybasedonfluctuatingresourceavailabilitycouldintegratemostexisting

hypothesesandsuccessfullyresolvemanyoftheapTarentlyconflictingandambiguous

resultsofpreviousstudies.Thesuggestedtheoryisthataplantcommunitybecomesmore

susceptibletoinvasionwheneverthereisanincreaseintheamountofunusedresources.

Thediversityintherangeofresource-releasemechanismscouldpartlyexplainthe

absenceofconsistentecologicalcorrelatesofinvasibility.Inparticular,thetheory

predictsthattherewillbenonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthespeciesdiversityofa

plantcommunityanditssusceptibilitytoinvasion,sincenearcompleteexploitationcan

eachoccurinbothspecies-richandspecies-poorcominunities.ThoughLonsdale(bunda

positiveassociationbetweenspeciesrichnessandinvasion,thismayarisefromthe

tendencyofdiverseplantcommunitiestobenutrientpoorandthereforemoreresponsive

totheeffectsofhuman-causedinfluxesofnutrients.

1、Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A^assessingtheempiricalsuccessofatheory

B、explainingwhynoconsistenttheoreticalaccountofaphenomenonhasbeenpossible

C、advocatingapotentialsolutiontoatheoreticalimpasse

D^deducingtestablepredictionsfromaproposedtheory

E、describingthedifficultiesinvolvedinexplainingcertainempiricalresults

标准答案：C

知识点解析：apotentialsolution对应作者的波动资源获得理论，atheoretical

impasse对应全文第一句描述的没有统一的理论。全文主旨是支持作者的理论，而

作者的理论就是用来统一这些矛盾理论的，因此选项C正确。A项alheory对应作

者的理论，但是没有对它做实验，文中未提及。B项对应第二段第一句，属于细

节。D项文中未提及testablepredictions。E项对应第一段第一句，属于细节。

2、Itcanbeinterredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowing

assessmentsofiheresultsfromfieldstudies

A、manyoftheresultscontradictedpredictionsofsusceptibilitytoinvasionthatare

basedontheavailabilityofresourcesunusedbythecommunity.

B、iffluctuatingresourceavailabilityweretakenintoaccount,manyoftheapparent

inconsistenciesamongtheresultscouldbeexplained.

C、theapparentinconsistenciesandambiguitiesintheresultsarecausedbytryingto

makethemfitaninadequategeneraltheoryofinvasibility.

D^nogeneraltheoryofinvasibilityhasemergedbecausenoneofthestudieshasbeen

abletoassessthedegreeofaninvasionaccurately.

E、theresultstendtoshewadegreeofsusceptibilitytoinvasionthatislowerthanwould

beexpectedgiventheprevalenceinthewildofnonnativespecies.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作者的波动资源获得理论就是用来解决理论之间的矛盾的，这很明显

