贸易战对我国就业市场的影响

ZhuRanran

Introduction

Withthedeepeningofthecountry’sreformandopeningupandthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomy,China,asaworldeconomicpower,hasfrequenteconomicandtradeexchangeswithothercountries,anditstradefrictionsarealsoescalating.TheUnitedStateshasbecomethecountrywhichhasthemosttradefrictionswithChina.China’seconomyandemploymentstructureareinacriticalstageoftransformationandupgrading.

ThispaperstudiesthecurrentsituationofChina’semploymentmarketunderthebackgroundoftheSino-UStradewarandtheimpactofthetradewaronChina’semploymentmarket.ThestudyshowthatChina’semploymentsituationisnegative,theemploymentmarketisincomplete,theemploymentenvironmentisnotharmonious.Therefore,inthecurrentsituationofincreasinglysevereemployment,thestudyofemploymentisnecessary.

NidaRahman(2019)arguesthatthedeadlockinChina-UStraderelationsisareflectionoftheabsenceoftraderulesandinterferenceintradepractices.Atradewarbetweentheworld’stwolargesteconomies,theUnitedStatesandChina,wouldhavearippleeffectontheglobaltradingsystem,witheffectsontradeandinvestmentripplingthroughglobaleconomicactivity.MoniqueCarvalho(2019)pointedoutthatwiththecontinuousexpansionoftheUStradedeficitwithChina,theUSunilaterallydecidedtoraiseimporttariffsonChina,posingachallengetothemultilateraltradingsystem.ThemovewillleadtoincreasedproductioninrelatedindustriesintheUnitedStates,whileChineseproducersandconsumerswillbearthegreatestburdenofatradewar.

Whileemploymentisthefoundationofpeople’slivelihood,Chinagovernmentispromotinghigherqualityemployment.LiChangan(2018)believesthatChinawilllose3.5to5.8millionjobsinextremecases.TheSino-UStradewarwillhaveahugeimpactonChinesejobsmarket,butthenegativeimpactistolerable.LiChanganandLiuNa(2019)pointedoutthatonlybyacceleratingthetransformationofthetradedevelopmentmode,implementingthetradepolicyofactiveimport,andenhancingtheemploymentadaptabilityoflaborers,canChinacopewiththeimpactofthetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesonChina’semployment.

Basedonexistingliterature,thisstudyanalyzetherelationshipbetweentheSino-UStradewarandChina’semploymentmarket,aswellastheimpactoftheSino-UStradewaronChina’semploymentmarket,throughliteratureresearch,qualitativeanalysis,interdisciplinaryresearchandotherresearchmethods,soastoprovidecertainreferenceopinionsforthegovernment,enterprisesandgraduatesintermsofemployment.

Throughthesystematicstudyofthispaper,itisbeneficialtoalleviatethesevereproblemofemploymentsituationinChina,andprovidescertainreferencesignificanceforthegovernmenttoimprovesocialproductionefficiencyandfullyallocatelaborresources.Itisbeneficialforcollegestudentstoimprovetheirownqualityandvocationalskillstraining,andithascertainguidingsignificanceforrealizingfullemployment.

1.Sino-USRelationandEmployment

ThedirectcauseoftheoutbreakoftheSino-UStradewaristhetradeimbalance.ThedifferenceoftradestructuredeterminestheimbalanceoftradebetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,andalsoaffectstheemploymentsituationofrelevantindustries.Underthebackgroundoftradewar,China’scurrentemploymentsituationisnotoptimistic,soitisthekeytostudytherelationshipbetweentradewarandChina’semploymentmarket.

1.1Imbalancedtrade

Globaleconomicimbalanceisdefinedasasituationinwhichacountryoreconomyimportsandexportsunequalamountsofgoodsandservicesoveraspecificperiodoftime.ThetradegapbetweenChinaandtheUShasbeenoutofbalanceforalongtime,whichhasaffectedChina’sjobmarkettosomeextent.

AccordingtoU.S.statistics,in2018,theU.S.imported$539.5billionofgoodsfromChinaandexported$120.34billionofgoodstoChina,resultingin$419.16billiontradedeficitingoodswithChina.ButaccordingtoChinesecustomsstatistics,ChinaexportstoUS$478.4billionin2018,fromtheUnitedStatesimported$155.18billionofgoods,goodstradesurplusto$323.22billion,tradedeficitwithChinastatistics$95.94billionlessthantheUnitedStates.

