《英语国家社会与文化》答案 外研社 Chapter 10-21 Arts and Education-National Economy and Social Life

SuggestedAnswerstoExercises

TheUnitedStates

Chapter10ArtsandEducation

1Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.A2.A3.D4.C5.D6.C7.D8.B

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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3Questionsforshortanswers.

Fromtheearly21stcenturyuntilnow,theBritishfilmindustryhaswitnessedmarketexpansionandtheflourishingofco-productions.DomesticfilmshaveconsistentlygainedgroundintheUKmarket,althoughindependentproductionsfacechallenges.Governmentsupportthroughtaxincentivesandfundinghasbolsteredindustrygrowth.Highproportionsofinternationalawardsunderscoretheindustry’sheightenedinfluence.

JaneEyreisespeciallynotedforitsthemesoflove,self-respect,andindependence,whichchallengedVictoriangendernorms.

Modernistliteratureemphasisedsubjectiveexperience,rejectingconventionalnarrativestructures.

Inordertoaddressthisgap,the1997—2010Labourgovernmentestablishedacademyschoolstoreplacepoorly-performingcommunityschoolsinareasofhighsocialandeconomicdeprivation,andfurtherenhancedtheroleofacademiesbyintroducingtheAcademiesAct2010whichprovidedforrapidexpansioninthenumberofacademies.Thegovernmentintroducedfreeschoolsin2011,setupbyparents,teachers,charitiesorbusinesses,wherethereisaperceivedlocalneedformoreschools.Theyarefundedbytaxpayers,academicallynon-selectiveandfreetoattend.

Therehasremainedadebateoverselectivegrammarschools.Manythinkthatselectionallowschildrentoreceivetheformofeducationbestsuitedfortheirabilities,while“one-size-fits-all”comprehensivesfaileverybodyequally.Conversely,manyothersthinkthattheselectionofchildrenat11dividestheminto“successes”and“failures”atanearlystage,andisthereforewrong.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

Proms:

ItistheabbreviationforPromenadeConcerts,theworld’slargestclassicalmusicfestival,heldattheRoyalAlbertHallfrommid-Julytomid-September.

WestEnd:

London’sWestEndishometonumeroustheatres,wheretheworksofcontemporaryplaywrightsandmusicaltheatrecomposers,suchasAndrewLloydWebber,continuetothrive.

EnglishRomanticism:

EnglishRomanticismbeganwiththe1798publicationofLyricalBalladsbyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,duringatimeofpoliticalupheavalinFranceandsignificantsocialchangeinBritain.Hisworksoughttoreconcilehumanitywithnature,acentralthemeintheRomanticmovement.TheRomanticperiod,spanningthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,wasatimeofflourishingpoetry,emphasisingemotionalexpression,individualism,andaprofoundconnectionwithnature.RomanticwritersreactedagainsttheIndustrialRevolution,celebratingimaginationandthesublime.

Brontësisters:

TheyareCharlotteBrontë,EmilyBrontë,andAnneBrontë,threenovelistsinthe19thcentury.TheBrontësistersleftalastingmark,withCharlotte’sJaneEyreandEmily’sWutheringHeightsbecomingcriticalandcommercialsuccesses.JaneEyreisespeciallynotedforitsthemesoflove,self-respect,andindependence,whichchallengedVictoriangendernorms.

grammarschool：

Itisoneofthetwotypesofsecondaryeducation.Grammarschoolsemphasizeacademicsforhighereducation-boundstudents.

RedBrickuniversity:

ItisoneofthecategoriesofUKuniversities.RedBrickuniversitieswerefoundedinthe19thcenturyandearly20thcentury.Theterm“RedBrick”impliesnewnessasopposedtotheancient.“RedBrick”isanamegivenoriginallytothesixcivicBritishuniversitiesthatwerefoundedintheindustrialcitiesofEnglandintheVictorianeraandlaterachieveduniversitystatus.Newprovincialuniversitieswereestablishedintheearlypartofthe20thcentury.UniversitiesinManchester,Sheffield,andBristolwereamongthefirstandthesesetupadifferentpatternofuniversitylife.Mostoftheteachingandlecturingtakesplaceinthemainbuildingsoftheuniversityandthestudentsliveinhostels(knownasHallsofResidence)orlodgesinthetown.

