《湿法冶金过程及设备培训》课件-任务5 电解技术（双语）

课程导入

Courseguide电解Electrolysis一些金属湿法冶金提取金属工艺的最后一道工序。Thefinalstepofsomemetalshydrometallurgicalextractionofmetalsprocess.

电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses课程导入

Courseguide电解

Electrolysis电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses课程导入

Courseguide工序生产过程要素Processproductionprocesselements阴极Cathode电解槽Electrolyticcell电源要求Powerrequirement电解液的组成要求Compositionrequirementsofelectrolyte阳极Anode电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses课程导入

Courseguide不同的金属电解，因各个金属的特性不同，其生产要素也不尽相同。Differentmetalelectrolysishasdifferentproductionfactorsduetothedifferentcharacteristicsofeachmetal.电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses从粗金属、合金或其他冶炼中间产物（如锍）中提取金属Extractionofmetalsfromcrudemetals,alloys,orothermetallurgicalintermediates(suchasmatte)从浸出（或经净化）的溶液中提取金属Extractionofmetalsfromleached(orpurified)solutions可溶阳极

Solubleanode不可溶阳极

Insolubleanode水溶液电解时，因使用的阳极不同有所区分：Whenelectrolyzingaqueoussolutions,therearedifferencesdependingontheanodesused:电解精炼

Electrorefining电解沉积

Electrowinning也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses从粗金属、合金或其他冶炼中间产物（如锍）中提取金属。Theextractionofmetalsfromcrudemetals,alloys,orothermetallurgicalintermediates(suchasmatte).电解精炼

Electrorefining从浸出（或经净化）的溶液中提取金属。Theextractionofmetalsfromleached(orpurified)solutions.电解沉积

Electrowinning理论基础都遵循电化学规律

Thetheoreticalbasisfollowsthelawsofelectrochemistry也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

在湿法冶金电解生产中，锌金属电解生产属于典型的电解沉积生产。Inhydrometallurgicalelectrolysisproduction,zincmetalelectrolysisproductionbelongstotypicalelectrolyticdepositionproduction.锌电解车间

Zincelectrolysisworkshop也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

来源：内蒙古日报社融媒体原创

Source:InnerMongoliaDailyFinancialMediaOriginal电源：直流电Powersupply:DCpower电解液：由硫酸锌、硫酸、水和少量金属硫酸盐组成。Electrolyte:Consistsofzincsulfate,sulfuricacid,waterandasmallamountofmetalsulfate.阳极：铅银合金Anode:Lead-silveralloy阴极：纯铝质Cathode:Purealuminum电解槽：钢筋混凝土内置防腐防酸材料Electrolyticcell:reinforcedconcretebuilt-inanti-corrosionandacid-proofmaterials锌电解沉积中

Inzincelectrolyticdeposition也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications特点：阳极不溶解，电解所需的锌离子由上个工序的净化后液提供。Features:Theanodeisinsoluble,andthezincionsrequiredforelectrolysisareprovidedbythepurifiedliquidofthepreviousprocess.电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

铜金属电解生产属于典型的电解精炼生产。Coppermetalelectrolysisproductionisatypicalelectrorefiningproduction.铜电解车间

Copperelectrolysisworkshop也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

电源：直流电Powersupply:DCpower电解液：由硫酸铜、硫酸、水和少量金属硫酸盐组成。Electrolyte:Consistsofcoppersulfate,sulfuricacid,water,andasmallamountofmetalsulfate.阳极：火法精炼粗铜Anode:Pyro-refinedblistercopper阴极：纯铜或由不锈钢等制成的永久阴极Cathode:Apermanentcathodemadeofpurecopperorstainlesssteel,etc.电解槽：钢筋混凝土内置防腐防酸材料Electrolyticcell:reinforcedconcretebuilt-inanti-corrosionandacid-proofmaterials刚吊出电解槽的阴极铜