是作者的态度，所以选项B正确。A项如果基于冗余资源做的预测和入侵性相矛

盾，就意味着作者的理论不能用来解决理论矛盾，与作者态度相反。C项文中未提

及aninadequategeneraltheoryofinvasibility。D项文中未提及noneofthestudieshas

beenabletoassessthedegreeofaninvasionaccuratelyoE项文U」未提及the

prevalenceinthewildofnonnativespecieso

3、Accordingtotheauthor,thetheorybasedonfluctuatingresourceavailabilitymight

resolve^apparentlyconflictingandambiguousresults^^because

A、itexplainshowaparticularcircumstancecanproducedisparateeffects

B、itdocsnotassumethatalloftheresultsarcinstancesofthephenomenonthatthe

theoryisintendedtoexplain

C、itpredictsthatseeminglyminorvariationsinresearchmethodologycanhavea

dramaticeffectonresults

D、itsaccountisbasedonastatisticaltendencyratherthanonthesuppositionthatthe

resultsarisefromacausalconnection

E、itindicateswhyasimilaroutcomemaybeproducedbyverydifferentcircumstances

ondifferentoccasions

标准答案：E

知识点解析：根据第二段第一句，作者的理论之所以能够统一不同的理论，就是因

为导致生物入侵的资源释放机理太多了,对应选项E。asimilaroutcome对应生物

入侵，verydifferenluiruunislaiiues指不同的资源移放机理，differenluuuasiuns指的

是生物多和生物少的不同情况。A项正好和选项E相反。B项根据第一段第二句，

作者的理论确实只能解决大多数相互矛盾的假说，因此对应选项B的说法，作者

的理论不能解释所有的现象。但是这道题问的是为什么作者的理论可以解释相互矛

盾的结果，但是选项B的侧重点是作者的理论不能解释的部分，不符合题意。选

项B虽然原文提到，但是不符合题意。C项文中未体及minorvariationsinresearch

methodologyoD项文中未提及astatisticaltendency<

Havingalargerassortmenttochoosefromincreasesconsumers'expectationsabout

matchingtheirpreferences.Theheightenedexpectationsseemlogical,sinceassortments

containingmoreormorevarieditemsshouldincreasethedegreetowhichpreferences

canbematched.Inpractice,however,asassortmentsizeincreases,thedegreetowhich

consumersrealizebetterpreferencematchesoftenrisesrelativelylittle.Larger

assortmentsmaynotactuallyoffermorevariety,themarketmaysimplynotsupplyan

envisionedoffering,orintheabsenceofsophisticatedsearchtools,consumersmaymiss

abetterpreferencematchevenifitisavailable.Therefore,largerassortmentscan

increasethelikelihoodthatexpectationswillnotbemet,leavingconsumerslesssatisfied

withoptionschosenfromlargerratherthansmallerassoilmenls.

4、Inthehighlightedportionofthepassage,theauthorassumesthat

A、consumers1attitudetowardtheassortmentofchoicestheyarcpresentedwith

dependsalmostexclusivelyonthesizeoftherange

B、consumerswhohaveclearpreferencesmaketheirchoicesmorequicklythanthose

whosepreferencesarerelativelyvague

CNconsumers'anticipationofmeetingspecificexpectationsdirectlyaffectstheir

satisfactionwithaselectedoption

D^consumerspresentedwithanassortmentofchoicesoftenadjustthepreferencesthey

hadbeforehand

E、consumerspresentedwithalargerassortmentofchoicesoftenmaketheirdecisions

tooquickly

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章最后一句属于推理，因为消费者期待被满足的概率下降，所以不

满的程度增加，因此这个推理所依赖的前提之一就应该是：消费者的期待是否被满

足与其满意程度相关，因此选项C正确。

5、Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthefirstsentenceintheauthor's

argumentasawhole?