ThereareseveralreasonsforSino-UStradeimbalance.First,differentstatisticalstandardsleadtotheasymmetryofstatisticaldatabetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.Second,theindustrialtransferinEastAsiacausedthesourcecountriesoftheUSdeficittoshifttoChina.Third,intermsofcomparativeadvantage,China’slaborcostadvantageleadstotradeimbalancesinspecificgoods.Fourth,themacroeconomicsituationofChinaandtheUnitedStatesistheinternalfactorthatcausesthetradeimbalance.Fifth,theexpandingUSdirectinvestmentinChinahasincreasedthesizeofthetradeimbalance.Sixth,theUStradedeficitwithChinaisareflectionofitstradesurplusinservices.Finally,theUSisexcessivelyprotectionisttowardsChinahasexacerbatedtradeimbalance.

AlthoughthehugetradedeficithasprovidedstrongcapitalsupportforChinatoparticipateineconomicglobalization,withtheincreasingstrengthofChineseoverallnationalstrength,TradeimbalancehasbroughtgreatnegativeimpacttoChina’seconomy,reducingjobsandincreasingtradefrictionsbetweenthetwocountries.

1.2Differencecoexistinmarket

StructuraldifferencesofSino-UStrademainlyreferstothedifferencesofindustrialstructure.ThedifferenceinindustrialstructurehasledtoanincreaseddependenceontradebetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,whichhasestablishedastableandsolideconomicandtraderelationship.ThishasbroughthugebenefitstoconsumersandproducersbothinChinaandtheUnitedStates,andalsoprovidedalargenumberofjobsforChina.

Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantageandfactorendowment,Chinashouldproduceandexportlabor-intensiveproductsandimportcapital-intensiveandtechnology-intensiveproducts,whiletheUSdoestheopposite.Currently,theSino-UStradestructureismorecomplementarythancompetitive.InChina’stradestructureofgoods,theexportstructureismainlylightandtextileproducts,whiletheproportionofheavyandchemicalproductsisrelativelylow.Theexportofmechanicalandelectricalproductsisinsufficient,whiletheimportstructureismainlyheavyandchemicalproducts,especiallymechanicalandelectricalequipment.Fordecades,theproductstructureoftheUnitedStateshasbeendominatedbymanufacturedgoods,especiallyknowledge-intensiveandhigh-value-addedproducts,whileimportedgoodsaremainlyrawmaterialsandlightindustrialproducts.

SinceChinaopeneduptotheoutsideworldandestablishedamarketeconomysystemin1992,alargeamountofforeigninvestmenthasenteredintoChina.Inthe1990s,theUnitedStatesfurtheruseditsscientificandtechnologicaladvantagesandproductionadvantagestoshapethemostfavorableinternationaldivisionoflaborpatternfortheUnitedStates,andbecamethecountrywiththelargesttradesurplusinservices.

ThecomplementarytradestructurebetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateshascreatedenormouswealthforthetwoeconomiesandcreatedalargenumberofjobs,especiallyinimportandexportrelatedindustries.However,duetotheescalationofthetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,theimportandexportindustryhasbeenaffectedandthenumberofjobshasdeclined.

1.3CurrentEmploymentinChina

Since2018,theoverallemploymentsituationinChinahasremainedstable,butstructuralandregionalproblemsinemploymenthavebecomeincreasinglyprominent.

FromtheperspectiveofemploymentNumbers,thenumberofurbanemployeesinChinaincreasedfrom382.4millionto434.19millionfrom2013to2018(figure1).Bytheendof2018,therewere775.86millionpeopleemployedinChina,including434.19millioninurbanareas.In2012,13.61millionnewurbanjobswerecreated,anincreaseof100,000overthepreviousyear(figure2).Thesurveyedurbanunemploymentratewas4.9%,0.1percentagepointlowerthanthatattheendofthepreviousyear.Theregisteredurbanunemploymentratewas3.8%,down0.1percentagepoint(figure3).1Theoverallemploymentsituationisstillshowingastableandpositivetrend.