Coppercathodejustliftedoutofelectrolyticcell铜电解精炼中

Incopperelectrorefining也可称为电解沉积与电解精炼的区别

Itcanalsobecalledthedifferencebetweenelectrolyticdepositionandelectrorefining电解应用

Electrolyticapplications特点：阳极溶解，电解所需的铜离子由阳极溶解提供。Features:Anodicdissolution,copperionsrequiredforelectrolysisareprovidedbyanodicdissolution.电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

电解过程是阴、阳两个电极反应的综合反应过程。

Theprocessofelectrolysisisacomprehensivereactionprocessinwhichthecathodeandtheanodeelectrodesreact.Cu++

SO42

CuSO4

导电杆

Conductingrod阳极

Anode

阴极

Cathode

氧化物

Oxidizingsubstance还原物

Reducingsubstance电解过程

Electrolysisprocess电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

在电极与溶液的界面上发生的反应。Areactionthattakesplaceattheinterfacebetweentheelectrodeandthesolution.在阴极上，发生的反应是物质得到电子的还原反应，称为阴极反应。Atthecathode,thereactionthattakesplaceisareductionreactioninwhichthesubstancegetselectrons,whichiscalledacathodicreaction。.在阳极上，发生的反应是物质失去电子的氧化反应，称为阳极反应。Ontheanode,thereactionthattakesplaceisanoxidationreactioninwhichthesubstanceloseselectrons,calledan

anodicreaction.电极反应

ElectrodereactionCu++

SO42

CuSO4

导电杆

Conductingrod阳极

Anode

阴极

Cathode

电解过程

Electrolysisprocess电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

水溶液电解质电解过程的阴极反应，主要是金属阳离子的还原，结果在阴极上沉积出金属。Thecathodicreactionofaqueouselectrolyteelectrolysisprocessismainlythereductionofmetalcations,resultinginthedepositionofmetalsonthecathode.例如：

Forexample:Cu2++2e=Cu

Zn2+

+

2e

=Zn电解阴极反应副反应的发生

Occurrenceofsidereactionsinelectrolyticcathodereaction

O2+2H2O+4e=4OH-

Meiz++zie=Mei

Mehz++(zh-zi)e=Mei（h-i）

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)

(5)

阴极反应

Cathodicreaction电解过程

Electrolysisprocess电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

可溶性阳极反应

Solubleanodicreaction不可溶性阳极反应

Insolubleanodicreaction阳极反应

Anodicreaction电解过程

Electrolysisprocess电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

粗金属等中的金属氧化溶解，即阳极中的金属失去电子，变为离子进入溶液。Metalsincrudemetalsandthelikeareoxidizedanddissolved,thatis,themetalsintheanodeloseelectronsandbecomeionsintosolution.Cu–2e=Cu2+

Ni–2e=Ni2+水溶液电解质中的阴离子在阳极上失去电子的氧化反应。Anoxidationreactioninwhichanionsintheaqueouselectrolyteloseelectronsontheanode.

2Cl-–2e=Cl2

阳极反应

Anodicreaction电解过程

Electrolysisprocess电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

在阳极反应的过程中，可能还有其他副反应发生。Duringtheanodicreaction,othersidereactionsmayoccur.Me–ze=Mez+（在溶液中金属的溶解）

Me–ze=Mez+(Dissolutionofmetalinsolution)Me+zH2O–ze=(OH)z+zH+（金属氧化物的形成）

Me+zH2O–ze=(OH)z+zH+(FormationofMetalOxide)

2H2O–4e=O2+4H+

4OH--4e=O2+2H2O（氧的析出）

4OH--4e=O2+2H2O(Evolutionofoxygen)Mez+-ne=Me（z+n）+（离子价升高）

Mez+-ne=Me（z+n）+(Elevatedionicvalence)2Cl--2e=Cl2（阴离子的氧化）

2Cl--2e=Cl2(Oxidationofanions)电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses阳极反应

