专题01 语法归纳：1.动词不定式2.关系代词引导的定语从句3. 被动语态4.过去将来时5. 关系副词引导的定语从句 6. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句（期末复习讲义）（解析版）

3/3专题01语法归纳（期末复习讲义）（解析版）单元语法点常考题型命题趋势Unit1-61.动词不定式2.关系代词引导的定语从句3.被动语态4.过去将来时5.关系副词引导的定语从句6.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句语法填空情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。知识点01动词不定式【观察例句】1．It’ssoconvenienttobeabletocomparethequalityandpricesfromdifferentonlineshopsbeforeIbuy.2．Mymumkeepstellingmetogooutwithmyschoolfriendsinstead.3．Actually，IdoknowIneedtodragmyselfawayfromtheonlineworldsometimes...4．I’ma“go-getter”—whenIsetouttodosomething，Idomybesttoachieveit.5．Myaimistodowellineverysubjectthisterm.6．...sothatIcanhavemorefreetimetodootherthingsthatI’minterestedinafterschool.【归纳用法】动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。1基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。2否定形式：notto＋动词原形。3不定式有形式和语态变化，一般式的被动式为：tobedone1．作主语动词不定式作主语时，表示具体的行为或将来的行为。谓语动词用单数。Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappinessonecanseek.爱与被爱是一个人所能寻求的最大幸福。为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常置于句末。Ittookmehalfanhourtoworkoutthedifficultmathproblem.我花了半个小时才解出这道数学难题。[温馨提示]①若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话，要在不定式前加for或of引起的短语，构成“for/of＋名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”短语，这一短语被称为不定式的复合结构。②在“Itis/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever，friendly，careless，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。It’schallengingforhimtocompletethetaskaheadofschedule.对他来说提前完成这项任务很有挑战性。ItisfriendlyofMrSmithtomakemefeelathomeinhishouse.史密斯先生很友好，在他家里他让我有宾至如归的感觉。2．作表语不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。MywishistogotoChinainOctoberin2021toexperienceitsrichculture.我的愿望是在2021年的10月份去中国，去体验一番它博大精深的文化。3．作宾语①直接作及物动词的宾语常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：aim，agree，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，hope，learn，plan，prepare，promise，refuse，tend，want，wish，like等。Wetendtodowhatwedowellinandwhatweliketodo.我们倾向于去做我们擅长和喜欢的事情。Iexpecttoupdatemyknowledgeandgetaheadthisterm.在这一学期，我期盼着更新知识，取得进步。②常用句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋todosth.”。其中，it为形式宾语，todosth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：believe，consider，feel，find，make，suppose，think等。Actually，Ithinkitnecessaryforallthecountriesintheworldtoworktogethertobuildapeacefulworld.实际上，我认为世界各国很有必要团结起来，共同建造一个和平的世界。4．作定语①动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。Attention，please.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.请注意，我有重要的事情要说。②如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。Givemeapieceofpapertowriteon.给我一张纸写字。③当中心词为序数词，最高级，thelast，theonly等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。Sheishard-workingandisalwaysthefirstonetocomeeveryday.她很勤奋，每天总是第一个来。④用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常用的有：ability，effort，chance，promise，way等。AfterstayinginChinafor3years，MrGreenhastheabilitytospeakChinese.在中国待了3年后，格林先生有能力说汉语了。Yourwaytosolvetheproblemisdifferentfrommine.你解决这个问题的方法与我的不同。5．作状语①表示目的Tokeepupwithothers，hehasbeenworkingveryhard.为了赶上别人，他一直在努力学习。②表示结果TheCalifornianshiparrivedtoolatetosavemorepeople.加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。[温馨提示]不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。Hehurriedtothestation，onlytofindthetrainhadleft.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。Maryhurriedtoschool，onlytobetolditwasSunday.玛丽匆忙地赶到学校，结果被告知是星期天。③表示原因不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。Iwassurprisedtoseethatafour-year-oldboycouldsingsowell.看到一个4岁的孩子能唱这么好，我感到很惊讶。6．