(figure1)(figure2)

(figure3)

(Source:nationalbureauofstatistics,winddatabase)

However,duetoChina’slargepopulation,unbalancedinter-regionaleconomicdevelopment,andtheinevitableexclusionofcapitalfromlaborunderthetransformationofindustrialstructure,althoughtheoverallsupplyoflaborexceedsthedemand,thecontradictionoftotalemploymenthasbeenalleviated,butthestructuralcontradictionandregionalproblemsofemploymentareincreasinglyprominent.Themismatchbetweenlaborsupplyanddemandmeansthatwhileitisdifficultforworkerstofindjobs,someenterpriseshavedifficultyinrecruitingworkers,whichisanimportantproblemthatwillcontinuetoexistinChinainrecentyearsandthenextfewyears.

2.TradeWarEffectsonChina’sjobmarket

ThereisnowinnerintheSino-UStradewar.Judgingfromthecurrentsituation,thetariffmeasuresofthetwosideswillleadtogrimimpactonGDP.Asthetradewarcontinuestoescalate,theimpactonChina’slabormarketcannotbeunderestimated.

2.1Declinedemployment

Sincereformandopeningup,Chinahasmaintainedageneraltrendofhighgrowthandhighemployment,andtheregisteredurbanunemploymentratehasremainedatalowlevelforalongtime.Ifthereisnoexternalimpact,thechangeofpopulationstructureandindustrialstructuredoesnotappearobviousemploymentpressure.ButundertheinfluenceoftheSino-UStradewar,China’semploymentscalehasdeclined.

Fromtheperspectiveofpopulationstructure,theproportionofworking-agepopulationinChinareachedaninflectionpointin2012,andthesupplyofnewlaborforcedeclined.Underthebackgroundthattheratioofpeopleseekingemploymentexceedsonetimeandcontinuestorise,theemploymentgapwillexpandandtheemploymentpressurewillbegraduallyreduced.Fromtheperspectiveofindustrialstructuretransformation,laborproductivityinthesecondaryindustryhasrisenwhileemploymentelasticityhasdeclined.Asthelaborproductivitygrowthofthetertiaryindustryisslowerthanthatofthesecondaryindustry,thetertiaryindustrycanabsorbmoreemployedpopulationandeffectivelyrelievetheoverallemploymentpressure.

Bilateraltradehasnotonlygivenahugeboosttoeconomy,alsocreatedalotofjobs.AccordingtotheglobalvaluechainandChina’stradeaddedvalueaccountingreport,in2012,every$1millionofgoodsexportedtotheUnitedStatescreated59jobsinChina,whilein2016,allgoodsexportedfromChinatotheUnitedStatescreated14.52milliondomesticjobs.Onthecontrary,thetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatescontinuestoescalate,whichisboundtohaveanegativeimpactontheemploymentofChineseworkers,especiallythemanufacturingindustry.

Accordingtothetradeemploymentcoefficientcalculatedin2012,theSino-UStradewarwillprobablyaffect27.06millionChinesejobs.TheUSfineof$50billionforChineseexportsfocusesonmanufacturingandtargetsindustriesandcompaniescoveredbythemadeinChina2025initiative.2Accordingtothiscalculation,themaximumvalue(thatis,thetotallossof$50billionofexporttrade)willprobablyinvolve2.9milliondomesticjobs.AccordingtothecurrenturbanregisteredunemploymentrateinChina,theunemploymentratewillriseby0.9to1.4percentagepoints.Inaddition,Chinawilllosemorethan5.8millionjobsandtheregisteredurbanunemploymentrateislikelytoriseby2.5to3.3percentagepoints.ItcanbesaidthattheSino-UStradewarhasasignificantimpactonemploymentinChina.

2.2Changesinstructure

Employmentstructurereferstothedistributionofacountry’slaborforceinvariousindustries,industriesandsectorsaswellastheirmutualrelations.Thesocialandeconomicfactorsresultacountryorregionemploymentstructure.In2018,whiletheemploymentsituationremainedgenerallystable,structuralemploymentproblemsbecamemoreacute.

In2019,China’stotalemploymentwillremainundergreatpressure.EspeciallyundertheimpactofthetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,structuralproblemsinemploymentwillbecomemoreacute.Someregions,someindustriesandsomegroupswillfacegreatemploymentpressure.Thecentraleconomicworkconferencemadeitclearthatweshouldgivetopprioritytoemployment,givehighprioritytoensuringemployment,andfocusonfindingjobsforcollegegraduates,ruralmigrantworkers,andretiredmilitarypersonnel.Intheeventofafull-blowntradewar,ratherthananindustrialone,sensitiveindustrieswouldbemoreaffected.