Anodicreaction电解过程

Electrolysisprocess副反应的发生对水溶液电解是不利的（如电流效率降低），在生产过程中应加以控制。Theoccurrenceofsidereactionsisunfavorabletotheelectrolysisofaqueoussolutions(suchasthereductionofcurrentefficiency)andshouldbecontrolledduringtheproductionprocess.课程小结

Coursesummary电解过程及应用

Electrolysisprocessandapplication电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses课程小结

Coursesummary电解精炼Electrorefining电解

Electrolysis为了提取纯的金属材料

Toextractpuremetalmaterials电解沉积Electrowinning电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses课程小结

Coursesummary通过努力学习，使自己成为一名对国家、对社会有用人才。Throughdiligentstudy,wecanmakeourselvesausefultalentforthecountryandsociety.电解实质、应用及过程

Electrolysisessence,applicationsandprocesses

金可以通过湿法冶金的电解提取吗？

Cangoldbeextractedbyelectrowinninginhydrometallurgy?思考题

Thinkingquestions水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment课程导入

Courseguide阴极

Cathode

阳极

Anode

氧化还原反应

RedoxReaction电解

Electrolysis课程导入

Courseguide水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解质环境

Electrolyteenvironment水溶液

Watersolution

熔融状态

Moltenstate

导电化合物

Conductivecompound课程导入

Courseguide水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment酸、碱、大部分的盐

Acids,bases,mostsalts

水溶液

或熔融状态

Aqueoussolutionormoltenstate电解质

Electrolyte

课程导入

Courseguide水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment蔗糖

Canesugar酒精

Alcohol不是电解质

isnotelectrolyte电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解精炼

Electrorefining电解沉积

Electrowinning电解精炼

Electrorefining以铜电解为例

Takecopperelectrolysisasanexample电解精炼过程

Electrorefiningprocess阴阳极板的制作、整理

Productionandfinishingofcathodeandanodeplates

电解液的配制输送、净化、循环

Preparation,transportation,purificationandcirculationofelectrolyte

残阳极的回收

Recoveryofresidualanode

阴极产物剥片、清洗、熔铸等

Cathodeproductstripping,cleaning,meltingandcastingetc

阳极泥的回收

Recoveryofanodeslime

加入添加剂，电解液为硫酸铜溶液、硫酸及水等

Addadditive,andtheelectrolyteiscoppersulfatesolution,sulfuricacidandwater产物：阴极铜等

Products:Coppercathode,etc水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解

Electrolysis电解精炼

Electrorefining过程中主要的产物有：阴极片、残阳极板、废电解液、阳极泥、酸雾。Themainproductsintheprocessare:cathodesheet,remaininganodeplate,wasteelectrolyte,anodeslimeandacidmist.铜阳极板

Copperanodeplate阴极铜（电解铜）

Cathodecopper(electrolyticcopper)阳极泥

Anodeslime水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解

Electrolysis电解沉积

Electrowinning以锌电解为例

Takezincelectrolysisasanexample电解沉积过程

Electrolyticdepositionprocess阴阳极板的制作、整理

Productionandfinishingofcathodeandanodeplates

电解液的配制、输送、净化、循环

Preparation,transportation,purificationandcirculationofelectrolyte

残阳极的回收

Recoveryofresidualanode

阴极产物剥片、清洗、熔铸

Cathodeproductstripping,cleaning,meltingandcasting

加入添加剂，电解液为硫酸锌溶液、硫酸及水等

Theadditiveisadded,andtheelectrolyteiszincsulfatesolution,sulfuricacidandwater产物：阴极锌等

Products:cathodezinc,etc水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解

Electrolysis过程中主要的产物：阴极片、废电解液、酸雾。Themainproductsintheprocess:cathodesheet,wasteelectrolyte,andacidmist.电解后阴极锌