Canada

Chapter11ANationfromSeatoSea

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

FFFTFTFTTT

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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3Questionsforshortanswers.

TheyarethePacifictothewest,theArctictothenorth,andtheAtlantictotheeast.

Itisfamousforalargenumberofexhibitsofartandartefactsfromculturesaroundtheworld,withanemphasisontheworkoftheFirstNationspeopleinBritishColumbia.Thecollectionoftotempolesandwoodcarvingshereisprobablythebestofitskindintheworld.

TheyareNewBrunswick,PrinceEdwardIsland,andNovaScotia,andalsoNewfoundlandandLabrador.

ItistheSevenYears’War.

TheyareNovaScotia,NewBrunswickandtheCanadas(theUpperandLowerCanada,nowtheprovincesofOntarioandQuebec).

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

BritishColumbia:

ItbelongstothePacificRegion.BritishColumbia(BCforshort)isoneofthemoreurbanizedprovincesinCanada,withaboutthree-quartersofitsresidentslivingincities.Itisalsooneofthemostraciallydiverse.Apartfromthegorgeoussceneryandtheraciallydiversepopulation,BritishColumbiaisalsorichinnaturalresources.ItscitycapitalisVictoria,whichisonVancouverIsland.

CentralCanada:

ItconsistsofOntarioandQuebec.Geographicallyspeaking,thetwoprovincesarenottherealcenterofthecountry.Theyarecalled“CentralCanada”mainlybecause,historically,theyhavebeenthepoliticalandeconomiccentreofthecountry.Thisregionisalsothemostdensely-populatedandmostindustrializedareaofCanada,particularlyinthesoutharoundtheGreatLakesandSt.LawrenceRiver.

DominionofCanada:

ItisaspecialformofgovernmentunderthecolonialsystemoftheBritishEmpire,representingthefinalstepforacolonytowardindependence.Inadditiontointernalself-government,adominionalsoenjoysacertaindegreeofautonomyindiplomacy,defense,andinternationaltrade.OnJuly1,1867,theBritishNorthAmericaActcameintoeffect,markingtheofficialestablishmentoftheDominionofCanada.

transcontinentalrailway:

ToattractthecolonyofBritishColumbiatojointheunion,theCanadiangovernmentpromisedgenerouslythatatranscontinentalrailwaywouldbestartedin1872andfinishedin1881.WiththeirneedtobeconnectedwitheasternCanadasatisfied,BritishColumbiabecameaprovinceofCanadain1871.Thus,CanadatrulyextendedfromtheAtlantictothePacific.Theactualconstructionoftherailroaddidn’tstartuntil1878,andwasfinishedwithinfiveyears,withthelastspikeofthePacificrailwaydriveninonNovember7,1885.DuringtheconstructionofsectionsthroughthemountainsofBritishColumbia,thousandsofChineseworkerswerebroughtin,andmanyofthemdiedworkingontherailway.TheyplayedanextremelyimportantroleinthispartofCanadianhistory.ThecompletionoftherailwaywasaveryimportanteventinCanadianhistory.Iteventuallybroughtalmostamillionsettlers,includingthosefromBritain,theUnitedStatesandEurope,towesternCanada.ItalsoencouragedtradebetweeneastandwestCanada,insteadoftradeonlywiththeUnitedStates.

Chapter12PoliticsandNationalEconomy

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

TFTFFFFFTF

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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3Questionsforshortanswers.

