《湿法冶金过程及设备培训》课件-任务3 净化与分离技术（双语）

课程导入

Courseguide净化的目的

Purposeofpurification原料

Rawmaterial杂质

Impurity有价金属

Valuablemetals浸出溶液

Leachingsolution有价金属主体

Valuablemetalbody浸出

Leaching净化

Purify课程导入

Courseguide水溶液中主体金属与杂质元素分离的过程，称为水溶液净化。Theprocessofseparatingthebasemetalfromimpurityelementsinaqueoussolutioniscalledaqueoussolutionpurification.

净化的目的

Purposeofpurification净化的目的

Purposeofpurification将溶液中的杂质控制在下一工序要求的范围内，保证生产的进行。Controltheimpuritiesinthesolutionwithintherangerequiredbythenextprocesstoensuretheproduction.富集有价金属，提高金属的综合回收及利用率。Enrichvaluablemetalsandimprovethecomprehensiverecoveryandutilizationrateofmetals.除去溶液中对电积过程有害的杂质，使之达到电积生产的含量要求，保证下一工序的顺利进行。Removeimpuritiesharmfultotheelectrowinningprocessinthesolution,makeitmeetthecontentrequirementsofelectrowinningproduction,andensurethesmoothprogressofthenextprocess.净化的作用

Theroleofpurification净化的目的

Purposeofpurification铁

Iron锑

Antimony砷

Arsenic钴

Cobalt镉

Cadmium铜

Copper镍

Nickel对于某些稀有金属的生产，则可以在净化单元过程中，采取一些方法使有价金属尽可能地富集，从而简化提取过程。Fortheproductionofsomeraremetals,somemethodscanbeadoptedtoenrichvaluablemetalsasmuchaspossibleinthepurificationunitprocess,thussimplifyingtheextractionprocess.净化的目的

Purposeofpurification萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

净化的原料

Rawmaterialsforpurification通过各种浸出过程得到的金属化合物溶液，净化的产品根据所采用不同的净化方法而不同。Thesolutionsofmetalcompoundsobtainedbyvariousleachingprocesses,thepurifiedproductsvaryaccordingtothedifferentpurificationmethodsemployed.溶液

Solution净化渣

Purificationresidue净化的目的

Purposeofpurification硫酸液中性浸出液的成分（g/L）

Compositionofneutralleachingsolutionofsulfuricacidsolution(g/L)工厂编号

Factory

numberZnCuCdNiCoAsSbFeCl11500.70.7-0.025--＜0.01-21450.090.550.0020.0110.00020.00040.01-31600.3270.2750.002~0.0030.009~0.0110.0006-0.0160.05~0.1041780.4640.5800.00080.036--0.004-51950.6300.930-0.007--0.005-61680.4130.6900.0060.045--0.0070.01271800.50.3----0.010-81531.160.55-0.005----91570.50.350.0020.0090.00010.000020.008-10

130~170

0.15~0.4

0.6~1.2

0.008~0.012

0.008~0.025

0.0003

0.0005

0.02

0.1

净化的目的

Purposeofpurification元素

ElementZnCuCdCoNiSbMnMg/l130~170×103＜0.5＜2＜3＜1＜0.13~5×103元素

ElementGeFClPbSiO2Fe固体悬浮物

SolidsuspendedsolidsMg/l＜0.1＜80＜100＜0.1＜40＜20＜1.5×103电积对电解新液成分的要求

Requirementsforthecompositionofnewelectrolytesolutionbyelectrowinning硫酸锌溶液净化液成分

Ingredientsofzincsulfatesolutionpurificationsolution净化产品

Purificationproducts净化的目的

Purposeofpurification萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

净化

Purify将浸出过滤后的中性上清液中的杂质除至规定的限度以下，提高其纯度，使杂质浓度在允许含量之下，从而满足锌电积对电解液的要求。Theimpuritiesintheneutralsupernatantafterleachingandfilteringareremovedbelowthespecifiedlimit,anditspurityisimproved,sothattheimpurityconcentrationisbelowtheallowablecontent,soastomeettherequirementsofzincelectrowinningforelectrolyte.净化的目的