未剥锌前）

Post-electrolyticcathodezinc(Beforezincstripping)阴极铜

电解铜）

Coppercathode(Electrolyticcopper)熔铸后

Aftermeltingcasting电解沉积

Electrowinning电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解沉积过程

Electrolyticdepositionprocess电解精炼过程

Electrorefiningprocess

主体金属：以通过净化后液中的离子形式存在

Hostmetal:existsintheformofionsinthepurifiedliquid

主体金属：以粗金属阳极的形式存在

Hostmetal:existsintheformofacoarsemetalanode不存在残阳极的回收问题

Thereisnoproblemofrecoveryofresidualanode

电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

AqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipmentCu（阳极铜）══Cu（阴极铜）Cu(anodecopper)══Cu(cathodecopper)Zn2++2e══Zn（阴极锌）

Zn2++2e══Zn(CathodeZinc)电解精炼

Electrorefining

电解沉积

Electrowinning

电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment阳极

Anode阴极

CathodeCu2+

SO42-

CuSO4

导电杆

Conductingrod铜

Copper火法精炼

Firerefining粗铜

Blistercopper阳极板

Anodeplate纯铜（或不锈钢）

Purecopper(orstainlesssteel)阴极

Cathode装入电解槽

Loadintoelectrolyticcell电解

Electrolysis电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电能的作用

Theroleofelectricalenergy电解

Electrolysis正常生产

Normalproduction阳极板的铜失去电子

Thecopperoftheanodeplateloseselectrons变成铜离子

Intocopperions阳极

ANODE板熔解

Platemelting铜离子流向阴极

Copperionflowtothecathode电子

Electron

铜金属

Coppermetal（阴极铜\电解铜）

(Cathodecopper\Electrolyticcopper)水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解

Electrolysis锌

Zinc锌湿法净化

Zincwetpurification电解槽

Electrolyticcell铅银合金

Lead-silveralloy阳极板

Anodeplate装入电解槽

Loadintoelectrolyticcell电解

Electrolysis合格

Qualified净化液

Purificationliquid电解锌示意图Schematicdiagramofelectrolyticzinc电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解

Electrolysis水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电能的作用

Theroleofelectricalenergy电解

Electrolysis正常生产

Normalproduction净化液

Purificationliquid送入电解槽

Feedintoelectrolyticcell阳极板不熔解

Theanodeplatedoesnotmelt锌离子流向阴极

Zincionflowtothecathode电子

Electron

锌金属

Zincmetal（阴极锌\电解锌）

(Cathodezinc\Electrolyticzinc)水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment电解精炼与电解沉积异同

Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenelectrorefiningandelectrolyticdeposition电解

Electrolysis电解设备

Electrolysisequipment以铜及锌电解阴极反应为例

Takecathodicreactionofcopperandzincelectrolysisasanexample铺有绝缘层的砖柱

Insulatedbrickcolumn钢筋混凝土的梁上

Onareinforcedconcretebeam电解槽

Electrolyticcell电解的主要设备，用于盛装电解液。Themainequipmentofelectrolysis,usedtoholdelectrolyte.电解槽安装位置

Electrolyticcellinstallationlocation

水溶液电解工艺过程及设备

Aqueoussolutionelectrolysisprocessandequipment出装槽架：用于阴、阳极出装槽的机械。

Loadingslotrack:Amachineusedforcathodeandanodeloadingslots.硅整流器：把交流电变为直流电，供电解生产使用，是电解生产的重要设备。Siliconrectifier:Itconvertsalternatingcurrentintodirectcurrentandsupplieselectrolysisproduction.Itiskeyequipmentforelectrolysisproduction.阳极浇铸机：浇铸阳极片，供电解生产使用。

Anodecastingmachine:Castanodesheetsandusethemforelectrolysisproduction.阴极（始极）制片机：制作阴极（始极）片，供电解生产使用。

Cathode(startingelectrode)sheetmakingmachine:Makecathode(startingelectrode)sheetsandusethemforelectrolysisproduction.硅整流器

Silico