Thereare338seatsintheHouseofCommons,whicharedistributedamongtheprovincesandterritoriesinaccordancewiththepopulation.Thatis,accordingtothepopulation,Canadaisdividedinto338ridings(orconstituencies),andthecandidatewhowinsthemajorityvotesinone’sridingtakestheseatintheHouseofCommonstorepresentvoterswithinone’sriding.

Aftercarefulconsiderationanddebate,billspassedbytheHouseofCommonsbecomelawwhentheyareapprovedbytheSenateandsignedbytheGovernorGeneral.

Canadahasthreelevelsofgovernment:national(federal),provincialorterritorial,andlocal(municipal).

Ifthatpartydoesnotwinmorethanhalfoftheridings(i.e.,169seatsintheHouseofCommons),thenitwillhaveaminoritygovernment.AminoritygovernmenthastoworkcautiouslywiththeHouseofCommonssinceitdoesnothavemajorityseatsinthelatter.Ifitdoesnotadjustsomeofitspolicies,itslegislationwon’tgetpassedintheHouseofCommonsandinseriouscases,itcanfaceavoteofnoconfidencefromtheHouseofCommons.

TheyaretheLiberalParty,theConservativeParty,theNewDemocraticParty(NDP),andtheBlocQuebecois(BQ).

Itenabledconvenienttransportationofagriculturalproduceaswellasindustrialproductsfromcoasttocoast.

TheinfluxofnewsettlerswasfurtherencouragedbytheKlondikegoldrushof1897.Againstthebackgroundofalongdepressionwhichlastedfrom1873to1896,goldnuggetswerefoundinKlondikeCreek,atributaryoftheYukonin1896.Arushimmediatelybeganin1897asminersandadventurerspouredin.SettlersfromtheUnitedStatesandEuroperushedtotheCanadianwestbythehundredsandthousands.

TheAutoPact,formallyknownastheCanada-USAutomotiveProductsAgreement,eliminatedtradetariffsonautoproductsbetweenthetwocountriesandpavedthewayforbroaderfreetradebilaterally.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

Opposition:

WithintheHouseofCommonstherearetwomaindivisions:GovernmentandOpposition.AllmembersofParliamentwhoarenotamemberoftheGovernmentpartyarepartoftheOpposition.TheOppositioncannotpreventtheGovernmentfromdoingwhatitwantstodo,butitcancriticizetheGovernmentandofferconstructivealternatives.Inthisway,ParliamentplaysanessentialroleinkeepingtheGovernment

sensitivetotheconcernsofthevoters.

voteofnoconfidence:

Itisaparliamentaryvoteconductedinparliamentarysystemstoexpressalackofconfidenceinthegovernment(cabinet).ThistypeofvoteoriginatedintheBritishParliamentandhassincebeenadoptedbymanycountrieswithsimilarpoliticalsystems.

Hudson’sBayCompany:

In1670,Hudson’sBayCompanywasfounded.TheEnglishKinggaveachartertothecompany,grantingalltradingrightsintheterritorythathasriversflowingintotheHudsonBay.Businesswasveryprofitableduringthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.AndaftertheSevenYears’WarbetweenFranceandEngland,BritaintookcontrolofNewFranceandthefurtradein1763.

USMCA:

ItistheabbreviationforUnitedStates-Mexico-CanadaAgreementwhichreplacedNAFTA.

Chapter13SocialLifeandCulture

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

FTFFTFTFTF

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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3Questionsforshortanswers.

IthappenedafterWorldWarII.

In1885,theCanadianfederalgovernmentpassedtheChineseImmigrationAct,puttingaHeadTaxof$50onChineseimmigrants,withthehopeofdiscouragingthemfromenteringCanada.

In1947,thelawwasrevoked.

ItguaranteedtheFrenchtherighttousetheirlanguageandtopracticetheircultureandCatholicreligion.

InPrimeMinisterPierreElliottTrudeau’sadministration,theOfficialLanguagesActwaspassedin1969.

Post-secondaryeducationinCanadaisprovidedinfourkindsofinstitutions:universities,colleges,communitycolleges,andtechnicalschools.