Purposeofpurification净化产品

Purificationproducts萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

硫酸锌溶液净化的目的

Purposeofzincsulfatesolutionpurification铜

镉

钴

镍

Coppercadmiumcobaltnickel

砷锑锗

Arsenicantimonygermanium

净化流程及方法取决于中性浸出液中的杂质成分及对净化后液的要求Thepurificationprocessandmethoddependontheimpuritycomponentsintheneutralleachingsolutionandtherequirementsforthepurifiedsolution.铜镉钴

Coppercadmiumcobalt浸出液

Leachingsolution除去

Remove富集

Enrichment净化的目的

Purposeofpurification净化产品

Purificationproducts萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

净化过程

Purificationprocess连续化自动化控制

Continuousautomationcontrol自动化检测

Automateddetection多段深度净化

Multi-stagedeeppurification净化的目的

Purposeofpurification硫酸锌溶液净化的目的

Purposeofzincsulfatesolutionpurification净化产品

Purificationproducts萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

一段

SectionI二段

SectionII三段

SectionIII四段

SectionIV作业方式

Operationmethod间断作业

Intermittentoperation连续作业

Continuousoperation净化流程

Purificationprocess净化的目的

Purposeofpurification硫酸锌溶液净化的目的

Purposeofzincsulfatesolutionpurification净化产品

Purificationproducts萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

连续净化的优点：生产率高、易于实现自动化、操作控制要求较高。Advantagesofcontinuouspurification:highproductivity,easyautomation,andhighoperationcontrolrequirements.净化的目的

Purposeofpurification硫酸锌溶液净化的目的

Purposeofzincsulfatesolutionpurification净化产品

Purificationproducts加锌粉置换除铜、镉，在有其它添加剂存在时加锌粉置换除钻、镍。Addzincpowdertoreplaceandremovecopperandcadmium,andaddzincpowdertoreplaceandremovediamondandnickelwhenotheradditivesarepresent.加特殊试剂（黄药、β-萘酚）沉淀除钻。Addspecialreagents(xanthate,β-naphthol)toprecipitateandremovedrills.净化方法

Purificationmethod按原理分类

Classificationbyprinciple净化的目的

Purposeofpurification电解工序对新液的要求Requirementsfornewliquidinelectrolysisprocess富集率Enrichmentrate锌粉用量Dosageofzincpowder选择净化流程的因素

Factorsinselectingapurificationprocess常用净化方法

Commonpurificationmethods砷盐法

Arsenicsaltmethod反向锑盐法

Reverseantimonysaltmethod净化的目的

Purposeofpurification净化方法

Purificationmethod课程小结

Coursesummary溶液中的杂质控制

Controlofimpuritiesinsolution富集有价金属

Enrichmentofvaluablemetals净化的目的

Purposeofpurification思考题

Thinkingquestions在湿法冶金过程中，如何达到净化的目的？Inthehydrometallurgicalprocess,howtoachievethepurposeofpurification?净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts课程导入

Courseguide净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts含杂质溶液

Solutioncontainingimpurities净化液

Purificationliquid课程导入

Courseguide原料

Rawmaterial工艺

Process设备

Equipment产品

Products净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化的原料：通过各种浸出过程得到的金属化合物溶液。Purifiedrawmaterials:solutionsofmetalcompoundsobtainedbyvariousleachingprocesses.溶液

Solution净化的产品：根据所采用不同的净化方法而不同，主要有净化后的溶液和净化渣。Purifiedproducts:Itvariesaccordingtothedifferentpurificationmethodsused,mainlyincludingpurifiedsolutionandpurifiedresidue.净化渣

Purificationresidue不同的净化方法

Differentmethodsofpurification硫酸锌净化的原料

Rawmaterialsforzincsulfatepurification

硫酸锌中性浸出液的成分表(g/l.)Compositiontableofzincsulfateneutralleachingsolution(g/l.)工厂编号

FactoryNo.ZnGuGdNiCoAsSbFeCl11500.70.7---0.025------<0.01---21450.090.550.0020.0110.00020.00040.01---31600.3270.2750.002-0.0030.009-0.0110.0006---0.0160.05-0.1041780.4640.5800.00080.036------0.004---51950.6300.930---0.007------0.005---61680.4130.6900.0060.045------0.0070.01271800.50.3------------0.010---81531.160.55---0.005------------91570.50.350.0020.0090.00010.000020.008---10130-1700.15-0.40.6-1.20.008-0.0250.008-0.0120.00030.00050.020.1净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts除锌离子外，其它金属离子

Othermetalionsexceptzincions

含量是否符合要求呢？

Doesthecontentmeettherequirements?