A、Itstatesapremiseonwhichtheauthor'sconclusionisbased

Itprovidesinformationtosupporttheinferencemadeinthefollowingsentence

C、Itintroducesaconceptthattheauthorprovesisillogical

D、Itsummarizesapositionthattheauthorproceedstodispute

E、Itpresentsthephenomenontheargumentisintendedtoexplain

标准答案：A

知识点解析：这道题比较难，很多考生会认为既然第三句出现了however,那么这

句话的功能肯定是被后文反驳，因此会错选成选项C或者选项D。这就是没明白

本文的论证过程。第一句的功能其实是本文的基本前提：可选择的种类越多，消费

者的喜好被满足的期望值就会越高。第二句是对这一前提的解释：因为可供选择的

商品种类多了，消费者的喜好当然更容易被满足。前两句都是从理论上进行论证，

因此是logical的，所以这道题排除选项C。同时可以看出，第二句是用来支持第

一句的，而不是第一句支持第二句，所以排除选项B。第三句的howevei•其实是把

理论拉回到现实中。现实中，品类越多，消费者的喜好被匹配的概率反而降低。注

意，在这里第一句并没有被反驳，第一句只是说人们的“期待值''会升高，而现实状

况中，期待值确实是升高了，但是这种期待值被“满足”或“匹配”的概率是降低的，

因为消费者可能得不到池们想要的东西。第四句是结论，消费者的期待被满足的概

率下降，进而满意度下降。综上，作者的论证过程是：种类T一期待T一事实上喜好

被满足的概率1一满意度1。故第一句是作者最终结论的前提条件，选项A正确，

选项D错误。而第一句也并非现象，因为第一句只是理论，所以选项E也错误。

Sincethe1970s,archaeologicalsitesinChina'sYangtzeRiverregionhaveyielded

evidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesthatpredatesignsofricecultivation

elsewhereinEastAsiabyathousandyears.Beforethisevidencewasdiscovered,ithad

generallybeenassumedthatricefarmingbeganfarthertothesouth.Thisscenariowas

basedbothonthegeographicrangeofwildorfree-livingrice,whichwasnotthoughtto

extendasfarnorthastheYangtze,andonarchaeologicalrecordsofveryearlydomestic

ricefromSoutheastAsiaandIndia(nowknowntobenotsooldasfirstreported).

Proponentsofthesouthern-origintheorypointoutthatearlyrice-farmingsocietiesalong

theYangtzewerealreadyhighlydevelopedandthatevidencefbrthefirststageofrice

cultivationismissing.Theyarguethatthefirsthunter-gathererstodeveloprice

agriculturemusthavedonesointhissouthernzone,withintheapparentpresent-day

geographicrangeofwildrice.Yetwhilemoststrandsofwildricereportedina1984

surveywereconcentratedtothesouthoftheYangtzedrainage,twonorthernoutlier

populationswerealsodiscoveredinprovincesalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze,

evidencethattheYangtzewetlandsmayfallwithinboththepresent-dayandthe

historicalgeographicrangesofrice'swildancestor.

6、Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlyunderminetheconclusionthatthe

authormakesbasedonthe1984survey?

ANAreassouthoftheYangtzebasincurrentlyhavelesswild-ricchabitatthantheyonce

did.

B、Surveyssince1984haveshownwildricepopulationsalongtheupperYangtzeas

wellasalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze.

C、ThepopulationsofwildricealongtheYangtzerepresentstrainsofwildricethat

migratedtothenorthrelativelyrecently.

D、Earlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerenotashighlydevelopedas

archaeologistsoncethought.

E、InEastAsia,thehistoricalgeographicrangeofwildricewasmoreextensivethanthe

present-daygeographicrangeis.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题的诜择方向是“削弱”长江是水稻种植的发源地。长江的野牛水稻

是近期刚刚迁移过去的，说明长江过去不存在野生水稻，因此长江不可能是水稻种

植的起源地，选项C正确。A项：南方今天的野生水稻更少一南方过去的野生水

稻多t南方是水稻种植起源地一削弱长江是水稻种植起源地，排除选项A。但是因

为中间的推理步骤太多，根据逻辑题“不完备性”原则，每削弱一次，削弱的强度会

减弱，因此选项A相比选项C,选项C的削弱程度更强。B项：上游也有了野生

水稻，相当于增加额外证据来加强长江是起源地。D项：不发达则说明长江水稻种

植社会可能经历过特别落后的阶段，加强了长江是起源地的可能性。E项：今天的

长江只分布了两种野生水稻，如果历史上的分布范围更广，那么长江在过去会有更

多的野生水稻，加强了长江是起源地的可能性。

7、Basedonthepassage,skepticsoftheideathatricecultivationbeganintheYangtze

Riverregioncanpointtowhichofthefollowingforsupport?

