2025年全球光伏报告：光伏性能现状分析（英文版）-

GlobalSolarReport:2025EditionTheStateof

PVPerformance©

2025RaptorMaps

.Allrights

reserved

.1IntroductionExecutiveSummaryChapter

1:ScalingPower,SharpeningPerformanceChapter2:Anatomy

of

Power

LossChapter3:Benchmarking

DC

HealthConclusionAboutRaptor

MapsContents©

2025RaptorMaps

.Allrights

reserved

.2RaptorMapsstudies

theperformanceandriskprofilesofsolarassets

around

the

world

in

order

to

distill

industry

trends

and

to

highlight

opportunities

for

the

rapidly

growing

solar

industry.ThisreportisasummaryofRaptorMaps’research.The2025Global

Solar

Report

draws

upon

193GWdc

of

utility-scaleandcommercialandindustrial(C&I)solarPVanalysis,with

67GWdc

of

analysis

in2024alone.Inthisreport,youwillfind:·

Assetperformancemetricsover

thelast5yearsandfindings

onmacro-trendsdrivingunderperformance·Commonproblemsfoundandtheirimpactonpower

production·Trendsinsiteworkautomationandresourcedeployment

·

Awiderangeofperformancebenchmarksby:

Typeofpaneltechnologyutilized

Capacityofinstallation

U.S.electricpowermarketsandU.S.statesNoteonUnderperformanceData:Weassignunderperformance(power

loss)by

each

granular

issueobservedtocalculate

power

loss.

This

reportcorrectsfor

sitesinspected

multipletimesinasingle

calendar

year

(an

increasing

trend)

and

significant

outliers.Introduction3ExecutiveSummaryIn2024,thesolarindustrydemonstratedremarkablegrowthandresilience,surpassing2terawatts(TW)in

global

capacity

just

two

years

after

broaching

1terawatt

[1].Thephotovoltaic(PV)markethascementeditspositionasarobustandcompetitivealternativetotraditionalenergygeneration,withtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)projectingsolartoaccountfor80%ofrenewablesgrowthby2030withstronginstallationfromsomeoftheworld’slargesteconomies:[2][3]·Chinaisexpectedtoaccountfor60%ofglobalcapacityexpansion.·TheEuropeanUnionisforecastedto2xtheirinstalledcapacityby2030.·Indiaisexpectedtoemergeasthefourth-largestmarket,growing3.5xincapacity.·TheUnitedStatesinstalled40.5GWin2024,bringingthetotalto219GW.Thesectorhassolidifieditsroleasaneconomicdriver,with$60billioninprivateinvestmentand280,000

jobsnationwide.However,expansivegrowthinthesolarindustryisnotwithoutitschallenges,especiallyasamaturingfleetrevealsnewandat

timesunexpectedriskcategories:·Equipment-drivenunderperformancehastripledoverthelast5years,highlightingacontinuedneedforefficientlydeployingresourcesforreportingissuesandcorrectivemaintenance.·Increasingriskprofiles,emphasizedbysolar’sexposuretoclimatechange-drivenrisks,suchasstorms,floodsandfires.Industrymodelscontinue

tounderestimate

theeffectsofweather-relatedeventsby300+%[4].Assetownershaveturnedtocreativemethods

tomanagerisk,suchaspreventativeinvestmentindesignandmaintenancetoreducecosts.·Ongoinglaborconstraints,especiallyasoperatorscontendwithbothincreasingfleetsizesandaverageinstalledcapacity.In

theU.S.specifically,“nearly70%of

the

truecostofsolarO&Mcomesfromlabor-basedinflationarycosts”[5].[1][2]“Solar

PV

power

capacity

in

the

Net

Zero

Scenario,2015-2030.”IEA,www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/solar-pv-power-capacity-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2015-2030.[3]“Solar

Market

Insight

Report

Q42024.”SEIA/Wood

Mackenzie,10Jan.2025,seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-q4-2024.[4]“SolarRiskAssessment.”kwHAnalytics,2024,/solar-risk-assessment.i[5n

i“Tghhtes

Cost

of

Solar

O&M

Is

Increasing.”

Origis

/

Wood

Mackenzie,

2022.