净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts成分

Component含量

Content波动范围

Fluctuationrange平均

AverageZn/g.L-1130-180151.6Cd/g.L-10.0-3.90.71Fe/g.L-10.1-60.07.49Co/g.L-10.01-2.000.27Ni/g.L-10.0-1.000.12Ge/g.L-10.0-0.10.02Sb/g.L-10.001-110.578F/g.L-10.51-19420.48Cl/g.L-155-1100229.7Mn/g.L-10.37-14.54.6Mg/g.L-10.87-18.010.06Ag/g.L-10.020.02净化后硫酸锌溶液成分的世界统计数据

Worldstatisticsoncompositionofzincsulfatesolutionafterpurification净化后的净化液成分

Thecompositionofthepurifiedsolutionandthecompositionofthezincsulfatesolutionproducedafterpurification净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化方法对净化产品的影响

Effectofpurificationmethodsonpurifiedproducts流程

Process第一段

SectionI第二段

SectionII第三段

SectionIII第四段

SectionIV砷盐净化法

Arsenicsaltpurificationmethod加锌和As2O3除铜钴镍，得铜渣送去回收

ZincandAs2O3areaddedtoremovecopper,cobaltandnickel,andtheobtainedcopperslagissentforrecovery加锌粉除镉，镉渣送去提镉

Zincpowderisaddedtoremovecadmium,cadmiumresidueissenttoextractcadmium加锌粉除反溶镉，得镉渣返回第二段

Zincpowderisaddedtoremovedissolvedcadmium,andcadmiumresidueisobtainedandreturnedtothesection2再进行一次加锌除镉

Addzincagaintoremovecadmium逆递净化法

Reversepurificationmethod加锌粉除铜，镉，得Cu-Cd渣，送去回收铜，镉

ZincpowderisaddedtoremovecopperandcadmiumtoobtainCu-Cdslag,whichissenttorecovercopperandcadmium加锌粉和Sb2O3除钴，得钴渣去提钴

ZincpowderandSb2O3areaddedtoremovecobalt,andcobaltresidueisobtainedtoextractcobalt加锌粉除镉

Addzincpowdertoremovecadmium合金锌粉法

Alloyzincpowdermethod加Zn-Pb-Sb合金锌粉去铜镉钴

AddZn-Pb-Sballoyzincpowdertoremovecopper,cadmiumandcobalt加锌粉除镉

Addzincpowdertoremovecadmium加锌粉

Addzincpowder黄药净化法

Xanthatepurificationmethod加锌粉除铜，镉，得Cu-Cd渣，送去提镉，并回收铜

ZincpowderisaddedtoremovecopperandcadmiumtoobtainCu-Cdslag,whichissenttoextractcadmium,andrecovercopper加黄药除钴，得钴渣送去提纯

Xanthateisaddedtoremovecobalt,andtheobtainedcobaltresidueissentforpurificationβ-蒸酚法

β-distilledphenolmethod加锌粉除铜镉，得Cu-Cd渣，送去提镉

ZincpowderisaddedtoremovecopperandcadmiumtoobtainCu-Cdslag,whichissenttoextractcadmium加亚硝基-β-蒸酚除钴，得钴渣送去提纯

Nitroso-β-distilledphenolisaddedtoremovecobalt,andtheobtainedcobaltresidueissentforpurification加锌粉除反溶镉

Addzincpowdertoremovedissolvedcadmium净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts湿法炼锌技术

Zinchydrometallurgytechnology

净化的目的

Purposeofpurification锌冶炼企业

Zincsmeltingenterprises湿法炼锌技术

Zinchydrometallurgytechnology硫酸锌溶液净化工序

Zincsulfatesolutionpurificationprocess杂质元素

Impurityelement采用

Adopt工序之一

Oneoftheprocesses脱除

Removal净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts硫酸锌溶液中的主要杂质

Majorimpuritiesinzincsulfatesolution第二类：Mg、Ca

TypeII:Mg,Ca第三类：Ni、Co、Ge、Sb、As、Cl及F等杂质TypeIII:impuritiessuchasNi,Co,Ge,Sb,As,ClandF影响产品质量

