《机器视觉与机器学习应用》课件-工业视觉系统中的相机、镜头与光源选型

机器视觉与机器学习应用ApplicationsofMachineVisionand

Machine

Learning工业视觉系统中的相机、镜头与光源选型TheSelectionofCamera,Lensand

LightSource

inIndustrialVision

Systems工业视觉系统中的相机、镜头与光源选型TheSelectionofCamera,Lensand

LightSource

in

IndustrialVisionSystems主讲教师Teacher课程导入陈

雨Chen

YuCourse

introduction工业视觉系统中的相机、镜头与光源选型TheSelectionofCamera,Lensand

LightSource

in

IndustrialVisionSystems检测精度和稳定性Detectionaccuracyandstability课程导入Courseintroduction主讲教师Teacher陈

雨ChenYu课

程

导

入Course

Introduction*根据需求选择合适的相机、镜

头

和

光

源

。Choosethe

rightcamera,lens

and

lightsource

basedonrequirements.工业视觉系统中的相机、镜头与光源选型TheSelectionofCamera,Lensand

LightSource

in

IndustrialVisionSystems主讲教师Teacher陈雨Chen

Yu案例导入Case

introduction*检测内容：生产日期、厂代码等信

息。Detectioncontent:productiondate,factorycode

andother

information.*

要求：识别打印不清、残缺、倾斜。Requirements:

Identify

defects

such

asunclear,

incomplete,and

tiltedprinting.*

检测速度：达到16000瓶/小时。Detectionspeed:upto16,000bottles/hour.案例导入Case

introduction*

OCR识别率≥99.95%。

OCR

recognition

rate≥99.95%.*

工

作

距

离

：205

mm

。

Working

distance:205mm.案例导入Case

introduction*

请问如何选择相机、镜头和光源以满足高精度、高速度的检测需求?How

should

we

select

the

camera,lens,and

lightSource

to

meet

these

high-precision

and

high-speed

inspection

requirements?案例导入Case

introduction相关知识Relevantknowledge相关知识Relevant

knowledge镜头

Lens光源Lightsource相机

Camera*

工业相机的功能是通过成像传感器将镜头产生的光学像转换为对应的模拟或数字信号，并将这些

信息由相机与计算机的接口传送到计算机主机。The

functionof

anindustrialcameraistoconvertthe

opticalimageproducedbythelensintocorresponding

analog

or

digital

signals

through

the

imaging

sensor,andtransmitthisinformationtothecomputerhostthrough

theinterfacebetweenthecamera

and

the

computer.

knowledge识lev关Re相工业相机的功能FunctionsofIndustrialCamera*

相机主要是由传感器芯片、防尘片/滤光片、控制与信号转换电路板、光

学接口、数据接口以及外壳构成。The

camera

is

mainly

composed

of

a

sensorchip,a

dustproof

sheet/Filter,a

control

and

signal

conversion

circuit

board,an

opticalinterface,a

data

interface

and

a

casing.光学接口传感器芯片防尘片滤光片控制与信号转换电路数据接口相关知识Relevant

knowledge工业相机的结构Structure

ofIndustrialCameraCCD尺寸图像尺寸(mm)水平：H垂直：V对角：D1"12.89.616.02/3"8.86.611.01/2"6.44.88.01/3"4.83.66.01/4”3.62.74.5*

图像传感器是相机的核心。图像传感器的尺寸通常有1"、2/3'"、1/2"、1/3"、1/4"。The

image

sensor

is

the

core

of

the

camera.The

sizes

of

image

sensors

are

usually1",2/3",1/2",1/3",1/4".相关知识Relevantknowledge工业相机的基本参数Basic

ParametersofIndustrialCamera相机芯片尺寸

Camerachipsize面阵相机分辨率以像素总数或者横向分辨率乘以纵向分辨率表示：The

resolution

of

an

areascan

camera

is

expressed

as

the

total

number

ofpixelsor

the

multiplication

of

thehorizontalresolution

and

the

verticalresolution:*

相机分辨率：相机芯片像元的个数。Cameraresolution:the

numberof

pixels

on

the

camera

chip.工业相机的基本参数Basic

ParametersofIndustrialCamera1000万：3840×2748

10million:3840×27482900万：6576×4384

29million:6576×4384600万：3072×2048

6million:3072×20482000万：5496×3672

20million:5496×3672相关知识Relevantknowledge130万：1280×1024

1.3million:1280×1024500万：2592×1944

5million:2592×194430万：640×480300,000:640×480200万：1600×1200

2million:1600×1200分辨率Resolution线阵相机分辨率指图像行的数目，常见的有1024、2048、4096、8000。The

resolution

ofa

line

scan

camera

specifically

refers

to

the

number

of

image

rows,with

common

ones

being*

相机分辨率：相机芯片像元的个数。Camera

resolution:the

number

of

pixels

on

the

camera

chip.工业相机的基本参数Basic

ParametersofIndustrialCamera相关知识Relevantknowledge分辨率Resolution1024,2048,4096,and

8000.帧率Frame

rate*

每秒的帧数(Fps)