AccordingtothecurrenttradestructurebetweenSino-US,China’sexportstotheUSaremainlymechanicalequipmentandinstruments(mainlyhomeappliances,electronicsandothercategories,accountingfor48%oftotalexports),miscellaneousproducts(12%),textiles(10%)andmetalproducts(7%).3IntermsofthedegreeofnegativeimpactoftradefrictionfromtheUSsanctions,theorderisasfollows:steel,chemical,othermetalproducts,paperproducts,rubberwoodpaperproducts,agriculturalproducts,mechanicalandelectricalproducts,textileandclothing.AccordingtothesensitivityofChina’sexportstotheUnitedStates,theproportionofChina’sexportarrangefromhightolowsis:electronicequipment,mechanicalequipment,clothingmanufacturing,metalproducts,furniture,chemicals,plasticandrubberproducts,andfood.Inotherwords,theescalationofthetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswillhavethegreatestimpactonChina’scapital-intensiveindustriessuchaselectricalequipment,machinery,ironandsteel,non-ferrousmetalprocessing,plastics,rubberandchemicalindustry,andlaborintensiveindustriessuchashomeappliances,textilesandclothing,furniture,shoes,leatherproductsandnon-metallicmineralproducts.Anadditional140,000manufacturingjobswillbelost,excludingthoseinothersectorsaffectedbytheexportchain.Ifthetradewarescalatesacrosstheboard,thelossofjobscouldbeinthetensofmillions.Therewillbenowinnerinatradewar.

2.3Regionaldifferences

Tradeondomesticemploymentimpactisdifferentindifferentcitiesandregions.Intheshortterm,moretrade-dependentcitiesandregionswillbehitharder.Employmentinthesecitieswillsufferhardly.ThecurrentimpactoftheSino-UStradewarismainlyindevelopedareas.Butinthelongrun,ifthetradewarcontinuesandlaborflowsslowindevelopedregions,itwillalsoleadtoincreasedemploymentpressureinotherregions.

China’smostexport-dependentcityin2017(figure4)

Rank

City

GDP

Valueofexport

Degreeofdependenceonexport

1

Dongguan

7582

7027

93%

2

Shenzhen

22438

16534

74%

3

Zhuhai

2565

1883

73%

4

Suzhou

17320

12670

73%

5

Zhongshan

3450

2056

60%

6

Xiamen

4351

2562

59%

7

Huizhou

3831

2233

58%

8

Ningbo

9847

4984

51%

9

Shanghai

30134

13120

44%

10

Jiaxing

3760

1550

41%

11

Jiangmen

2690

1076

40%

12

Shaoxing

5108

1852

36%

13

Foshan

9550

2863

30%

14

Wuxi

10512

3145

30%

15

Hangzhou

12556

3456

28%

Unit:

100

billion

yuan

(Source:nationalbureauofstatistics)

Asitcanbeseenfromthetableabove,thecitieswiththehighestexportdependenceareDongguan,Shenzhen,ZhuhaiandSuzhou,allofwhichexceed70%.Forthesecities,exportstotheUSaccountforabout20%oftotalexports(somegoodspassthroughHongKongtoentertheUS).MostofChina’scitieswithhighdependenceonexportsarelocatedinthepearlriverdeltaandtheYangtzeriverdelta,amongwhichthepearlriverdeltahasthehighestdependenceonexports.

Formanyyears,BeijinghasbeenthelargestradedeficitcityinChina,Shenzhenthelargesttradesurpluscity,andShanghaitheoverallchampionofexportandimport.Clearly,exportcitieswillsuffermoreinthiswaveoftheSino-UStradewars.Shenzhen,DongguanandSuzhouarethelargestexportbasesofmechanicalandelectricalproductsinChina,aswellasthefieldswheretheuswillfocusonstrikingChineseproductsinthefuture.Thereisnodoubtthatthesethreecitieswillfacethebiggestchallenges.Thesizeanddurationoftheus-chinatradewarwillhaveasignificantimpactonthesecities,potentiallyleadingtoawaveoffactoryclosuresthatwillultimatelyaffectinvestmentopportunitiesandjobs.