Affectproductquality结晶阻塞管道，影响稳定运行

Crystallizationblockspipelineandaffectsstableoperation影响锌电积过程

Influencezincelectrowinningprocess第一类：Cd、Cu和FeTypeI:Cd,CuandFe净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts其中第三类杂质Ni、Co、Ge、Sb、As、Cl及F等杂质造成一定的其他影响。Amongthem,thethirdtypeofimpuritiessuchasNi,Co,Ge,Sb,As,ClandFhavecertainothereffects.Ni、Co、Ge、Sb、As会在锌电积中腐蚀析出的阴极锌而造成烧板。Ni,Co,Ge,SbandAswillcorrodethecathodezincprecipitatedinzincelectrowinning,resultinginplateburning.F：腐蚀阴极铝板、破坏铝板表面的氧化膜、使阴极锌片难以剥离、影响效率。F:corrodethecathodealuminumplate,destroytheoxidefilmonthesurfaceofthealuminumplate,makethecathodezincsheetdifficulttopeeloff,andaffecttheefficiency.Cl离子：腐蚀阳极板、缩短阳极板寿命、影响阴极锌产品质量。Clions:corrodetheanodeplate,shortenthelifeoftheanodeplate,andaffectthequalityofcathodezincproducts.净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts硫酸锌溶液中的主要杂质

Majorimpuritiesinzincsulfatesolution硫酸锌溶液

ZincsulfatesolutionCu

Cd

Cu

Cd

锌粉置换

Zincpowderreplacement

置换

沉淀

萃取

DisplacementPrecipitationExtraction净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts硫酸锌溶液中的主要杂质

Majorimpuritiesinzincsulfatesolution净化的方法都有哪些呢？

Whatarethemethodsofpurification?

净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化硫酸锌的方法

Methodforpurifyingzincsulfate

净化硫酸液溶液的方法原理：取硫酸锌溶液样品，判断主要杂质元素，再根据方法除去对应杂质元素，对净化液做定性实验通过实验定性分析是否达到所需要求。Theprincipleofthemethodforpurifyingsulfuricacidsolution:Takeasampleofzincsulfatesolution,determinethemainimpurityelements,thenremovethecorrespondingimpurityelementsaccordingtothemethod,andconductqualitativeexperimentsonthepurifiedsolutiontoqualitativelyanalyzewhetheritmeetstherequiredrequirementsthroughexperiments.铜

Copper镉

Cadmium钴

Cobalt氟

Fluorine铊

Thallium氯

Chlorine净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium

溶液

Solution硫酸盐形式的铜，镉

Copper,cadmiuminsulfateform净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium除去方法

Removalmethod采用锌粉置换法

Zincpowderreplacementmethodisadopted锌粉

Zincpowder

置换

Replacement镉

CadmiumCuSO4+Zn=ZnSO4+CuCdSO4+Zn=ZnSO4+Cd铜

Copper净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium

净化除钴和铊

Purificationandremovalofcobaltandthallium加锌粉除钴法

Cobaltremovalmethodwithzincpowder锌粉

Zincpowder

还原

Reducing铊析出

Thalliumprecipitation含钴溶液

Cobalt-containingsolution金属钴

Metalliccobalt净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts除去方法

Removalmethod净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium

黄药除钴法

RemovalofcobaltwithXanthate黄酸钾

Potassiumxanthate(C4H90CSSK)

黄酸钠

Sodiumxanthate(C4H90CSSNa)

黄酸钴沉淀

Cobaltxanthateprecipitate含钴溶液

Cobalt-containingsolution三价钴

Trivalentcobalt净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts除去方法

Removalmethod净化除钴和铊

Purificationandremovalofcobaltandthallium净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium

净化除氯

Purificationandremovalofchlorine硫酸银沉淀法

Silversulfateprecipitationmethod

氯化银沉淀

Silverchlorideprecipitate溶液

Solution氯盐

Chloridesalt硫酸银

SilversulfateAg2S04+2NaC1=Na2S04+2AgC1↓优点

Advantages缺点

Disadvantages除氯效果好

Goodchlorineremovaleffect银盐贵、银再生实收率低

Silversaltisexpensiveandtheyieldofsilverregenerationislow净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts除去方法

Removalmethod净化除铜和镉

Purificationandremovalofcopperandcadmium

溶液

Solution氯离子

Chloride-ions渣铜除氯法

Chlorinationremovalmethodfromslagcopper

铜及铜离子

Copperandcopperions氯化亚铜沉淀

CuprouschlorideprecipitateCu+Cu2++2Cl=CuCl2↓注意：应在净化铜，镉之前进行，否则除氯后的溶液有被铜离子污染，还需再次除铜。

Note:Itshouldbecarriedoutbeforepurifyingcopperandcadmium,otherwisethesolutionafterdechlorinationwillbecontaminatedbycopperions,andthecopperneedstoberemovedagain.

相互作用

Interactions净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts除去方法

Removalmethod净化除氯

Purificationandremovalofchlorine净化除氟的方法

Methodsforpurifyingandremovingfluoride原理：氟与钍形成难溶的化合物沉淀。Principle:Fluorineandthoriumforminsolublecompoundprecipitation.缺点：钍盐贵，不宜使用。Disadvantages:Thoriumsaltisexpensiveandshouldnotbeused.利用钍的盐类从溶液中除氟

Removaloffluorinefromsolutionusingsaltsofthorium净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts原理：氟与钙生成难溶化合物氟化钙Principle:Fluorineandcalciumformtheinsolublecompoundcalciumfluoride硫酸锰

Manganesesulfate硫酸锌

Zincsulfate中性溶液

Neutralsolution氟

Fluorine在浸出过程中加入少量的石灰乳除氟

AsmallamountoflimemilkisaddedtoremovefluorideduringleachingZnF2氟化锌

ZnF2zincfluorideMnF2型

MnF2type络离子

Complexion

净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化除氟的方法

Methodsforpurifyingandremovingfluoride聚合

Polymerization氢氟酸分子

Hydrofluoricacidmolecule硅酸

Silicicacid硅酸胶体

Silicicacidcolloid氢氟酸

Hydrofluoricacid氟

Fluorine硅酸再生

Silicicacidregeneration酸性溶液中

Inacidicsolution硅胶除氟

Removaloffluoridewithsilicagel中性或碱性溶液中

Inneutraloralkalinesolution吸附

Adsorption

净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化除氟的方法

Methodsforpurifyingandremovingfluoride课程小结

Coursesummary

根据原料成分选择工艺，得到符合下一个工序的产品等。Theprocessisselectedbasedontheingredientsoftherawmaterialstoobtainproductssuitableforthenextprocess,etc.净化的原料及产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts净化的原料和产品

Purifiedrawmaterialsandproducts思考题

Thinkingquestions

净化原料对产品的影响因素有哪些？Whataretheinfluencingfactorsofpurificationofrawmaterialsonproducts?净化离子交换法

PurificationionexchangemethodHydrometallurgicalprocessandequipment净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod课程导入

Courseguide离子交换法

Ionexchangemethod课程导入

Courseguide离子交换剂：凡具有离子交换能力的物质Ionexchanger:anysubstancewithionexchangeability离子交换法：利用离子交换剂来分离和提纯物质的方法Ionexchangemethod:amethodthatusesionexchangerstoseparateandpurifysubstances净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod离子交换法的提出

Proposalofionexchangemethod英国皇家农学会顾问沃依(J.T.Way)进一步研究了这种现象，提出了最初的离子交换理论。J.T.Way,aconsultantoftheRoyalAgriculturalSociety,furtherstudiedthisphenomenonandputforwardtheoriginalionexchangetheory.离子交换过程广泛存在于自然界中。1848年英国农学家索姆普森（H．S．Thompson）首先发现了土壤中钙与铵离子的交换现象。Ionexchangeprocessesarewidelyfoundinnature.In1848,BritishagronomistSompson(H.S.Thompson)firstdiscoveredtheexchangephenomenonofcalciumandammoniumionsinsoil.（一）用于浓缩某些矿石浸出液中的金属或回收残液中的金属。(1)Itisusedtoconcentratemetalsincertainoreleachingsolutionsorrecovermetalsinresidualsolutions.例如铀的增浓和分离，由浸出液中回收钴、镍、铜、铬等有价金属Forexample,theenrichmentandseparationofuranium,andtherecoveryofvaluablemetalssuchascobalt,nickel,copperandchromiumfromtheleachingsolution离子交换法冶金应用