作宾补①不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask，advise，encourage，expect，invite，notice，order，teach，tell，warn等。Weshouldencouragestudentstotakepartinsomevoluntaryactivities.我们应该鼓励学生参加一些志愿者活动。②使役动词let，have，make后，感官动词see，watch，lookat，notice，hear，listento，feel等后作宾补，省略to。Theteachermadehimsaythewordlikethis.老师让他像这样说这个单词。Don’tletachilddowhathe/shewishesto.千万不要让孩子想干什么就干什么。[温馨提示]上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号to不能省掉。JackwasoftenseentochatwithfriendsontheInternet.经常看见杰克在网上和朋友聊天。[温馨提示]不定式可以和疑问词连用，构成“who/which/what/how/when...＋todo”结构，在句中相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语等。(1)WhentosetoffforBeijinghasn’tbeendecided.什么时候动身去北京还没有决定。(作主语)(2)Hetoldushowtoreviseourlessonseffectively.他告诉我们如何有效地复习功课。(作宾语)(3)Thequestionishowtoeducatetheyounggenerationcorrectly.问题是如何正确地教育年轻一代。(作表语)【即时检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Shedidn’tknowthisaccidentwas(change)herwholelife.2．Itisverychallengingforus(finish)thewholeworkonschedule.3．(catch)theearlybusthatmorning，thewomangotupveryearly.4．Themanwasmade(work)for12hoursadaywhenhewas20yearsold.5．Themanhurriedtohishouse，only(tell)thathissonhadbeenlost.6．Allofuswereverysurprised(hear)thatshehadleftthecompany.7.Voluntaryactivitiesgiveusachance(do)somethingmeaningfultoothers.8．Afterfailingintheexam，Imadeitahabit(listen)toEnglisheverynight.9．Tomaketheirlessonsinteresting，ourteachersdesign(variety)lessonsforus.10．Canyousparefiveminuteswhenitis(convenience)?Ⅱ.完成句子1．Astheoldsayinggoes，“.”俗话说：“眼见为实。”2.Meanwhile，weshouldvolunteerinneed.同时，我们还应当自愿做一些工作，来帮助那些需要帮助的人。3．Theyoungmanaimsthenextyear.这个年轻人力争明年给父母买一所新房子。4．It’sharmfultoourhealth.吸烟和饮酒成瘾对我们的健康有害。5．，wewillasknativesforsomeinformation.如果你方便和我一块去的话，我们将去向当地人询问一些信息。答案：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．tochange2．tofinish3．Tocatch4．towork5．tobetold6．tohear.7.todo8．tolisten9．various10．convenientⅡ.完成句子1．“Toseeistobelieve.”2.todosomeworktohelpthepeople3．tobuyanewhouseforhisparents4．tobeaddictedtosmokinganddrinking.5．Ifitisconvenientforyoutogowithme知识点02关系代词引导的定语从句【观察例句】1．Whenweweren’tplayingonthecourtwhichwasnexttoourbuilding，wewerewatchingagameonTV.2．Paul’sfavouriteplayerwasTyroneBogues，aguywhoplayedfortheCharlotteHornets，...3．EveryoneknewPaulhadrealskills，andwassomeonewhoworkedreallyhardandhadastrongdesiretoplayfortheteam.4．TheBears，ateamwhoserecordthisseasonhadbeenperfect.5．Pauldidn’tknowhe’dsoongetthechancethathe’dbeenwaitingfor.6．Andclearly，alltheextrahoursthathe’dspentpractisingalonepaidoff.【归纳用法】一、概念定语从句：在复合句中，作定语，用来修饰某一名词(名词性短语)或代词的从句叫定语从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。关系词：连接主句和从句的词叫关系词(关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why)。二、关系代词的用法先行词关系代词在从句中所作成分人who主语，宾语，表语whom宾语that主语，宾语，表语whose定语物that主语，宾语，表语which主语，宾语whose定语1.先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，且不可省略。Weareworryingaboutthepeoplewho/thathavesufferedfromthediseaseinthearea.我们担心这个地区遭受疾病折磨的人们。[温馨提示]先行词是人时，宜用who不宜用that的情况①当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone等。Anyonewhoaimstogetaheadmustworkhard.任何想成功的人都必须努力。②当先行词是人称代词I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语中)。Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。③当先行词为指人的those时。Thosewhohavegoodmannerswillbehighlyrespected.那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。④在therebe结构中，先行词指人时。Thereisayoungmanwhowantstobuyaskateboard.有一个年轻人想买个滑板。2．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用who/that/whom，可省略。Heistheexpert(who/that/whom)Imentionedtoyouyesterday.他就是我昨天给你提到的那个专家。[温馨提示]关系词在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，只能用whom，且不可省略。