ItsauthorisAliceMunro.

IcehockeyoriginatedinCanadaandhasattractedCanadiansoldandyoung.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

QuietRevolution:

In1960,thenewLiberalprovincialgovernmentunderPremierJeanLesagestartedwidespreadreformsinQuebec.TheeducationalsystemwasseparatedfromtheCatholicChurchandunderwentreform.NewsociallegislationsandlawstoprotecttheFrenchlanguageandculturewerepassed.ThegovernmentalsostartedtotakebackownershipofQuebecbusinessesfromtheEnglish.Thepopularsloganatthattimewas“Maîtrecheznous!”—mastersinourownhouse.

multiculturalismwithinabilingualframework:

In1971,whenPrimeMinisterTrudeauannouncedthispolicy,hepromisedthatthegovernmentofCanadawouldfirst,offerhelptothoseminoritygroupswillingtomakecontributionstoCanadiansociety;second,assistmembersofdifferentculturalgroupstoovercomeculturalbarrierstoparticipatefullyandequallyinCanadiansociety;third,promoteculturalexchangesbetweendifferentethnicgroups;andfourth,provideaidstonewimmigrantstohelpthemlearnoneofthetwoofficiallanguages.

ThispolicynotonlyrecognizedthemulticulturalrealityofCanadiansociety,butalso

encouragedallethnicgroups,whilepreservingtheirculturalidentityanddiversity,to

participatefullyinCanadiansociety.

Frenchimmersionprogramme:

ItisonespecialfeatureoftheCanadianeducationalsystem.Asaformofbilingualeducation,theseprogrammesareofferedtostudentswhosefirstlanguageisnotFrench.StudentswhoareenrolledinFrenchimmersionprogrammesusuallylearntospeakFrenchandstudysubjectssuchasscience,history,andgeographyinFrench.InallprovincesinCanada,Frenchimmersionprogrammesareoffered,buttheenrollmentdiffers.ManyCanadianssupportthisprogrammebecauseitpromotesbilingualism.Butthereareincreasingcriticismsofthisprogrammewhicharguethatitfacilitateselitismratherthanpromotingequalityineducationorbilingualism.

MargaretAtwood:

Asanovelist,poetandliterarycritic,MargaretAtwoodisoneofthebestcontemporaryCanadianwriterswhohavebecomerecognizedaroundtheworld.SheisaproductiveandgiftedwriterwhowontheGillerPrizein1996forhernovelAliasGrace,astoryofagrippingmurdercase,andtheBookerPrizein2000forhernovelTheBlindAssassin,anovelofafamilysaga,ofsiblingrivalry,socialunrest,andpromisesandbetrayals.In1972AtwoodpublishedSurvival:AThematicGuidetoCanadianLiterature.Thiscontroversialandthought-provokingbookemphasizedtheenvironmentalinterpretationofCanadianliteratureandproposed“survival”asthecentralthemeofCanadiancultureandliterature.In2019,hernovelTheTestaments,asequeltoTheHandmaid’sTale,madeheraco-winneroftheBookerPrize.

Australia

Chapter14TheCountryDownUnder

1Writedownthefullnameofeachstateandterritoryandtheircapitalcities.

Abbreviation

FullName

CapitalCity

ACT

AustralianCapitalTerritory

Canberra

NSW

NewSouthWales

Sydney

NT

NorthernTerritory

Darwin

QLD

Queensland

Brisbane

SA

SouthAustralia

Adelaide

VIC

Victoria

Melbourne

WA

WesternAustralia

Perth

TAS

Tasmania

Hobart

2Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

TFTFTTFFTT

3WhichofthefollowingareWorldHeritageSitesinAustralia?Tickbefore

thenumber.

√2456

MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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Chapter15Nation-BuildingfromaConvictSettlement

1MatchthefollowingeventsinColumnAwiththeyearsinColumnB.

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2Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

TFTTFFTFFF

3Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestion.