Ionexchangemetallurgicalapplications净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod（二）用于分离湿法冶金中间产品中的金属(2)Usedtoseparatemetalsinhydrometallurgicalintermediateproducts例如常见的稀士金属Zr与Hf、Ta和Nb，铂族金属中的Rh与Ir等物理化学性质相近金属的分离及提取。Forexample,theseparationandextractionofcommonraremetalsZr,Hf,TaandNb,RhandIrinplatinumgroupmetalsandothermetalswithsimilarphysicalandchemicalproperties.离子交换法冶金应用

Ionexchangemetallurgicalapplications净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod（三）用于提高不纯浓缩液的品位。(3)Itisusedtoimprovethegradeofimpureconcentrate.例如去除溶液中的微量镍，以净化钴。Forexample,traceamountsofnickelareremovedfromsolutiontopurifycobalt.离子交换法冶金应用

Ionexchangemetallurgicalapplications净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod湿法冶金工艺提取金属基本流程

Basicflowofmetalextractionbyhydrometallurgicalprocess离子交换技术在流程中常被用于作为有价金属的富集、分离和提纯的手段。Ionexchangetechnologyisoftenusedintheprocessasameansofenrichment,separationandpurificationofvaluablemetals.原料分离

Rawmaterialseparation浸出液净化与分离

LeachatePurificationandSeparation盐类精制

Saltrefining纯化合物的还原

Reductionofpurecompounds金属的精炼

RefiningofmetalsTip

净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod吸附与再生

Adsorptionandregeneration离子交换过程通常包括两个阶段Theionexchangeprocesstypicallyincludestwostages吸附

Adsorption解吸

Desorption净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod

含金属离子的水溶液通过离子交换树脂柱，金属离子就从水相转入树脂相。当金属离子被吸附到饱和时，停止供液，转入解吸阶段。Whentheaqueoussolutioncontainingmetalionspassesthroughtheionexchangeresincolumn,themetalionsaretransferredfromtheaqueousphasetotheresinphase.Whenthemetalionsareadsorbedtosaturation,theliquidsupplyisstopped,transitioningintothedesorptionstage.吸附

Adsorption净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod吸附与再生

Adsorptionandregeneration解吸

Desorption

向树脂柱内引入适当溶液，以除去前面被吸附的金属离子。这时就得到一

种浓的金属离子水溶液，可用来提取金属；同时，树脂也得到再生，可返回使用。Asuitablesolutionisintroducedintotheresincolumntoremovepreviouslyadsorbedmetalions.Atthistime,aconcentratedaqueoussolutionofmetalionsisobtained,whichcanbeusedtoextractmetals;atthesametime,theresinisalsoregeneratedandcanbereused.净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod吸附与再生

Adsorptionandregeneration离子交换剂

Ionexchanger离子交换需要使用交换剂。按不同条件的划分，种类也不同及性能也不同。Ionexchangerequirestheuseofanexchanger.Accordingtodifferentconditions,thetypesandperformancesarealsodifferent.净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod常见的天然离子交换剂是沸石等

Commonnaturalionexchangersarezeolitesandthelike人工合成离子交换剂则种类繁多，其性能也有很大差异

Therearemanykindsofsyntheticionexchangers,andtheirpropertiesarealsoverydifferent沸石

Zeolite种类划分

Classificationofcategories按来源划分

Bysource天然

Natural人工

Labor净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod离子交换剂

Ionexchanger离子交换树脂

Ionexchangeresin按化学组成划分

Bychemicalcomposition无机离子交换剂

Inorganicionexchanger有机离子交换剂

Organicionexchanger湿法冶金中常用的是人工合成的离子交换树脂

Syntheticionexchangeresinsarecommonlyusedinhydrometallurgy净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod种类划分