Thisisthevoluntaryteacherfromwhomwe’velearnedalot.这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的那位支教老师。3．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。DoyouknowthegirlwhoseChineseisexcellent？你认识那个汉语非常优秀的姑娘吗？[温馨提示]whose指代人时，常用下列结构来代替：Iwilltalktothosestudentswhosehomeworkhasn’tbeendoneonschedule.＝Iwilltalktothosestudents，thehomeworkofwhomhasn’tbeendoneonschedule.＝Iwilltalktothosestudents，ofwhomthehomeworkhasn’tbeendoneonschedule.我要和那些没完成作业的学生谈话。4．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用which/that，且不可省略。Heisworkinginthecompanywhich/thatwasopenedin1870.他现在在那个1870年开始运作的公司工作。5．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用which/that，可省略。Thegoldmedal(which/that)shewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。[温馨提示](1)宜用that不宜用which的情况①当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.一切能做的都已经做完了。②当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，theright，thelast，just等修饰时。Musicistheonlythingthatinterestsme.音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。③当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthemostinterestingstorythatIhaveeverread.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。④当先行词中既有人又有物时。Shedescribedinhercompositionthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。⑤当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复。Whoistheboythatisplayingcomputergamesthere?在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？Whichisthebookthatyouareinterestedin?你感兴趣的书是哪本？(2)宜用which不宜用that的情况①关系代词前有介词时。ThehouseinwhichIusedtolivehasbecomeashoeshop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。②在非限制性定语从句中。Haveyoueverreadthebook，whichwaswrittenbyayounggirl?你读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？6．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。Hevolunteeredtojoinintheactivitywhoseaimistohelpthosewhoareintrouble.他志愿加入这个活动，活动的目的是帮助那些处于困难中的人。[温馨提示]whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Hevolunteeredtojoinintheactivitywhoseaimistohelpthosewhoareintrouble.＝Hevolunteeredtojoinintheactivity，theaimofwhichistohelpthosewhoareintrouble.＝Hevolunteeredtojoinintheactivity，ofwhichtheaimistohelpthosewhoareintrouble.三、使用定语从句的注意事项1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhoareover45yearsoldwon’tbepermittedtogointothehall.超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。[温馨提示]“oneof＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“theonlyoneof＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。Heistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedtoplaygolf.他是我们班里唯一一个学过高尔夫球的男孩。2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。Thisistheapartmentwhichheboughtlastyear.(bought后不可加it)这就是他去年买的那所公寓。【即时检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Isuggestedthatyoushouldtry(balance)yourdietbyeatingmorefruitandlessmeat.2．Hecan’tkeepupwithhisclassmates，letstandout.3．Withnewyearapproaching，roadsarebecomingmoreandmore(crowd)．4．OurEnglishteacherisapersonisenergeticandfriendly.5．Thefilmyouarelookingforwardtoseeingwillbeonnextweek.6．Thegirlfatherisaneditorgoesjoggingregularly.7．Thisisanewkindofcarpartsareofhighquality.8．We’dbetterforgetthepersonsandthingsputusunderpressure.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Atthesametime，theirmotherwentouttobuythepaperbags.同时，他们的妈妈出去买回了他们需要的纸袋。2．Muchsoonerthanexpected，hereturnedwithanemptybasketandsomuchmoney.比预计的早很多，他回来了，带着空空的篮子和从来也没有见过的那么多的钱。3．Theathletewasbadlyhurtinthematchrecoveredintheend.在那次比赛中脚严重受伤的那名运动员最终康复了。4．Opportunityonlyfavorsthose.机会只眷顾那些有准备的人。答案：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．tobalance2．alone3．