Generallyspeaking,theescalatingtradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswillhaveanegativeimpactonemploymentinsomelabor-intensiveindustriesinChina,resultinginalargenumberofjoblosses.Atthesametime,itisforeseeablethattheSino-UStradedisputeswillnotberesolvedinashorttime.TheconflictbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesmaylastlonger.Inthisprocess,itismorenecessarytotakeseriouslyanddealwiththedomesticemploymentissuecarefully,stimulatejobcreation,andminimizetheimpactofexternalshocksonworkers.

JobCountermeasuresAgainsttradewar

IfthereisnoclearresponsetotheescalatingtradewarbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina,thegovernmentandenterprisesmaybegreatlyaffectedbythetradewarandthesociety’sconfidenceinthefuturedevelopment.Therefore,howtoputforwardtargetedstrategiestocopewiththetradewarhasbecomemoreandmoreurgentinthecontextoftheescalationofthetradewar.

3.1Governmentalmeans

ChinashouldhavecountermeasurestoagainstAmerican’saggressivetradepush.ChinesegovernmentshouldmakesurethatChinagivestopprioritytoemployment.

First,negotiationisthebestwaytoresolvetradedisputes,anditisnecessarytoprotectdomesticjobs.Facedwiththetradeblackmailofsomecountries,Chinashouldrespondcalmly,notimpulsivelyandrashly.Chinaisatacriticalstageofbecomingadevelopedcountry.Asagovernmentalmeanstobreakthroughtheimpass.Butnegotiationisstillthebestway.

Second,anemploymentemergencymechanismtodealwithtradeconflictsshouldbeestablishedassoonaspossible.Judgingfromthecurrentsituation,frequenttradewarslaunchedbytheUnitedStatestocurbChina’sriseareboundtobecomeanormalsituation,andsomecountriesmayfollowsuit.Obviously,whenChina’slabor-intensiveexportenterprisesstilloccupyanimportantposition,theimpactoftradeconflictonChina’semploymentwillbecomeveryobvious.Therefore,itisnecessarytoestablishacorrespondingemploymentemergencymechanismassoonaspossibletopreventalargescaleofunemploymentduetotradeconflictsinashortperiodoftime.Inparticular,itisnecessarytostrengthenthemonitoringoftheoperationandemploymentsituationofexporttradeenterprisesrelatedtotheUnitedStates.

Third,furtherexpandingtheimplementationoftheBeltAndRoaddevelopmentstrategy,expandingtradechannels,reducingforeigntradedependenceonafewcountries,whichisalsoanimportantwaytoreducedomesticimpactandincreaseemployment.Atpresent,China’sOneBeltAndRoadstrategyhasbeenrecognizedbymostcountriesandachievedfruitfulresults,whichhasplayedaverypositiveroleinthediversificationofChina’sforeigntradeandthereductionofforeigntradedependenceonafewcountries.

Fourth,asaobjectiverequirementacceleratingtheinnovation-drivenstrategyandchangethestructureoflabor-intensiveexporttradecanhelptoavoidtradewaraffectingdomesticemployment.ThebasicreasonwhythetradewarmayhavearelativelyobviousimpactonChina’semploymentliesinChina’sdependenceonlabor-intensiveexporttrade.UnderthebackgroundofChina’sindustrialtransformationandupgradingandthetransformationofeconomicdevelopmentmode,thetraditionalmodeofrelyingonfactordrivingandcomparativeadvantageoflaborforceisnolongersustainable.Wemustchangetothemodeofinnovation-driven,technology-intensiveandresource-savingdevelopmentassoonaspossible.

3.2Enterprisemeasures

TheSino-UStradewarpresentsbothopportunitiesandchallengestosomeenterprisesthatmainlyrelyonexports.Facedwiththisresistance,Chineseenterpriseswillhavetheopportunitytoimprovetheircompetitiveness,tocarryoutsupplyreformandconsumptionupgrading,andfurthertoalleviatethesevereemploymentsituationundertheSino-UStradewar.

Enterpriseshouldincreasedevelopmentofcoretechnologies.Sincethebeginningofthetradewar,China’simportsofhigh-techproductsandcoretechnologiesfromtheUnitedStateshavebeenstrictlycontrolled,andthedevelopmentofdomesticcoretechnologieshasbeenseverelyrestricted.Therefore,theChinesegovernment,enterprisesanduniversitiesshoulddevelopcoretechnologies,enhancethehardpowerofthecountry,promotethedevelopmentof“madeinChina2025”,andrealizethegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.