Classificationofcategories离子交换剂

Ionexchanger按可交换的离子性质划分

Byexchangeableionicproperties阴离子交换剂

Anionexchanger阳离子交换剂

CationexchangerTip

阳离子交换剂：可交换离子为H+或Na+时，则称为H型或Na型离子交换剂。Cationexchanger:WhentheexchangeableionisH+orNa+,itiscalledH-typeorNa-typeionexchanger.阴离子交换剂：可交换离子为OH-或Cl-时，则称为OH型或Cl型离子交换剂。Anionexchanger:WhentheexchangeableionisOH-orCl-,itiscalledOH-typeorCl-typeionexchanger.种类划分

Classificationofcategories净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod离子交换剂

Ionexchanger按交换剂中固定基的本性划分

Bythenatureoftheimmobilizationgroupintheexchanger强酸性(R-SO3-H+)

Strongacidic(R-SO3-H+)Tip

R：固体骨架R:solidskeleton弱酸性(R–COOH+)

Weaklyacidic(R-COOH+)强碱性(R≡N+OH-)

Strongbasic(R≡N+OH-)弱碱性(R≡NH+OH-)

Weaklybasic(R≡NH+OH-)净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod种类划分

Classificationofcategories离子交换剂

Ionexchanger不溶于水的固体骨架，其结构可以是晶体，也可以是凝胶或有机高分子空间网状结构。

Water-insolublesolidskeleton,itsstructurecanbecrystal,gelororganicpolymerspatialnetworkstructure.有固定的离子基团，并带有一定的正电荷或负电荷。

Hasafixedionicgroupandcarriesacertainpositiveornegativecharge.这些电荷与活动离子（反离子）所带的等量异号电荷平衡，故整个交换剂保持电中性。

Thesechargesarebalancedbyanequalquantityofoppositelychargedmobileions(counterions),renderingtheentireexchangerelectricallyneutral.带正电或负电的母体

Positivelyornegativelychargedmatrixes离子交换剂是由带正电或负电的母体及可交换的活动离子组成。

Ionexchangersarecomposedofpositivelyornegativelychargedmatrixesandexchangeablemobilecationsandanions.净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod离子交换剂

Ionexchanger淋洗剂

Eluent为回收被交换剂吸附的离子，也为了使交换剂再生使用，需要将被吸附的离子解吸下来。而使吸附在树脂上的离子重新解吸下来的溶液。Inordertorecovertheionsadsorbedbytheexchangerandtoregeneratetheexchanger,itisnecessarytodesorbtheadsorbedions.Andtheionsadsorbedontheresinarere-desorbed.定义

Definitions无机淋洗剂

Inorganiceluant有机淋洗剂

Organiceluant净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod

大多是无机酸、碱和盐的溶液。

Mostofthemaresolutionsofinorganicacids,basesandsalts.

大多是有机配合剂，如柠檬酸、醋酸铵、乙二胺四乙酸等。

Mostofthemareorganiccomplexingagents,suchascitricacid,ammoniumacetate,ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid,etc.无机淋洗剂

Inorganiceluant有机淋洗剂

Organiceluant净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod淋洗剂

Eluent从贫液中富集和回收有价金属。

Enrichmentandrecoveryofvaluablemetalsfromleanliquor.

提纯化合物和分离性质相似的元素。

Purificationofcompoundsandseparationofelementswithsimilarproperties.例如铀的回收、贵金属和稀散金属的回收。Suchastherecoveryofuranium,preciousandraremetals.例如钨酸钠溶液的离子交换提纯和转型、稀土分离、锆铪分离和超铀元素分离等。Forexample,ionexchangepurificationandtransformationofsodiumtungstatesolution,rareearthseparation,separationofzirconiumandhafniumandtransuranicelementseparation.离子交换法的应用

Applicationofionexchangemethod净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod处理某些工厂的废水。

Treatmentofwastewaterfromcertainplants.生产软化水。

Producedemineralizedwater.离子交换法是分离提纯及富集回收溶液中有价金属的手段

Ionexchangemethodisamethodtoseparate,purifyandenrichvaluablemetalsinsolution离子交换法的应用

Applicationofionexchangemethod净化离子交换法

Purificationionexchangemethod课程小结

Coursesummary离子交换法净化工艺