A、Lackofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofrice-farmingsocietiesalongthe

Yangtzeatanearlydate

B>LackofevidenceregardingtheinitialstagesofricecultivationintheYangtzeregion

C、Recentdiscoveriespertainingtothehistoricalgeographicrangeofrice'swild

ancestor

D、NewinformationregardingthedatesofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastAsia

E、Newtheoriespertainingtohowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagriculturein

EastAsia

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题选择的方向是“削弱”长江是水稻种植的发源地。B选项对应第四

句。A项也能说明长江不是起源地，但是注意审题，Basedonthepassage,因此应

该选原文本身的内容。眼据第一句，长江自早期的水稻种植社会，所以排除选项

AoC、D、E项均为“新”，加之本题要求选原文提到的，而文章提到的和“新”有关

的内容都在支持长江是水稻种植的发源地，而非削弱，所以均不选。

8、Whichofthefbllowirgcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthe“southern-origin

theory”？

A、Thetheoryisbasedonanunconventionalunderstandingofhowhunter-gatherers

firstdevelopedriceagriculture.

B、Thetheoryfailstotakeintoaccounttheapparentfactthatevidenceforthefirststage

ofricecultivationinthenorthismissing.

C、Thetheorywasdevelopedprimarilyinresponsetoa1984surveyofwildrice's

geographicrange.

D、Reassessmentofthedatesofsomearchaeologicalevidencehasunderminedsupport

forthetheory.

E、Evidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesintheYangtzeregionprovides

supportforthetheory.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：D选项定位到第三句括号里的内容。以前人们认为东南亚的水稻种植

发生在非常早期，因此这一证据可以用来支持南方起源论。但是括号部分说，东南

亚的证据不如一开始认为得那么久远，也就是说最近的证据表明东南亚的水稻种植

的时间其实并不久远，因此东南亚的证据便无法再用来支持南方起源论了。A项：

南方起源论在文中是老观点，老观点不能基于“非传统''的内容，这在时间上是矛盾

的，因为老观点被提出的时候，还没有出现新观点。老观点何谈基于新观点?B

项：根据第四句，南方起源论尤其考虑到了这一点。选项C和选项A犯了一样的

错误，1984在文中对应新观点，老观点被提出时，还没有新观点。E项对应的是

第一句，而第一句的sophisticatedrice-farmingsocieties则是支持长江是水稻种植的

起源地的，而非支持南方。

Basedonevidencefromtreerings,pollensamplesandotherrecords,scientistshavefora

longtimeassumedthatinterglacials-warminterludesbetweeniceages-wereasmild

anduniformastheHolocene,thepresentinterglacial,hasbeenforallofits8,000to

10,000years.ButnewresearchinGreenlandhasputthisassumptionintoquestion.

Researchersontwoteams,theGreenlandIce-CoreProject(GRIP)andtheGreenlandIce

SheetProject2(GISP2),haveanalyzedtwodifferentcylindersofice,eachabouttwo

milesindepth,pulledupfromtheGreenlandicesheet.Suchicecorestrapgases,bitsof

dust,andotherchemicalsthatwerepresentinthesnowthatfelloverGreenlandfor

thousandsofyearsandthenbecamecompressedintoice.Bystudyingthesecomponents,

scientistshaveobtainedadetailedarchiveofmanyaspectsofclimate,includingair

temperatures,snowfall,andconcentrationsofgreenhousesgasesintheatmosphere.

Findingsfromtheuppersectionsofthecoreshaveconfirmedwhatscientistsalready

knew-climateduringthelasticeagefluctuatedrapidly.Butscientistswereastonished

byfindingsfromthelowersectionsoftheGRIPcore,whichprovidedacloselookatan

interglacialperiodotherthanourown,theEemianinterglacial,aperiodthatlastedfrom

135,000to115,000yearsago.DatafromGRIPseemtoindicatethattheEemianclimate

swungatleastaswildlyastheclimateoficeageperiods.Researchers,cluestothe

Eemianclimatecomefrommeasurementsoftheratiosoftwoslightlydifferenttypesof

oxygen,isotopesoxygen-16andoxygen-18,preservedintheGRIPcore.Theseratios

registerthefluctuationsofairtemperaturesovertheseasonsandyears.Whentheairwas

warm,vaporcontainingtheheavierisotope,oxygen-18,condensedandformed

precipitation,intheformofsnow,morereadilythandidvaporcontainingoxygen-16.