或者说帧率表示图形处理器处理图像时每秒钟能够更新的次数。

高的帧率可以得到更流畅、更逼真的动画。Frame

rate

refers

to

the

number

offrames

per

second(fps),or

the

frame

rate

indicates

the

number

of

times

per

second

that

the

graphics

processor

can

update

the

image.Higher

frame

rate

results

in

smoother,morerealistic

animations.工业相机的基本参数Basic

ParametersofIndustrialCamera相关知识Relevantknowledge像素Pixel是图片的基本组成单位，

是芯片相对应像元产生

的图片灰度信息。Itisthe

basic

unit

ofanimageand

isthegrayscaleinformation

ofthe

imagegenerated

bythecorrespondingpixel

ofthechip.像元

Cells是芯片的基本组成单位，

是实现光电信号转换的

基本单元。It

isthe

basiccomponent

of

thechipand

the

basic

unit

for

realizing

photoelectric

signalconversion.相关知识Relevant

knowledge工业相机的基本参

数BasicParameters

of

Industrial

Camera芯片尺寸=分辨率*像元尺寸Chip

size=resolution*cells

size像元和像素

Cellsand

pixel1

2

34

5相关知识Relevant

knowledge确定视野大小，视野大

小应该比检测对象略大

一些

。Determinethefield

of

viewsize,whichshouldbe

slightlylargerthantheobject

beingdetected.根据检测精度确定对应的

像素分辨率。Determinethecorrespondingpixel

resolution

basedontheinspectionaccuracy.根据通信距离等，确定

相

机

的

接口

。Determinethecamera'sinterfacebased

on工业相机的选型方法HowtoSelectIndustrial

Cameras根据检测速度确定

帧

率

。Determine

theframerateaccordingto

theinspectionspeed.确定相机曝光形式。

Determinethecamera

exposure

mode.确

定

相

机

接口类

型

。Determinethecamerainterface

type.确定相机的信号类型。Determinethecamera'scommunication

distance,etc.signaltype.*镜头的基本功能是实现光束变换(调制),在机器视觉系统中，镜头的主要作用是将成像目标在图像

传感器的光敏面上。Thebasicfunctionofthelens

is

to

achieve

beam

transformation(modulation).In

themachine

vision

system,the

main

function

ofthelensisto

placethe

imaging

target

on

the

photosensitive

surface

of

the

image

sensOr.

knowledge识lev关Re相镜头的功能Functionsofthe

Lens镜头的质量直接影响到机器视觉的整体性能，合理地选择和安装镜头，是机器视觉系统设计的重要环节。The

quality

of

the

lens

directly

affects

the

overallperformance

of

machine

vision.Reasonable

selection

and

installation

ofthe

lens

is

an

important

part

of

machine

visionsystemdesign.相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的功能Functionsofthe

Lens*

机器视觉镜头的光学系统一般是由若干组

透镜组成。每组透镜可能是一个单透镜，也

可能是由两片或两片以上单品透镜相互胶

合而成。The

optical

systemof

a

machine

vision

lens

isgenerally

composed

of

several

groups

of

lenses.Eachlens

group

may

be

a

single

lens,or

it

may

be

made

upoftwo

or

more

single

lenses

glued

together.Variableaperture(brightness)对焦环Focus

ring相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头解剖图Lens

anatomy

diagram

可变光圈(亮度)镜头的结构Structureofthe

Lens透镜Lens水平视野Horizontalfield

ofview工作距离Workingdistance等各种像差，提高成像质量。The

imagingofthelens

isbased

on

the

principle

of

convexlensimaging.Through

the

combinationoflenses,thelight

emitted

or

reflected

by

the

object

is

imaged

on

the

imageplane(coincidingwiththe

chip

surface).The

useofacombinationofconcaveandconvex

lenses

caneffectivelybalancevariousaberrationssuchas

spherical

aberration,ofF-axis

aberration,

chromatic

aberration,etc.,and

improve

imaging

quality.镜头的成像是以凸透镜成像的原理为基础，通过透镜的组合，把物体发出或者反射的光线成像在像平面上(与芯片面重合)。运用凹凸透镜组合能有效地平衡球差、轴外像差、色差相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的成像原理The

Imaging

Principleofthe

Lens传感器水平方向Sensorhorizontal焦距Focallength相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的基本参数Basic

Parametersofthe

Lens视场Fieldofview焦距Focal

length视场角Field

angle

工作距离Workingdistance视场&视场角Fieldofview&fieldangle芯片尺寸1/3inch4mm8mm12mm16mmf=25mmf=35mmf=50mmf=75mm*