1D2C3B4C5A6A7A8D9C10B

4Questionsforshortanswers.

TheImmigrationRestrictionAct1901officiallylegitimisedtheWhiteAustraliaPolicy.

FollowingTasman,otherDutchexplorersalsosailedalongthewesterncoastofAustraliainthe17thcentury,andnamedthecontinentNovaHollandia(NewHolland),whichbecamethenameofthegreatsouthernlanduntilthe1820s.

UndertheassimilationpolicyoftheAustraliangovernment,theywerecalledNewAustralians,whichimpliedthattheywereexpectedtosoonforgettheirownlanguage,cultureandhistoryandbecomecompletelyAustralian.

WhentheAustralianPrimeMinister,JosephCook,toldthenationonAugust5,1914,thatBritainwasatwarwithGermany,therewasbipartisansupporttosendingtroopstofightforthemothercountry.AndrewFisher,theLaborLeaderoftheday,promisedthatAustraliawouldhelpdefendthemothercountry“toourlastmanandourlastshilling.”WhenBritainwasatwar,Australiawasalsoatwaronthesideofthemothercountry.ThegeneralpublicofAustraliawasalsoenthusiasticaboutgoingtothewar,thoughnotsomuchtodefendthemothercountry.Theywanted“toseetheworldandcomebackaman”.

Duringthe1970s,Australiatookinabout90,000Vietnameseboatpeople—thelargestintakeofnon-Europeanmigrantstothecontinent.

ThedismissaliscalledaConstitutionalCrisisbecauseitrevealedthefundamentalcontradictionbetweentheWestminsterSystemandthefederalismmodelledontheUnitedStatessystem.TheWestminsterSystemgivesdominantimportancetotheLowerHouse,underwhichthepoliticalpartywithamajorityintheLowerHouseformsthegovernment.IntheUS-stylefederalism,theSenateholdsalmostequalpowerstothoseoftheHouseofRepresentatives.Whenheldbydifferentpoliticalparties,thetwohousescometoadeadlockastheydidinAustraliain1975.ThedismissalalsodemonstratedthatunwrittenconventionsoftheAustralianConstitution,whichareafeatureoftheBritishConstitution,couldoperateflexiblyduringacrisis.Differentinterpretationsoftheunwrittenconventionsledtothecrisis,andtotheunderminingofthedemocraticsystem.

Chapter16CelebratingaMulticulturalAustralia

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

TFTFFTTT

2Filltheblankboxeswiththeappropriateinformation.

ThePioneer

painting

HenryLawson

FruitBats

SomethingMore/NightCries

poetry

ThomasKeneally

novel

PeterCarey

novel

ThomasKeneally

film

3Questionsforshortanswers.

WhentheBritishsettlerscametoAustraliain1788,theydidnotfindanyformofagriculturalproductioninAustralia.Withracialsuperiority,theydeclaredthelandterranullius,whichmeans“noman’sland”or“emptyland,”thoughitstruemeaningwasthatthelandwasnotclaimedbyanyEuropeanpowersatthattimeanditwasnotoccupiedbyanyoftheso-calledcivilisedsocieties.

Therefore,amulticulturalAustraliashouldupholdculturalpluralism.Membersofallethnicgroupsshouldhaveequalaccesstothesocialandeconomicresourcesofsociety,andmoreimportantly,equalaccesstosocialjustice.Theyshouldbeallowedtokeeptheirownculturalidentitiesandsharetheirculturalheritagewithothermembersinsociety.

Thistragicreductioncanbeattributedtomultiplefactors:armedconflictswithwhitesettlers,theindigenouspeople’slackofimmunitytothediseasesintroducedbythesettlers,variousassociatedhealthissues,andtheimplementationofdiscriminatoryandracistpoliciesbythecolonialgovernments.

In1967,thefederalgovernmentofAustraliaheldareferendumontwoproposedchangestotheConstitution:onewastogivethefederalgovernmentpowertomakelawsspecificallytobenefittheindigenouspeople;theotherwastodeletethesectionintheConstitutionthatsaidthatindigenouspeopleshouldnotbecountedinthecensus.