Thus,snowthatfellduringwarmerperiodscontainsproportionallymoreoxygen-18than

snowdepositedduringcoldspells.Evidenceofrapidclimateshiftswasalsodrawnfrom

othersources,suchasmeasurementsofamountsofdustandcalciumionsintheicelayers

duringcoldperiods:windswerestrong,causingcalcium-richdustfromloosedeposits,

whicharecomposedofloosesurfacesediment,toblowacrosstheicesheet.Thus,

differingamountsofdustinthelayersalsoindicatechangingclimaticconditions.

However,findsfromthelowersectionofGISP2donotconfirmthoseofGRIP.Thewild

climateswingsshownbyGRIPinthelastinterglacialarenotseenintheGISP2core.

AccordingtoaGISP2scientist,theweightofflowingglacialiceabovehasstressedthe

lowersectionsofbothcores.Thismayhavedeformedihelowerice,disruptingitsannual

layersandtherebycausingthediscrepancybetweentherecords.Still,some

climatologistsbelieveGRIP'Srecordmaybethemorereliableofthetwo.Itwasdrilled

closertoalocationcalledtheicedivide,wherestresseswouldhavebeenlower,theysay.

9、Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A、refutingcertainscientifictheoriesaboutEarth'sclimatichistory

B、outliningnewfindingsconcerningEarth'sclimateduringiccages

C、discussingnewresearchthatmaychallengealong-heldscientificassumptionabout

Earthsclimatichistory

D^describingtheclimaticchangesthatoccurredwhenEarthmovedfromaniceageinto

aninterglacialperiod

E、reconcilingconflictingevidenceconcerningclimaticchanges.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：本文属于主旨题，考查新老观点对比，因此正确选项应该包含“新观

点老观点”和“批判很明显。选项C符合这个条件。newresearch对应GRIP的

观点，即间冰期的气候是波动的；along-heldscientificassumption对应老观点。即

间冰期的气候是稳定的。A项本文不是驳论文，因此正确选项不应该以负态度词开

头。B项iceages不是本文的重点。D项文中未提及。E项文中未提及reconciling。

10、Whichofthefollowingdescribesresearchthatismostclearlyanalogoustothe

testingclonebyGRIPscientists?

A^ScientistsstudyingtheformationoftheSaharadesertmeasuretherateoftopsoil

erosionintheregion

B、Scientistsseekingtodeterminetheageofaparticularfossilmeasurethepercentage

ofitscarbonatomsthathavedecayed

C^ScientistsresearchingvisioninfliesmeasureandcomparetheamountsofvitaminA

foundintheretinasofseveralflyspecies.

D、ScientistsinvestigatingthedevelopmentoflifeonEarthmeasureandcomparethe

amountofoxygenusedbyvariousorganismsalongtheevolutionaryscale.

E、Scientistsplottingthefluctuationsinrainfallintheearlyrainforestsmeasurethe

presenceofcertaingasestrappedintreeringsofoldertrees.

标准答案：E」-

知识点解析：本题属于类比题，正确答案是和类比对象共同点最多的选项。根据题

干中的testing一词，本题要类比GRIP所做的实验方法。原文研究的是气候的波

动，选项E研究的是降水量的波动；原文研究了气体，选项E也研究了气体；原

文研究冰柱子，选项E研究树，都是柱形；原文通过冰层来判断时代，选项E的

年轮也是一层一层的，同时也能用于断代。选项E有四个共同点，其他选项都没

有这么多的共同点，因此选项E正确。

11、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostaccuratestatementof

whatscientistsbelieved,priortotheGRIPfindings,aboutEarthsclimate?