相同的工作距离下，焦距越短，视场角越大，视野也就越大。Atthesameworkingdistance,theshorterthefocallength,thelargerthe

Field

angle,andthus

thewiderthe

Field

ofview.相同的焦距下，视场角一定，工作距离越远，视野越大。Atthesamefocallengthandgiventhesamefieldangle,the

longertheworking

distance,thewiderthefield

ofview.相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的基本参数Basic

Parametersofthe

Lens工作距离Workingdistance*工作距离：目标和镜头之间的距离。Working

distance:The

distance

between

the

object

and

the

lens.*

实际使用时要注意的是，一个镜头不能对任意物距下的目标都清晰成像，所以镜头的工

作距离是个有限的范围。Itshouldbe

noted

that

in

actual

use,alens

cannot

produce

a

clear

image

ofatargetat

any

object

distance,so

theworkingdistance

ofthe

lens

is

a

limited

range.Sensor传感器Camera摄像机Lens镜头WD工作距离DOF景深FOV

视场Resolution

分辨率相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的基本参数Basic

Parametersofthe

Lens镜头焦距是指镜头光学后主点到焦点

的距离，是镜头的重要性能指标。镜头焦距的长短决定着拍摄的工作距离、

成像大小、视场角大小及景深大小。Thefocallengthofalensreferstothe

distancefrom

the

lens'srearprincipalpoint

to

thefocal

point,and

is

a

keyperformance

indicatorofthe

lens.Thefocal

lengthofthelensdeterminestheshootingworkingdistance,imagesize,Field

angle

and

depth

of

Field.相关知识Relevantknowledge镜头的基本参数Basic

Parametersofthe

Lens焦距

(F)Focal

length(F)视场角Fieldangle相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camera

chip

size

and

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification=chip(corresponding

side)/Fieldofview(correspondingside)No同一工作距离下是否要改分辨率及放大倍率

Resolution

and

magnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthFocal

length

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lensFieldof

view(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)

Chip(correspondingside)是否需要远心镜头?

Is

atelecentric

lens

required?否需要拍摄的视野大小The

size

ofthe

Field

ofview

to

be

captured相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and工作距离

Working

distance焦距变放大倍率?Do

the

magnification

need

to

be镜头的选型方法changed

at

the

same

workingdistance?定焦镜头

Fixed-Focus

lensresolution否No是相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camerachipsizeand

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification

=chip(corresponding

side)/Field

of

view(corresponding

side)No同一工作距离下是否要改

是分辨率及放大倍率

Resolutionandmagnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistance

and

Field

of

view视野(对应边)Fieldofview(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)Chip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens是否需要远心镜头?Isatelecentric

lens

required?否需要拍摄的视野大小Thesizeofthe

Fieldofviewtobe

captured工作距离

Workingdistance焦距Focal

length相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and变放大倍率?Dothe

magnification

needtobe镜头的选型方法定焦镜头

Fixed-Focuslenschangedatthesameworking焦距Focal

lengthresolutiondistance?否No是Yes需要拍摄的视野大小Thesizeofthe

Fieldofviewtobe

captured是是否需要远心镜头?Isatelecentriclens

required?Magnification

=chip(corresponding

side)否No否

同一工作距离下是否要改No变放大倍率?Dothe

magnification

needtobechangedatthesameworkingdistance?工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthChip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camerachipsizeand

resolution放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)/Field

of

view(corresponding

side)分辨率及放大倍率

Resolutionandmagnification远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens镜头的选型方法HowtoSelect

LensesFieldofview(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)工作距离

Workingdistance焦距

Focal

length相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and定焦镜头

Fixed-Focuslensresolution相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camerachipsizeand

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification

=chip(corresponding

side)/Field

of

view(corresponding

side)No同一工作距离下是否要改分辨率及放大倍率

Resolutionandmagnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthChip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens是否需要远心镜头?Isatelecentriclens

required?否Fieldofview(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)需要拍摄的视野大小Thesizeofthe