/insights/the-true-cost-of-solar-om-is-increasing-

Raptor

Maps

Global

Solar

Report

:

2025

Edition/TruePoliticalheadwinds,suchasPresidentTrump’stariffsandtheU.S.leavingtheParisClimateAccords,couldimpactthegrowthofU.S.solarasinfrastructureinvestorsmight

gravitate

towardslenientpoliciesfordomesticnaturalgas.ThemomentumofsolargrowthremainsuncertainintheU.S.,evenasDecemberprojectionsstillshowed43GWdc

addedannuallyoverthenextfiveyears[6].Thesethreeindustry-widetrends-rapidgrowth,changingenergypolicylandscape,andincreasingfinancialpressure-underscorethe

importanceofensuringthatalreadyinstalledassetsperformasmodeledtocontinuedeliveringreliable,low-costcleanenergy.Tothatend,RaptorMapshasuncovered4maintrendsinthisyear’sReport:·Whilethegrowthinaverageunderperformanceyear-over-yearhassloweddown,there

isstillsignificantopportunityforownerstoclosethegapbetweenmodeledandactualperformance.In2024,theaveragesolarfarminourdatasetlostupto$5,720/MWdcperyearfromunresolvedequipmentissues.Extrapolatedtothewhole

industry,thatindicatesanannualizedpotentialrevenuelossof$10.0billion[7]from

solarunderperformance.·Ownersandoperatorsareboth

increasinglyadoptingAIandautomationtoreduce

truckrolls,deployingrobotics(suchasremotelyoperateddrones)toinvestigatespecializedusecases.Amongtheseinspections,erosionandcrackinginspections

havebecomemostpopular,comprising23%and18%ofnon-aerialthermography

inspections,respectively.·Highpriorityissuesaccountedfor42%oftotalidentifiedissues,butwereresponsiblefor90%of

observed

revenue

loss.·Over

thepast5years,underperformancehasincreasedacrosssitesofallsizes,butin

2024,weobservedthewidestrangeinperformanceacrossC&Iassets.[6]

“Solar

Market

Insight

Report

Q42024.”SEIA/Wood

Mackenzie,10Jan.2025,

seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-q4-2024.[7]Excludesresidentialcapacityandusesglobal

totalaccording

toIEA.Raptor

Maps

Global

Solar

Report

:

2025

Edition

5Aboutthe

dataTheRaptorMapsplatformidentifiesandcategorizesissuesonsolarassets

thatcancausesafety,compliance,orperformanceissues.Ournormalizedandaggregateddatasetof193GWcontainsdataonissuesrangingfromdamagederosionBMPstomodulecracking

to

thermographicanomalies

thatindicatepowerloss.Thisallowsus

to

analyze

theperformanceandconditionsacrosssolarassetsandidentifyindustry-wide

trends.MostofthisreportwillfocusonDChealth,modulecracking,andequipment-driven

underperformance–apotential$10Bproblemfortheglobalsolarindustry.In2024alone,theRaptorMapsplatformanalyzeddatafrom67GWofPVsystems,ofwhich52GWwereforDChealthanalysis.Notably,lostcapacityfromequipmentanomalieshastripled(3.1x)overthelastfiveyears,underscoringthegrowingchallenge

forsolarownersandoperators.ThefollowingsectionhighlightskeytrendsinDChealth

performance,usingdata

tovalidatepatterns

thatmanyin

theindustryhavealreadysensed.Powerlossiscalculatedbyapplyingalossfactor

toeachimpactedmodulebasedon

the

severityof

thedetectedissue.Thisyear’sreportappliesarefinedmethodology

toaccountforassetswithmultipleinspectionswithin

thesameyear,whichisarising

trend

thatRaptorMapshasobserved.200.0150.0100.050.00.021

.3GW

-Non-AerialThermographyDataset172

.0GW

-AerialThermographyDataset2019

20202021

202220232024Raptor

Maps

Global

Solar

Report

:

2025

Edition

6RaptorMaps

DatasetCumulativeGW

over

timeChapter

1SCALINGCAPACITY,SHARPENING

PERFORMANCEIn2024,

theaveragesolarassetexperiencedapotential

revenue

loss

of

$5,720per

MWdc,

peryearfromequipment-drivenunderperformance.Thatrepresentsincreasesof15%from2023and

214%over

the

past5years.7$6000$5000$4000$3000$2000$1000$0AverageSystem

Revenue

Loss

Potential,Annualized$

per

MWdc$5

,720$9772020

2021

2022

2023

2024In2024,powerlossfromDChealthandotherequipmentissues(“powerloss”)continuedits

steadyclimb,withsolarsitesexperiencing5.77%underperformance,upfrom5.00%in2023

[1].Theconsistentincreaseinpowerlossisexpectedasownersandoperatorsnavigatethe

complexitiesofmanagingincreasinglylargerutility-scalesolarsitesandportfolios.[

1

]PowerlosscalculationsassumeDCpowercapacityforannualfigures

.Withtheindustryadjustingtorisingdemand,itiscriticalforownerstotakeproactivestepsin

recoveringlostrevenue—theaverageassetexperiencedannual

izedlossesof$5,720/MWdcin

2024,upfrom$4,617MWdcin2023.Forcontext,a100MWsiteexperiencing5.77%underperformancefromyeartwoofoperationsuntildecommissioningwouldseeitsproject