A>OverthecourseofEarthshistory,intcrglacialshavebecomeprogressivelymilder

B、Earthsoverallclimatehasbeengenerallymildsincetheplanefsfbnnation

C、Duringbothinterglacialsandiceages,Earthsclimatehasfluctuatedviolently.

D、Duringiceages,Earthsclimatehasbeenhighlyvariable,whereasduring

intcrglacialsithasbeenmildandstable.

E、Duringinterglacials,Earthsclimatehasbeenhighlyvariable,whereasduringiceages

ithasbeenuniformlycoldandicy.

标准答案：D'

知识点解析：本题属于细节题，根据题干可知问的是老观点，因此本题的定位点是

第一段第一句和第三段第一句。第一段第一句中，老观点认为问冰期是温和的；第

三段第一句中，老观点认为冰河时代是波动的，因此选项D正确。

12、Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingismostlikelytohavebeentrueof

theoxygen-16andoxygen-18isotopesfoundinthelowersectionsoftheGRIPcore?

A、Therewassignificantlymoreisotopeoxygen-18thanisotopeoxygen-16intheice

layers.

B、Therewassignificantlymoreisotopeoxygen-16thanisotopeoxygen-18intheice

layers.

C^Ratiosofisotopesoxygen-18andoxygen-16variedintheicelayers.

D、Layerscontainingisotopeoxygen-18placedstressonthelayerscontainingisotope

oxygen-16,possiblydistortingthem.

E、Isotopeoxygen-16,beinglighter,waslocatedmainlyintheupperlayers,whereas

oxygen-18hadsettledintothelowerlayers.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查第四段对于原理一的理解。GRIP的冰层中氧-18和氧-16的

比例一直在变，因此选预C正确。

Architecturalmorphologyisthestudyofhowshiftingculturalandenvironmental

conditionsproducechangesinanarchitecturalform.Whenappliedtothemission

churchesofNewMexicoexemplifyingseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurySpanish

colonialarchitectureinwhatisnowthesouthwesternUnitedStates,architectural

morphologyrevealsmuchabouthowNativeAmericanculturetransformedthetraditional

EuropeanchurcharchitectureoftheSpanishmissionarieswhohopedtoconvertNative

AmericanstoChristianity.Manystudiesofthesemissionchurcheshavecarefully

documentedthehistoryanddesignoftheiruniquearchitecturalform,mostattributeihe

churches'radicaldeparturefromtheirsixteenth-centuryEuropeanpredecessorstolocal

climateandaless-mechanizedbuildingtechnology.Thelimitationsimposedbymanual

laborandthelocallyavailablematerialsofmud-brickandtimbernecessitateda

divergencefromtheoriginalEuropeanchurchmodel.However,theemergenceofa

churchformsuitedtolifeintheSouthwestwasrootedinsomethingmorefundamental

thanmaterialandtechnique.Thenewarchitectureresultedfromculturalforcesinboth

iheSpanishcolonialandindigenousNativeAmericansocieties,eachwithcompeting

ideasaboutformandspaceanddifferentwaysofconveyingtheseideassymbolically.For

example,themissionchurchessharecertainspatialqualitieswiththeindigenouskiva,a

round,partlysubterraneanroomusedbymanySouthwestNativeAmericancommunities

forimportantrituals.Likethekivaitwasintendedtoreplace,thetypicalmissionchurch

hadthickwallsofadobe(sun-driedearthandstraw),abeaten-earthfloor,andoneortwo

smallwindows.IndeferencetoEuropeancustom,theceilingsofthesechurcheswere

higherthanthoseofthetraditionalkiva.However,withthelimitedlightingaflordedby

theirfewsmallwindows,thesechurchesstillsuggestthekiva'scharacteristicallylow,

boxlike,earth-hugginginterior.Thus,althoughpragmaticfactorsofconstructionmay

haveuunlribuledtoiheshapeofthemissionchurches,asearlierstudiessuggest,the

provisionofasacredspaceconsistentwithindigenoustraditionsmayalsohavebeenan

importantconsiderationintheirdesign.Thecontinuedviabilityofthekivaitselfin

Spanishmissionsettlementshasalsobeenunderestimatedbyhistorians.Freestanding

kivasdiscoveredintheruinsofEuropean-stylemissionarycommunitieshavebeen

explainedbysomehistoriansasexamplesof“superposition”，Underthistheory,

Christiandominationoverindigenousfaithsisdramatizedbysurroundingthekivawith

Christianbuildings.However,asJamesIveypointsout,suchsuperpositionwasunlikely,

sincehistoricalrecordsindicatethatmostSpanishmissionaries,arrivingintheSouthwest

withlittleornomilitarysupport,wiselyadoptedasomewhatconciliatoryattitudetoward

theuseofthekivaatleastinitially.Thisfact,andthecareful,solitaryplacementofthe

kivainthecenterofthemission-complexcourtyards,suggestsanintentiontohighlight

theimportanceofthekivaratherthantodiminishit.

13、Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A、correctsomemisinterpretationsaboutthedevelopmentofanarchitecturalform

comparethetraditionalchurcharchitecturesoftwodifferentcultures

C、examinetheinfluenceofareligiousarchitecturalstyleonsecularbuildings

D^explainthenatureofthecontrastbetweentwodifferentarchitecturalstyles

E^tracetheEuropeanrootsofanarchitecturalstyleusedintheUnitedStates

标准答案：A

知识点解析：表面看起来本文的这四段之间是取同关系，会被误认为是总分结构，

其实本文也是新老观点对比。第一段的功能是引出文章的主旨，第二段在提出“土

著文化影响欧洲教堂”这一观点之前，先提出了“客观因素改变欧洲教堂''这一老观

点并加以反驳。第三段只是支持第二段观点的例子。第四段内部也是通过批判

somehistorical的观点来得到最后的新观点。所以本文每一次提出新观点，都是通

过反驳老观点得到的，因此本文本质上是新老观点对比型文章，主旨题的正确选项

应该同时涵盖新老观点和批判。A项misinterpretations指代第二段的“客观因素”和

第四段somehistorical的观点，anarchitecturalfoirn指代美国的欧洲教堂，correct

意为“纠正”，既要有批判也要有新观点，在文中有对应，故选项A正确。B项干扰

项，将欧洲教堂和土教堂这两种教堂进行比较的其实只有第三段。该选项属于细

节，排除。C项文中未提及secularbuildings。D项contrast强调不同之处，本文强

调的是共同之处。E项Europeanroots不正确。

14、Thepassagesuggeststhattheindicatedhistoriansregardedtheplacementofkivasin

themidstofChristianbuildingsaswhichofthefollowing?

A、ExemplaryofanarrangementofreligiousbuildingstypicalofakindofNative

AmericanarchitecturecommonpriortothearrivaloftheSpanish

LargelyresponsiblefortheevolutionofadistinctiveSpanishmissionarchitectural

style

C、IndicativeoftheSpanishmissionaries,desiretodisplayanattitudeofacceptance

towardthekiva

D^SymbolicofthecontroversyamongSpanishmissionariesinNewMexicoregarding

theirtreatmentoftheindigenouspopulation

E、ReflectiveoftheSpanishmissionaries,desiretodiminishthekiva'simportance

标准答案：E

知识点解析：本题考查的是第四段中somehistorians的观点，因此选择和“凌驾土

著信仰''有关的选项即可，选项E正确。

15、Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargumentaboutthe

Spanishmissionaries'attitudetowardthekiva?

A>TheperiodofmostintensivesettlementbySpanishmissionariesintheSouthwest

occurredbeforetheperiodinwhichthemissionchurchesofNewMexicowerebuilt.

B、TherearenotracesofkivasinSpanishmissionsettlementsthatwereprotectedbya

largemilitarypresence.