crowded4．who/that5．that/which6．whose7．whose8．thatⅡ.完成句子1．that/whichtheyneeded.2．thathehadneverseenbefore.3．whosefoot/thefootofwhom4．whoareprepared.知识点03被动语态【观察例句】1．ItisbelievedthatwhenFuisputupsidedown，happinessarrives.2．Next，theChinesecharacterFuwasattachedupsidedowntoourfrontdoor.3．MostoftheimportantSpringFestivaltraditionsarestillbeingpractisedbypeopleacrossthecountry.4．Fireworkswerebeingletoffacrossthecity，suddenlylightingupthenightsky.5．Throughouthistory，someoftheoriginalcustomshavechanged，butthespiritofthefestival—thespiritoffamily—haslargelybeenkept.【归纳用法】一、被动语态的概述语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。◆主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：Theyprohibitsmokinginpublicareas.谓语prohibit的动作是由主语they发出的，即they是prohibitsmoking这个动作的执行者。◆被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。如：Smokingisprohibitedbytheminpublicareas.主语smoking是prohibit这个动作的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。时态构成形式一般现在时am/is/are＋done一般过去时was/were＋done一般将来时begoingto/will/shall＋bedone过去将来时would/should＋bedone现在进行时am/is/are＋beingdone过去进行时was/were＋beingdone现在完成时have/has＋beendone过去完成时had＋beendone含情态动词情态动词＋bedoneTheboyisoftenseentoplaybasketballonthecourt.人们经常看到这个男孩在球场上打篮球。Theathletewasseentoenterthegymjustnow.刚才有人看见这位运动员进了体育馆。Anewapartmentwillbebuiltbyusnextyear.明年我们要建一栋新公寓。Thenewswouldbesenttothevolunteer’smotherthemomentitarrived.消息一到就会被送到那位志愿者的母亲那里。Theproblemisbeingdiscussedatthemeetingatthemoment.目前，会议上正在讨论这个问题。AninformalboxingmatchwasbeingheldwhenIarrivedthere.我到那儿时，一场非正式的拳击比赛正在进行。People’slivingqualityhasbeengreatlyimprovedinthepasttenyears.在过去的十年里，人们的生活质量得到了极大的提高。Bytheendoflastyear，anothercompanyhadbeencompleted.到去年年底为止，另一家公司已经建成了。Thenewteachingequipmentmustbesenttotheruralschoolinnotime.这些新的教学设备必须马上送到那所乡村学校。三、在下列情况下使用被动语态1．不知道或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。Thecharityorganizationwasbuilttenyearsago.这个慈善组织是十年前成立的。2．强调动作的承受者。Yourplanisconsideredtobepractical.你的计划被认为是实用的。3．在书面语中，特别是在科技报告和新闻报道中，被动语态比主动语态更正式。TheInternationalSpaceStationhasbeenbuiltintheEarth’sorbit.国际空间站已经在地球轨道上建成了。4．习惯用法的需要。这类词常见的有born，determine，devote，seat，dress，situate等。Youwillnevergainsuccessunlessyouarefullydevotedtoyourwork.你只有全身心地投入工作才能取得成功。四、使用被动语态的注意问题1．以主动形式表被动意义的动词(1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。Helooksstrongandenergeticaftergoingjoggingregularly.进行有规律的慢跑之后，他看起来很强壮并且充满活力。Theproblemprovestoughandisdifficulttodealwith.这个问题证明很难，并且很难处理。(2)表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态的动词，如drive，lock，sell，read，wash，dry等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。Youcandependonitthatthiskindofclothwasheswell.你可以相信这种布料很好洗。Toourdisappointment，theenginewon’tstart.让我们失望的是，引擎发动不起来。(3)不定式作定语，与前面被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语为主句的主语时，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。Attention，please.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.请注意，我有重要的事情要说。(4)不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，如difficult，easy，comfortable，hard，convenient，cheap，expensive等，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。Wefindtheguyisdifficulttogetalongwith.我们发现这个家伙很难相处。Ourapartmentiscomfortabletolivein.我们的公寓住起来很舒服。(5)need，want，require，deserve等作谓语，其主语为物时，动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。Theplanrequireddiscussingonscheduleatthemeeting.＝Theplanrequiredtobediscussedonscheduleatthemeeting.这项计划需要在会上按时讨论。(6)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run，move等。Thegymopensat8a．m.andclosesat10p．m.everyday.这家健身房每天上午八点开门，晚上十点关门。2．