IRRdropby249basispoints(Modelsource:

NREL,RaptorMapsanalysis)AverageSystem

Power

Loss%ofTotalCapacity5

.77%UnderperformanceContinuestoRise6.00%5.00%4

.00%3

.00%2

.00%1.00%0.00%Raptor

Maps

Global

Solar

Report

:

2025

Edition

82020

2021

2022202320241

.84%Industry

TrendsUnderpinning

RisingUnderperformanceRaptorMaps’datasetprovidesanindicatorintotheoverallDChealthofalreadyinstalled

solarcapacity,providingfurthercontextintothefollowingtrendsinlaborandmanufacturing.First,intheUnitedStates,thegrowthofoperationallaborisfailingtokeeppacewith

therapidexpansionofsolarcapacity.AccordingtotheUSIRECJobsCensusandSEIA/WoodMackenzie,solarcapacityhasgrownby182%over

thepastfiveyears(2019-2023),whileoperationallaborhasincreasedbyonly91%duringthesameperiod

[1][2].With

27%of

operations&maintenance

hiring

due

to

churn,the

costs

of

hiring,

onboarding,andretentionexertadditionalpressuresonbudgetsandtime[3].Second,majorstridesinmanufacturinghavebeenmadeoverthepastdecade,astrackedbythePVELScorecard[4].Infact,morethan20newmanufacturerswererated

TopPerformerswithinthescorecard.However,PVELhasa

lsoobservedacontinuedrise

in

BOM-level

failures

with41%of

BOMs

experiencing

at

least

one

failure

-

up

from32%in2023.Asthesolarindustrycontinuestomatureandscale,efficientlymonitoring

andmanagingpotentialequipmentfailureswillbecritical.Finally,both

themagnitudeandfrequencyofnaturalcatastropheeventscontinue

togrow.In

the2010s,there

were

13.1NOAA

billion-dollar

weather

events

per

year.Theannual

count

more

than

doubled

in2024with27billion-dollar

weather

events

[5].

Fromhailstorms

thatcausecracking

tolightningstorms

thatcanstrikeequipment,owners

andoperatorscontinuetoprioritizetimelyextremeweatherresponse,increasinglyrelyingontechnologyandinnovativeoperatingprocedurestomitigaterisk.[1][3]“NationalSolarJobsCensus”IREC,2024,/census-solar-job-trends/.[2]“SolarMarketInsightReportQ42024.”SEIA/WoodMackenzie,10Jan.2025,/research-resources/solar-market-

insight-report-q4-2024.[4]“The2024PVModuleReliabilityScorecard”KiwaPVEL2024,/.[5]“U.S.Billion-DollarWeatherandClimateDisasters”NOAANationalCentersforEnvironmental

Information(NCEI),2025.

/access/billions/.252015105,,,,,U

.S

.Employment

inSolar

Operations

&

Maintenance

,allfunctions(source

:

IREC)0000000000000000Raptor

Maps

Global

Solar

Report

:

2025

Edition

9CumulativeU

.S

.Installed

SolarCapacity

,GWdc200150100500201920182018202120202023202220212019202020222023+182%+91%3002502001501005,,,,,,0000000000000000000Operations&

MaintenanceAll

OthersWholesaleTrade

&

DistributionManufacturingInstallation

&ProjectDevelopment2019

20202021

2022

2023Spotlight:

OnlyaFractionofSolarJobsforMaintenance6%12%8%29%20%Othercategories:

Management/Professional(29%) Administrative(20%) Sales(12%) Production

and

Manufacturing(8%) All

Other(6%)In2023

,26%ofOperations&

Maintenance

jobs

wereinthe“Installation&Repair

”category27%ofNew

Hires

inOperations

&MaintenancewerebackfillsduetoChurnRaptor

Maps

Global

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Report

:

2025

Edition

10Othercategories:

ExistingEmployee

AddsSolar

Responsibilities(43%) New

Positions(29%)U

.S

.SolarJobs

by

Sector[1

]“National

Solar

Jobs

Census

”IREC

,

2024

,/census-solar-job-trends/

.27%29%26%43%In2024

,PerformanceIntelligenceIs

BridgingPower

Loss

GapsLastyear,RaptorMapsidentifiedmorethan10.8millionDChealthissuesacross44

uniquegigawattsofsolarassetsanalyzed,or249issuesperMWdc.Asmoresolaris

installedandasubstantialportionofinstalledassetsage,assetmanagersandO&M

teamscontinue

toface

thedifficultactofbalancingbetweencorrectiveandpreventativemaintenanceofDChealthissuesandbeyond.AccordingtoRaptorMaps,

dataset,32%of

identified

issues

were

categorized

as“High

Priority”,

accounting

for

90%oftheobservedpowerloss.56%and12%ofidentifiedissueswere“LowPriority”

and“MediumPriority”,respectively.Aerialinspectionsallowforrapiddiagnosingand

geolocatingof

those“HighPriority”issues,especially

thosecausingSCADAalerts,providing

thenecessaryintelligenceforeffectiveandefficientremediation.Thedataemphasizes

thecritical

ityofmaintainingdetailedrecordsofsolarassetperformanceandsiteinfrastructureconditions.Whileaddressingimmediaterepairsnaturallydemandsattentionwhenresourcesarelimited,

theanalysisreveals

thatnearly

70%ofidentifiedissuesfallintomediumorlowprioritycategories,making

itverydifficulttotrack,muchlessremediate,non-highpriorityissuesthatareatriskofescalating

tolargerproblems-andwhichissuesarenot.Thisrealityhasledmanyorganizationstoinvestincentralizedsystemsofrecordandmoreadvancedmethods

ofcapturingdatatomaintaincleardocumentationofthesedevelopingissues,including

morefrequentand

targetedinspections.100%80%60%40%20%0%Raptor

Maps

Global

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:

2025

Edition

11Prioritizing

DC

HealthIssues

:

Frequencyvs

.

Power

Loss

ImpactPriority

Low

Medium

HighIssueFrequency

Power

LossAShift

Towards

Targeted,

RepeatedInspectionsThekey

toemployingperformanceintelligenceisprioritizing

thehighest-impactissues

andleveragingdata

tomakemoreinformedresourcingdecisions.Inlarge-scalesitesbetween50-200MW,low-prioritydefectscontribute

just0.2kWofpowerlossperdefect,

whereashigh-prioritydefectscause6-8kWofpowerlossperdefect.However,itisimportant

tonoteforC&Iandsmallerutility-scalefarms,module-leveldefaultscancause

15-20%ofpowerlossandarenotinsignificantwhenaddressingsiteperformance.Given

currentlaborconstraintsandtighterO&Mbudgets,fixingeverydefectisneitherpractical

norcost-effective.Savvyoperations

teamshavebegun

toshift

towardsdata-informed,

targetedinterventionstorecoverpowerfasterwhileminimizingwindshieldtime.Furthermore,industrydatareflectsashiftawayfrom

treatingaerialinspectionsasisolated

assessmentsandratherasascalableapproach

towardspreventativemonitoring.Notably,

someownersandoperatorshaveinternalized

this

trend,inspecting

thesamesites70%morein2024thanin2023.Withagrowingvolumeofdefectstoremediateormonitor—estimatedatnearly249defectsperMWperyearin2024—operationsteamsarefacinganoverwhelmingbacklog

ofissues

tomanage,andincreasinginspectionfrequencyisnotviable.These

trendshighlighttheurgentneedfortechnologysolutionstoefficientlyidentify,prioritize,andmonitorissuesonsolarfarmswithoutmobilizingpersonnel.Asaresult,manyoperators

areturningtonewtoolstosupportbalancingbetweenmonitoring,preventative,andcorrectivemaintenance,ensuring

themostcriticalissuesareaddressedat

theright

time.

Software-enabledsensorsandon-siteroboticsprovidefrequent,autonomous,andgranulardiagnosesintositehealth.Thisallows

teams

tobedeployedefficiently,inatimelymanner,andonlywhenhumaninterventionisneeded—reducingunnecessarytruck

rolls,automatingreports,andensuring

techniciansarrivepreparedwithclearguidanceand

necessaryequipment,ensuring

techniciansafetyandreducing

timespenton-siteper

task.<5MW5-10

MW10-20

MW

20-50

MW

50-100

MW 100-200

MW 200+

MW

Dataset

total0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Legend

Low

Medium

High<5MW5-10

MW

10-20

MW

20-50

MW

50-100

MW 100-200

MW 200+

MW

Dataset

total0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Raptor

Maps

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12IssueFrequency

,bySeverity

,bySiteSizePowerLoss

,bySeverity

,

bySite

SizeDifferent

Needs

forDifferent

FleetsElevatedpowerlossfromequipmentissuescreatesdifferentchallengesandopportunities