Fieldofviewtobe

captured工作距离

Workingdistance焦距Focal

length相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and变放大倍率?Dothe

magnification

needtobe镜头的选型方法定焦镜头

Fixed-Focuslenschangedatthesameworkingresolutiondistance?否No是相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camera

chip

size

and

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification=chip(corresponding

side)/Fieldofview(correspondingside)No同一工作距离下是否要改分辨率及放大倍率

Resolution

and

magnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthChip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens是否需要远心镜头?Is

atelecentric

lens

required?否Fieldof

view(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)需要拍摄的视野大小The

size

ofthe

Field

ofview

to

be

captured工作距离

Working

distance焦距Focal

length相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and变放大倍率?Do

the

magnification

need

to

be镜头的选型方法changed

at

the

same

workingdistance?定焦镜头Fixed-Focus

lens否Noresolution是相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camera

chip

size

and

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification=chip(corresponding

side)/Fieldofview(correspondingside)No同一工作距离下是否要改分辨率及放大倍率

Resolution

and

magnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthChip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens是否需要远心镜头?Is

atelecentric

lens

required?否Fieldof

view(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

andresolution需要拍摄的视野大小The

size

ofthe

Field

ofview

to

be

captured工作距离

Working

distance焦距Focal

length变放大倍率?Do

the

magnification

need

to

be镜头的选型方法changed

at

the

same

workingdistance?定焦镜头

Fixed-Focus

lens否No是相机芯片大小及分辨率

Camera

chip

size

and

resolutionHowtoSelect

Lenses放大倍率=芯片(对应边)/视野(对应边)Magnification=chip(corresponding

side)/Fieldofview(correspondingside)No同一工作距离下是否要改分辨率及放大倍率

Resolution

and

magnification工作距离及视场大小Workingdistanceand

Fieldofview视野(对应边)焦距Focal

lengthChip(correspondingside)

knowledge识lev关Re相远心镜头

Telecentric

lens变倍镜头

Zoom

lens是否需要远心镜头?Is

atelecentric

lens

required?否Fieldof

view(correspondingside)芯片(对应边)需要拍摄的视野大小The

size

ofthe

Field

ofview

to

be

captured工作距离

Working

distance焦距Focal

length相机芯片大小及分辨率Camerachipsize

and变放大倍率?Do

the

magnification

need

to

be镜头的选型方法changed

at

the

same

workingdistance?定焦镜头

Fixed-Focus

lens否Noresolution是*

光源

是

只

能

够

产

生

光

辐

射

的辐射源

，一般

分

为天然光源和人造光源。A

lightsource

is

a

radiationsource

thatcan

only

producelightradiation,and

is

generallydividedinto

natural

light

sources

and

artificial

light

sources.人工光源Artificial

light

source热辐射光源Thermal

radiationlight

source气体放电光源Gas

discharge

lightsource固体反光光源Solid

reflective

lightsource激光器Laser白炽灯、卤钨灯Incandescent

lamp,tungsten

halogenlamp荧光灯Fluorescent

lamps发光二极管Light-emittingdiodes气体激光器Gas

lasers金属卤化物灯Metal

halide

lamps场致发光二极管Field-luminescentdiodes固体激光器Solid-state

lasers黑体辐射器Blackbodyradiator氚灯Tritium

lamp空心阴极灯Hollow

cathode

lamp燃料激光器Fuel

laser空心阴极灯Hollowcathode

lamp半导体激光器Semiconductorlasers光源的分类及特点Classification

and

Characteristics

of

Light

Source相关知识Relevantknowledge红外光波长长，穿透性强的特性；紫外光波长短，扩散率高以及激发荧光的特性。

Infraredlighthasthecharacteristicsoflongwavelength

and

strong

penetration;ultraviolet

light

has

thecharacteristicsofshortwavelength,highdiffusionrateandtheabilityto

stimulatefluorescence.例：红外光可过滤产品表面有机涂料

干扰，检测表面划痕。Example:Infraredlightcanfilter

outinterferencefromorganiccoatingsontheproductsurfaceanddetect

surface使用波长的特性Basedonthecharacteristicsofthewavelength相关知识Relevantknowledge光源选型技巧Light

Source

Selection

Tipsscratches.*紫外光波长短，扩散率高以及激发荧光的特性。Ultraviolet

light

has

the

characteristics

of

short

wavelength,high

diffusion

rate

and

the

ability

to

stimulate

fluorescence.例：紫外光扩散率较高，适用于透明

物体表面Mark点定位。Example:Ultraviolet

light

has

ahighdifFusion

rate

and

is

suitablefor使用波长的特性Basedonthecharacteristicsofthewavelength相关知识Relevantknowledge光源选型技巧LightSourceSelectionTipspositioning

mark

points

on

the

surface

oftransparent

objects.*

互

补

色

：色环中对称颜色叠加在黑白相机下呈现深色。Complementarycolors:Symmetricalcolorsinthecolorwheelappeardarkwhensuperimposedonablackandwhitecamera.相关知识Relevantknowledge颜色的叠加SuperpositionofColors光源选型技巧Light

Source

Selection

Tips蓝色

Blue绿色

Green红色

Red红色Red深色

Dark深色

Dark相关知识Relevant

knowledge光源选型技巧LightSourceSelection

Tips颜色的叠加Superposition

of

Colors*邻色：色环中相邻或同种颜色叠加在黑白相机下呈现浅色。Adjacentcolors:Adjacent