不用被动语态的情况不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，die，disappear，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，breakout，cometrue，belongto，loseheart，takeplace，runout，comeup等。Owingtotheheavysnow，thepriceofvegetablehasrisenrecently.由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。Tooursatisfaction，ourdreamcametrueatlast.令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。【即时检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Greatchanges(take)placeinChinainthepasttwentyyears.2．Becausethesurroundingsarebeautiful，theapartmentbuilding(sell)well.3．Asaresultoftheseriousflood，themuddyroadsintheruralareaneed(repair)．4．Ihavenotimetogowithyoubecauseournewhouse(decorate)now.5．It’sacustominChinatohavesometeaorotherdrinksbeforethemeal(serve)．6．Howmanymagazinescan(borrow)fromyourlibraryeveryweek?7．Itisreportedthataspacestation(build)onthemooninthenearfuture.8．Ihadnot(wake)upbythealarm，soIwaslateforschoolthismorning.9．Theexpertsaidthatanewhospital(build)nearthisvillagesoon.10．Thatcompany，thoughsmall，ispleasant(deal)with.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Wemusthealthyfood，regularexerciseandreasonableschedules.我们必须重视健康的饮食、规律的运动和合理的日程安排。2．RedlanternsareandfirecrackersareletofftoscareawaythemonsterNian.红灯笼被挂起来，并且燃放鞭炮以吓走怪兽“年”。3．ignoretheimportanceofeducation.我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。4．，theboyarosefromhischairimmediately.他妈妈一到家，这个男孩就赶快从椅子上起来了。5．isofgreatbenefittoyourgrowth.让你的周围都是积极向上的人对你的成长是有益的。答案：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．havetaken2．sells3．repairing/toberepaired4．isbeingdecorated5．isserved6．beborrowed7．willbebuilt8．beenwoken9．wouldbebuilt10．todealⅡ.完成句子1．attachgreatimportanceto2．putup3．Onnoaccountcanwe4．Themomenthismotherreturnedhome5．Surroundingyourselfwithpositivepeople知识点04过去将来时【观察例句】1.Yet，veryfewpeopleknewthatfutureavatarswouldhavesuchawidevarietyofformsanduses.2．Whenpeoplestartedcreatingtheirownavatars，theydiscoveredthattheyweregoingtohavethepowertocreatenewidentitiesthatdidnotlookoractliketheirrealselvesatall.3．WhenInternetusersrealisedthattheiravatarswouldbeseenbymanypeople，notjusttheirfriends...【归纳用法】过去将来时(ThePastFutureTense)1．过去将来时的基本功能过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看，即将发生或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句。如：Shesaidshewouldbethereat7o’clockandhethoughtshewouldkeepherword.她说她会在七点到达，他认为她会守信用。Shetoldmeshewasgoingtobooktwotickets.她告诉我她打算订两张票。2．过去将来时的构成和用法(1)should/woulddo表示根据计划安排即将发生。如：Hepromisedhewouldstopsmokingandhemadeit.他保证他会戒烟，并且做到了。(2)was/weregoingtodo表示过去某个时刻打算做或表示过去有某种迹象将要发生某事。如：Iwasgoingtotakepartinyourbirthdayparty，butIfailedtodoso.我本打算去参加你的生日聚会，但是没去成。Itseemedasifitwasgoingtorain.看起来天好像要下雨了。(3)was/weretodo和was/wereabouttodo表过去将来时。如：Thiswasthecallthatannouncedthattherewasabouttobeawhalehunt.这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的声音。Tomtoldmethathewastobeadoctoraftergraduation.汤姆告诉我毕业后他将当一名医生。(4)某些动词的过去进行时可以表示过去将来时，如：come，go，leave，arrive等表示位移的动词。Jameshasjustarrived，butIdidn’tknowhewascominguntilyesterday.詹姆士已经到了，但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。IwastoldthatmydeskmatewasleavingforEnglandforfurtherstudy.我被告知我的同桌将要去英国深造。【即时检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Ididn’tknowwhenthey______(come)toexploreforoilagain.2．Helensaidshe______(tell)thenewstoherparentsthenextday.3．Iwasabout______(chat)withmydeskmatewhenourheadteachercamein.4．Itseemedasifshewasgoing______(cry)．5．Whenhelookedtotheside，hesaw______(instant)thatitwasnotadogatall，butawolf，quicklycatchingupwithhim.6．Scientistswereso______(concern)thattheydecidedtotakeaction.7．Theoldmanwastrickedinto______(buy)alotofuselessproducts，whichannoyedhischildren.8．