TheCourtdecisionwasasignificantjudgementinAustralianhistorybecauseitrecognisedthattheindigenouspeoplehadasystemoflawthatexistedbeforethearrivalofthewhitesettlers.Itrejectedtheideaofterranullius,thefoundationofthewhitesettlementinAustraliaandaprincipleinAustralianlaw.ThoughitdidnotrulethatEddieMabohadtheownershipofMurrayIsland,itmadeitpossiblefortheindigenouspeopletoclaimtitlefortheirland.

HeidelbergSchoolgotthenamefromaruralareanearMelbournewhereagroupofartistsgottogetherandpainted.TheartistsoftheHeidelbergSchoolwereinfluencedbytheinternationalimpressionistmovementintheirpaintingstyle,butintermsofcontent,theirpaintingsshowedtheirkeeninterestintheAustralianlandscapeandAustralianlife.UnliketheearlierpaintingswhichtendedtopainttheAustralianlandscapelikeEuropeanscenesbysofteningtheharshsunlightinAustraliaandfailedtoforegroundthedistinctiveAustralianplantsandanimals,paintingsoftheHeidelbergSchoolpaintedtheAustralianlandandtheplantsandanimalsastheywereseenandexperiencedbyAustralians.TheirworkswerealsoanimportantsupplementtoAustralia’shistoricalrecord.

PaintedbyFrederickMcCubbinin1904,itisaclassicmasterpieceinthehistoryofAustralianart.Theworkconsistsofthreepanels,depictingthelifeofapioneerwhilealsosymbolizingthebirthofanationanditspeople.

DonaldBradman,nicknamed“TheDon,”wasbestknownforbeingacricketlegendinAustralia.HewasoneofAustralia’smostpopularsportsheroesandhewonrespectnotonlyfromAustraliansbutalsofromothercricketingnations.

Ireland

Chapter17Land,HistoryandPeople

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

TTFFTFFTFT

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

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3Questionsforshortanswers.

Geographically,IrelandisasmallislandcountryoffthewestcoastofGreatBritain.Covering71,118sqkm,itisabouttwicethesizeofChina’sHainanIsland.IrelandissituatedintheextremenorthwestofEurope.

Theambiguityimplicitintheuseoftheword“Ireland”hasoftenproveduseful,particularlyforpoliticiansanddiplomats.Theymayoftenrefertothewholeislandas“Ireland”iftheywishtorepresentitasbeingcomparativelyunifiedandlargerthanindicatedbyitsstrictlynationalboundaries.

TheyclimbPatrick’sMountainonthelastSundayofJuly.

ItsauthorisJonathanSwift.

HewantedtoteachthenatureoftheTrinitywithshamrockbecauseitisakindof

cloverthathasonestemwiththreedistinctleaves.

ItisIrish.

Anglo-IrishrefertotheProtestantsettlerswhoreplacedtheIrishCatholiclandownersandweretobecometherulingclassoffutureBritishadministrationsinIreland.

ThemajorlegaciesoftheCeltsinIrelandincludethetribeandtheIrishlanguage.Alongwiththeirdistinctivesocialorganisation,theCeltsalsobroughtadistinctivelegalsystem,knownasBrehonlaw.UnderBrehonlaw,theprimalunitwasthefine,orthefamilyunit.Itwasthetribeorclanthatwasheldresponsiblefortheconductofthewholegroup;individualshadnorightsapartfromtheirfine.InIrelandtoday,theemphasisontheimportanceofthefamilygroup(orclan)overseveralgenerationsmayderivefromthisancientarrangement.OfallthelegaciesoftheCelts,however,itistheirlanguage(knownas“Irish”orGaeilge)thathasprovedthemostlasting.Today,governmentpolicyrulesthatIrishisthefirstofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofIreland(thesecondisEnglish).IrishisnowalsoanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnion.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

BelfastAgreement:

TheagreementwassignedonApril10,1998,inBelfast,thecapitalofNorthernIreland,bythegovernmentsoftheUnitedKingdomandIreland,withthesupportofthemajorityofNorthernIreland'spoliticalparties.ItwasratifiedthroughreferendumsheldseparatelyinNorthernIrelandandtheRepublicofIrelandonMay23,1998,andcameintoeffectonDecember2,1999.ItisconsideredasignificantmilestoneintheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocess.