Enterpriseshouldraiseawarenessofintellectualpropertyrights.SomeoftheproductsontheU.S.government’sproposedtarifflistareduetointellectualpropertyrestrictions.AsforthetradefrictionbetweenChineseenterprisesrelatedtointernationalintellectualpropertyrights,theChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeformulatedtheintellectualpropertyworkprogramin2017,inordertoimprovetheawarenessofintellectualpropertyrightsofChineseenterprisesandimprovetheirintellectualpropertyserviceprojects,soastocopewiththeprotectionpoliciesofintellectualpropertyrightsininternationaltrade.

Enterpriseshouldorganizeprofessionalteammanagement.Facedwiththenewenterprisemanagementmodeandtheglobaleconomicscale,allenterprisesandcompaniesshouldcarryoutappropriateprofessionalknowledgetrainingtotheseniormanagementofenterprises,makefulluseofbooks,networksandotherwaystobroadenthescopeofknowledge,andquicklymakeupforthelackofknowledgeshortcomings.Grass-rootworkersshouldbetrainedtoimprovetheirprofessionalskills,andtheyshouldconsultseriouslyaboutthelackofprofessionalskills.Afterconsulting,theyshouldkeepthinkingandsummarizingtoimprovetheirprofessionalskillsandimprovethecoretechnologyoftheenterprise.

3.3Graduatespreparedness

Inrecentyears,thenumberofcollegegraduatesisincreasingyearbyyear,andtheemploymentpressureisincreasinggradually.WiththerapidgrowthofChina’srapideconomygrowthturnstohigh-qualitygrowth,especiallywiththeincreasinglycomplextradefrictionsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,itismoreseriousforcollegestudents.Ascontemporarycollegestudents,theyshouldtakecorrectmeasurestodealwiththeemploymentproblemunderthetradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.

Aboveall,graduatesshouldchangetheirobtainemploymentidea,improvethemselvesability.Collegestudentsshouldsetupascientificconceptofemploymentandlabor,rationalviewofthestatusquo,treatthestatusquo,adjusttheattitudeofemployment.Theyshouldmakescientificcareerplanning,cultivatetheabilitytodealwithinformation,theabilitytodealwithinterpersonalrelations,todoaccordingtothetimeanddifferentthingstosolvetheproblem.Collegestudentsshouldimprovetheircomprehensivequality,seizeemploymentopportunities,playtheiradvantagesboldlyandactivelythroughvariouschannels,andselltheirrealstrength,soastofurtheralleviatetheemploymentdifficultiescausedbythetradewar.

Cultivatingtheconsciousnessofcompetitionandinnovationisindispensabletoadapttomodernsociety.Thecompetitiveconsciousnessistheimpetustopushtheindividualtostudyhardandimprovetheprofessionalqualityconsciously.Itisnotenoughforgraduatestohaveculturalknowledgeandvocationalskills,butalsotohaveinnovativeideasandentrepreneurialspirit,inordertobetterachieveemploymentandentrepreneurship.Because,thefiercecompetitionofthemarket,therevolutionofelectronicinformationtechnology,thechangeofenterprisesandthereductionofemployment,peopleareurgentlyrequiredtohaveinnovativeideasandentrepreneurialability.

Graduatesshoulddeveloptheabilitytoadapttochange.Theconstantupdatingoftheprofessionalcontentandthecontinuousemergenceofnewoccupationsdeterminethatmodernoccupationshavehigherrequirementsonthequalityofhumanbeings.Thedevelopmentofnewresourcesandtheinventionandapplicationofnewtechnologiesnotonlyrequirepeopletohavehigherscientificandtechnologicalknowledgeandoperationalskills,butalsorequirepeopletobreaktheoldtraditionalideasandemancipatetheirminds.Atthesametime,peoplearerequiredtoabandonthetraditionalconceptofcareerchoice,adjusttheirrelationshipwiththeoutsideworldtimely,constantlyimprovetheirprofessionalquality,inordertoadapttothecontinuousdevelopmentofprofessionalrequirements.

Graduatesshoulddevelopgoodprofessionalcharacter.