Toouramazement，a______(vary)offancycarsareonshow.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Expertssaidthatthedam______thepeoplearoundit.专家说大坝将使它周围的人受益。2．I______themeetinglastnight，butanunexpectedvisitorcame.昨晚我本打算去参加会议，但是家里来了个不速之客。3．Irecognizedhim______Isawhimattheairport.在机场我一看见他就认出他来了。4．Theboy______，forwhichhewasblamedbyhisteacher.小男孩捉弄了他的同桌，老师因此责备了他。5．____________，thereareavarietyofpossibilitiesforthedevelopmentofthesituation.据我所知，形势的发展有各种各样的可能性。答案：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．werecoming2．wouldtell3．tochat4．tocry5．instantly6．concerned7．buying8．varietyⅡ.完成句子1．wouldbenefit2．wasgoingtoattend3．theinstant/instantly4．playedatrickonhisdeskmate，5．AsfarasIamconcerned知识点05关系副词引导的定语从句一、when引导的定语从句[先感知]①Thatwasthedaywhenittookonlysixhourstobreakmybodyandsoul.②Itmayappearstrange，butatthatmoment，whenwewereontheedgeofthewhirlpool，Ifeltcalmerthanwhenweweremovingtowardsit.[会发现]①句中when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theday；②句中第一个when引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词thatmoment。[明规则](1)当先行词是表示时间的名词（如time,day,year,month,week等），且在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句要用when引导。(2)when可以转化成“介词（at/in/on/during）+which”的形式。[名师指津]当先行词表示时间，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用when，而要用关系代词that或which引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。[对点练]（单句语法填空）①Therearetimes________yourheartisnotinyourwork.②We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesago_______parentstendedtobemorestrict.③Wehaveenteredintoanage________dreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.④MrSmithownedthisoilpaintinguntiltheearly1990s,________hegaveittohisgrandson.⑤I’llrememberthedays________Ispentwithyou.答案：①when②when③when④when⑤that/which二、where引导的定语从句[先感知]①Oneday，mytwobrothersandIwerecomingbackfromtheislandswhereweoftenriskedgoingandgotmorefishthanothers.②...thewavessooncarriedmetoanareawheretheotherfishermenwere.[会发现]①句中先行词为theislands，表示地点，用关系副词where指代；②句中先行词为anarea，表示地点，用关系副词where指代。[明规则](1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词（如place，room，mountain等），且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句要用where引导。(2)where可以转化成“介词（in/at/on）+which”的形式。(3)如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词（如case，state，condition，point，situation等），且关系词在从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导从句。[名师指津]当先行词表示地点，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用where，而要用关系代词that或which引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。[对点练]（单句语法填空）①However，Molaiwentlookingonhisownanddiscoveredanearbyisland______hebegantoplanttrees.②Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary，______mykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.③Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworld______multigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.④Thisisanamazingprogram______youcanshareyourideaswithstudents.⑤Hisfatherworksinafactory______makescarparts.答案：①where②where③where④where⑤that/which三、why引导的定语从句[先感知]Asyoucansee，thereasonwhyI’mheretotellthestoryisthatImadetherightdecision[会发现]此句中关系副词why引导定语从句，修饰先行词thereason。[明规则](1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句要用why引导。(2)可以用forwhich来代替why。(3)why只能引导限制性定语从句。[对点练](1)单句语法填空①Thereareseveralreasons________schooluniformsareagoodidea.②Thisisthereason________heleavessosoon.(2)一句多译你知道他现在还没有来这儿的原因吗？③________________________________?④________________________________?答案：①why②why③Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisn’therenow?④Doyouknowwhyheisn’therenow[即时巩固训练]Ⅰ.用适当的关系副词填空1.