Newgrange:

ItisaprehistoricburialmoundinCountyMeath,originallybuiltbetweenc.3100and2900BC.Aspartofacomplexofburialmounds,Newgrangeclearlyhadalargerfunctionthanmerelyburyingthedead.Itactuallyworksasaveryaccuratecalendar:Ontheoutside,surroundingthetomb,arehugestoneswhichdisplaythelargestknowngalleryofNeolithicartintheworld.Themysteriouspatternsofspiralsanddiamond-shapedfigurescarvedintothestonesarerelatetocalendarpredictions(perhapsthephasesofthemoon).

GreatFamine:

Itisafaminefrom1845to1849inwhichaboutafourthofthepopulationofIrelandeitherdiedoremigrated:acatastropheforwhichtheIrishlargelyblametheBritish.

Plantations:

Ulster,inthenorthofIreland,settlerswerebroughtinlargelyfromnearbyScotland.Indoingso,Englandwasfollowingoneofitsoldestcolonizingtactics:usingthesubjectsofoneconqueredterritorytosubdueanother.InthesouthofIreland,thenewsettlersweremostlyEnglishProtestants,sentascoloniststotheprovinceofMunsterandthecountiesofLaoisandOffaly.Thispolicywasnotsimplyamatterofreplacingonelandownerwithanother;itwasaboutchangingthewholewayoflifeofthosealreadyinIreland.Withthisdevelopment,religionitselfbecameapoliticaltool;anditsmergingofpolitical,nationalandreligiousidentityisonedistinguishinghallmarkofreligioustraditioninIreland.

PenalLaws:

ThesuperiorstatusofProtestantswasmaintainedbyaseriesofoppressivepenallawsdesignedtomakeitvirtuallyimpossibleforCatholicstoholdanypositionsofpower.ThePenalLawswerebrutallyunjust,andclearlydesignedtokeeptheProtestantlandownersinpower—aswellastopreventtheGaelicisationofsomanyoftheirpredecessors.Today,thePenalLawsarestillrememberedasoneofthemostoppressivemeasurestakenbytheEnglishgovernmentagainsttheIrishpeople.

Chapter18TheMakingofModernIreland

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

FTTFFTFFTTFT

2MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

1c2d3b4e5f6a

3Questionsforshortanswers.

Insport,therevivalofhurlingwasonestepinthatdirection.Anotherwasto“Gaelicise”Britishgamessuchasfootball,bygivingthemdistinctive“Irish”rules.ThethirdstepwasthentoexcludetheplayingofBritishgamessuchassoccerorrugbyandtobananyofitsplayersfromparticipatinginsuchgames.ThisGAA“ban”hasinfactexistedinIrishsportuntilveryrecently.

TodayinIreland,therearethreemainparties:theLabourParty,formedoutofthesocialiststrugglesbeforeandduringWorldWarI,FiannaFáil,andFineGael.

ThewritersincludeW.B.YeatsandJohnMillingtonSynge.

ThecombinationoflargeEUgrants,expandedhighereducation,andagrowingnumberofwomen—and,later,ofmigrantworkers—intheworkforceon,andagrowingnumberofwomen—and,later,ofmigrantworkers—intheworkforceledtoaperiodinthe1990sas“theCelticTiger.”

In1908,theseweretheconstituentcollegesofthenewNationalUniversityofIreland:theoldCatholicUniversity(nowrenamedUniversityC