foreachsolarindustrysegment.Forexample,commercialandindustrial(C&I)sitesless

than5MWdcexperiencedanaverageof264identifiedDChealthissuesperMWdc,which

presentssignificantlostrevenueriskwhenaggregatedatthefleet-level.WithC&Iandcommunitysolarfleets

typicallyspreadacrossmanydifferentlocations,balancingpreventativeandcorrectiveeffortscanbecomedifficult,butwithoutthoseefforts,sites

riskhighermagnitudeeventssuchasfiresoroutages.Inresponse,someassetownersandoperatorshaveunlockedeconomiesofscopebyexpanding

thecapabilitiesof

their

teams.Forexample,severalofRaptorMaps’customers

have

trained

technicians

toflydronesandself-performaerialdatacollection,enablinghigh

frequencyperformanceinsightson

theirassetsand

thereallocationof

technician

timepreviouslyspentonmanualinspections

tomoreimpactfulactivities.Assitesgetlarger,

thevolumeofdataandconditions

thatassetmanagersandO&Mteamsmustcareaboutincreasesexponentially,withmanyrequiringsomeformofmanual

intervention.However,increasingportfolios,sitesizes,anddistancesfrompopulationcentershavemadeitdifficulttoconductalltheactivitiesundercontract.Asaresult,RaptorMapshasobservedariseinautomationofmanyvisualinspectionactivitieswithremotelyoperatedrobotics.Forexample,RaptorMapscustomersleverageremotelyoperateddronesinstalledon-sitetoconductinvestigationsofalertsfromSCADAsystems,

whichallowfortechnicianstobedeployedforremediationwiththerighttools,supplies,anddata.Furthermore,usingremotelyoperatedroboticsasafirstmethodofresponsereduces

technicianexposure

topotentiallyhazardousorhigh-voltagesituations,drastically

increasingsafetyandsupportingworkforceretentionefforts.<5MW5-10

MW10-20

MW20-50

MW50-100

MW100-200

MW200+

MWDatasetavgRaptor

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13IssueFrequency

perMWdc2024

AveragebySiteSize0

100

200300

400

500AutomatingGroundInspections&SiteWalksRemoteoperationsarenottheonlysolutiontopreservingtechniciantime--customers

arealsowidelydeployingaerialinspectionsfornon-DChealthusecases.In2024,civil

worksinspectionswerethemostpopulartypeofnon-DChealthinspectionanalyzedin

theRaptorMapsplatform.Erosion/SWPPPandPerimeterInspections

make

up

more

thanathirdofallnon-DChealthorders.Inaddition,SpecialtyCrackingInspections(e.g.

for

thedetectionofhairlinecracking)havealsogrownpopularasaway

tomitigate

the

riskoffireandgroundfaultsonutility-scalesites,makingup18%ofnon-aerialthermographyinspections.Typicalgroundinspectionsarebeingreplacedacross

theentireO&Mecosystemand

steadilyincreasingincadenceaswell.Ownersandoperatorshavebeenincreasing

the

rateofaerialinspectionsontheirassetsovertime,withinspectionspersiterising70%

from2023to2024.ThisincludesalltypesofinspectiontypesintheRaptorMapsdataset.Historically,from2019to2023,ownersandoperatorstypicallyconductedan

annualaerialinspectionwithanoccasionalmid-yearcheck-inafterabigstormorperformanceissues.Morerecently,theevolvingneedsoftheassetownerhavedriveninspectioncadences

updrastically.Technologyhasenabledtheon-demandcollectionandanalysisofdata

at-scale,allowingformoreproactivemanagementofriskwhilereducingwhentruckrolls

areneeded.Ownerscannowuseaerialinspectionsasapreventativemeasure,ratherthandeployingreactionaryinspections-especiallyonutility-scalesiteswheresiterisks

canexacerbateandbecomeverycostly.P

.O

.I

.*12%Cracking18%Perimeter15%Wiring5%Substation9%Vegetation

1%Erosion/SWPPP23%Breakdownof2024Non-AerialThermographyInspections

,bytype70%

Increase

inConstruction*P.O

.I

.-PointofInterconnection/yr

Inspections

per

Site17%14Raptor

Maps

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Edition