CNLittleofthesecularSpanishcolonialarchitectureoftheSouthwestoftheseventeenth

andeighteenthcenturiesispredominantlyEuropeaninstyle.

D、SomeSpanishmissionarycommunitiesoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies

wereattachedtoSpanishmilitaryinstallations

E、NewMexicocontainsbyfarthelargestconcentrationofSpanishmission-style

churcharchitectureintheUnitedStates

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题属于加强题。根据第四段，西班牙传教士对土教堂的真正态度应

该是接纳性态度，因此本题需要找加强“接纳性态度”的选项。很多考生看到选项D

会觉得这是削弱，因为有军事支持就证明西班牙人想要铲除土教堂。但是要注意，

在做逻辑题时，原文中的事实是不应该被改变的。根据第四段。有如下事实：一些

西班牙传教士到达美洲的时候没有军队，以及土教堂独立地存在于欧洲建筑群正中

间，因此选项D的正确理解方式是：就算有了军队，土教堂依然没有被铲除，这

加强了西班牙人想要膜拜土教堂的可能性。

16、Accordingtothepassage,thebuildingtechniquesprevailingintheSouthwestduring

theseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesplayedaroleinwhichofthefollowing?

ANPreventingmissionariesintheSouthwestfromduplicatingtraditionalEuropean

churches

B、InfluencingmissionariesintheSouthwesttoincorporateafreestandingkivainto

certainmissionsettlements

C>CausingmissionariesintheSouthwesttolimitthebuildingofchurchestoNew

Mexicoonly

D、JeopardizingtheviabilityofSpanishreligioussettlementsthroughouttheSouthwest

E、EncouragingmanymissionariesintheSouthwesttoreexaminethecontinued

viabilityofahighlyceremonialEuropeanreligioustradition

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题定位在第三段第五句的让步部分，这些建筑技术依然导致欧洲教

堂发生了变化，因此选求A正确。B项freestanding属于定位错误。

HistorianE.HCarr'sthesisthatalldebatesconcerningtheexplanationofhistorical

phenomenarevolvearound“thequestionofthepriorityofcauses”issofamiliarto

historiansastoconstituteorthodoxywithintheirprofession.The“truehistorian”,asCarr

putsit,willfeelaprofessionalobligationtoplacethemultiplecausesofahistoricalevent

inahierarchybymeansofwhichtheprimaryorultimatecauseoftheeventcanbe

identified.IntheMarxistmodeofhistoricalexplanation(historicalmaterialism),a

universalhierarchyofcausesispositedinwhicheconomicfactorsarealwaysprimary.In

theclassic,morewidelyacceptedalternativeultimatelyderivedfromWeberian

sociology,hierarchiesofcausesarctreatedashistoricallyspecific:explanatoryprimacy

inanyparticularhistoricalsituationmustbeestablishedbyempiricalinvestigationofthat

situation,notbyapplyingauniversalmodelofhistoricalcausation.Whiletheneedto

rankhistoricalcausesinsomeorderofimportancemayseemobvioustomosthistorians,

suchhierarchiesraiseseriousphilosophicaldifficulties.Ifanyhistoricaleventisthe

productofanumberoffactors,theneachofthesefactorsisindispensabletothe

occurrenceoftheevent.Buthowcanonecausebe“moreindispensable''thananother?

Andifitcannot,howcantherebeahierarchyofindispensablecauses?Itwasthis

problemthatfirstledWeberhimselftoarguefortheimpossibilityofanygeneralformula

specifyingtherelativeimportanceofcauses;wecannot,forexample,concludethatin

everycapitalistsocietyreligiouschangehasbeenmoresignificantthaneconomicchange

(orviceversa)inexplainingtheriseofcapitalism.Runcimanoffersadifferentargument

leadingtothesameconclusion.Hepointsoutthatitispossibletoidentifyspecificfactors

astheprimarycausesofaparticularhistoricaleventonlyrelativetoaninitialsetof

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