Doyouknowthereason________heislateforschool?2.

Let’sgototheconcert，________youwillfindmuchfun.3.

Self-drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.4.

Therewasalongwaitatthereceptiondesk，________everyonewascheckingin.5.

Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek，________theweathermaybebetter.6.

OppositeisSt.Paul’sChurch，________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.7.

Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.8.

Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.9.

Canyoutellmethetime________thefilmwillstart?10.

Thereareoccasions________onemustgivein.Ⅱ.完成句子

Istillremembertheday________________________________.我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。

Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareas________________________________.在树木缺水最严重的地区，大树的损失是最大的。

Idon’tknowthereason________________________________yesterday.我不知道昨天他为什么没有向他的好朋友求助。4.

Byopeninganovel，Icanenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworld____________________.通过打开一本小说，我可以进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，在那里我是一个新的角色。5.

Isthisthereason________________________________?这是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？Ⅰ.用适当的关系副词填空1.

why2.

where3.

where4.

where5.

when6.

where7.

where8.

when9.

when10.whenⅡ.完成句子1.

whenIfirstcametoBeijing2.

wheretreessufferedthegreatestwatershortage3.

whyhedidn’tturntohisgoodfriendforhelpyesterday4.

whereIamanewcharacter5.

whyherefusedourhelp?知识点06“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句[观察例句]1．Later，shestudiedChinesemedicinefortwoandahalfyearswithexpertsinthefieldfromwhomshegainedadeepknowledgeabouttraditionalpractices.2．Theydidnothaveenoughstaff，andthelaboratoryinwhichtheyworkedhadpoorairquality.[归纳用法]“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。作介词宾语的关系代词通常是which或whom，不能用that。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。1．在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中作介词宾语的关系代词只能是which(指物)，whom(指人)，即介词＋which/whom，如：Theoldmanhastwosons，bothofwhomarefamousdoctors.老人有两个儿子，都是著名的医生。Whatistheyoungestageatwhichapersoncanbeemployed?可以受雇的最低年龄是多大？2．“介词＋which”在定语从句中作状语，相当于关系副词when，where，why。如：Weliveinanageinwhich(when)moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.我们生活在这样一个时代：信息比以往任何时候都更容易获得。Iwillneverforgetthedayonwhich(＝when)wemetforthefirsttime.我永远不会忘了我们第一次见面的那天。Thisisthereasonforwhich(＝why)hewaslateforschool.这就是他上学迟到的原因。3．“名词/代词/数词＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在从句中作主语。如：Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1960s.他写了很多儿童书籍，将近一半都在20世纪60年代出版。Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffivejudges，allofwhomagreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。4．“介词＋whose”引导的定语从句中，whose作定语，修饰其后的名词。IvisitedMrKing，inwhoseofficeIcameacrossmyformerboss.我拜访了金先生，在他的办公室我碰见了我原来的老板。I’mverygratefultomyheadteacher，withoutwhosegeneroushelpIcouldn’thavefinishedmyhighschooleducation.我非常感激我的班主任，没有他的慷慨帮助我就不可能完成高中学业。5．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选择(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。YesterdaywevisitedtheWestLakeforwhichHangzhouisfamous.昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(befamousfor“因……而出名”)(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。Thisisthecamerawithwhichheoftentakesphotos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(withcamera“用照相机”)ThebossinwhosecompanyMrKingworkedheardabouttheaccident.金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。(intheboss’scompany)(3)根据句子的意思来选择。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。(4)表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。Ihaveabout10books，halfofwhichwerewrittenbyMoYan.我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。[名师点津]在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如lookafter，lookfor等不能把介词移至which或whom之前。Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenursesarelookingareveryhealthy.(误)【即时检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．MycomputerwithoutIcan’tsurftheInternetbrokedownyesterday.2．Thebuildinghadbeenrepaired，theroofwhichwasdestroyedagaininthebigfire.3．Thereasonwhichshewasabsentwasthatshemissedthetrain.4．Heisthereliablemanwhomyoucanturnforhelpinanycondition.5．TheDragonBoatFestivaltakesplaceeveryyearinhonourthegreatpoet—QuYuan.6．Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesoftechnologycanleadtoawasteof(limit)resources.7．Itisagoodideatoplaceyourorderwelladvanceasdeliverycanoftentakemonthsratherthanweeks.8．Thereisagrowing(recognize)thateducationdoesnotendwithgraduation.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Sheisalways，thoughshelivesthefarthest.尽管她住得最远，她总是第一个到办公室。2．ItwasattheairportthatIoneofmyuniversityclassmates.正是在机场我偶然遇见了我的一个大学同学。3．Withthedevelopmentofeconomy，Tianjininthelastfewyears.随着经济的发展，天津在过去的几年中已经改变得认不出来了。4．Wedidn’tknowherefusedourhelp.我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。ifyoucouldletmeknowwhetherornotyouwillcome.如果你能提前告诉我你是否会来，我将不胜感激。答案：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．which2．of3．for4．to5．of6．limited7．in8．recognitionⅡ.完成句子1．thefirstpersontogettotheoffice2．cameacross3．haschangedbeyondrecognition4．thereasonforwhich/why5．I’dappreciateit基础通关（测试时间：20分钟）一．动词不定式1.“Keepsilent!”themonitortoldtheboystostop_________(talk).2.Thegirlwalkedsotiredlythatshestopped_________(have)arest.3.MrLiissaid_________(study)abroad.ButIdon'tknowwhichcountryhestudiedin.4.MrLiissaid_________(study)abroad.ButIdon'tknowwhichcountryheisstudyingin.5.Thelittlegirlhadnochoicebut_______(stay)athome.6.Thelittlegirlcoulddonothingbut______(stay