【《关于胰腺癌的研究文献综述》3000字】

参考文献关于胰腺癌的研究文献综述1胰腺癌流行病学胰腺癌（pancreaticcancer,PC）是一种具有高发病率、高复发转移、高死亡率、低早期诊断率、低切除率、低药物有效率和低生存率的特点的恶性肿瘤ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]，5年生存率仅为7.2％，在恶性肿瘤中最低。根据2018年全球癌症统计，胰腺癌是世界上发病率和死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤之一ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[7]。与其他癌症类型的生存率增加趋势不同的是，胰腺癌生存率的改善是缓慢的，这很可能与诊断晚期有关。胰腺癌的发病率随着年龄的增长而增加，发病率最高的是70岁以上的患者，而且很少在55岁之前被诊断出来，这种情况男性比女性更常见，非裔美国人比白人更为普遍ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Khoudari</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>121</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616505225">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Khoudari,G.</author><author>Alkhayyat,M.</author><author>AbouSaleh,M.</author><author>Mansoor,E.</author><author>Sarmini,M.T.</author><author>Baidoun,F.</author><author>Vega,K.J.</author><author>Sanaka,M.R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FromtheDepartmentsofHospitalMedicine. Gastroenterology,ClevelandClinic. DepartmentofGastroenterology,CaseWestern/UniversityHospital,Cleveland,OH. DepartmentofGastroenterology,AugustaUniversity,Augusta,GA.</auth-address><titles><title>TheEpidemiologyofPancreaticCancerandtheAssociationWithAcetylsalicylicAcidintheUnitedStates:APopulation-BasedStudy</title><secondary-title>Pancreas</secondary-title><alt-title>Pancreas</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pancreas</full-title><abbr-1>Pancreas</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Pancreas</full-title><abbr-1>Pancreas</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1207-1212</pages><volume>49</volume><number>9</number><edition>2020/09/09</edition><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0885-3177</isbn><accession-num>32898007</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/mpa.0000000000001659</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。根据监测、流行病学和最终结果18项数据分析，2000年至2014年期间，白人的发病率和死亡率趋势高于非裔美国人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[9]。国家癌症中心于2018年公布了2003-2015年中国17个登记处659732例确诊为恶性肿瘤患者流行病学数据，其中包括17823例胰腺癌患者，男性9960例，女性7863例，胰腺癌是中国第五大癌症死亡原因，也是中国第十大最常见的恶性肿瘤ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[10]。根据美国国家卫生统计中心2021年最新公布的数据，胰腺癌的发病率和死亡率均呈上升趋势，预估美国2021年将出现60430例胰腺癌新病例，48220例胰腺癌死亡病例，成为美国第四大癌症死亡原因ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Siegel</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616497079">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Siegel,RebeccaL.</author><author>Miller,KimberlyD.</author><author>Fuchs,HannahE.</author><author>Jemal,Ahmedin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CancerStatistics,2021</title></titles><pages>7-33</pages><volume>71</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>0007-9235</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/abs/10.3322/caac.21654</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.3322/caac.21654</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]。WHO预测到2030年，胰腺癌预计将成为美国癌症相关死亡的第二大原因ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12]。图2-1美国2021年估计新癌症病例和按性别分列的死亡人数的十大主要癌症类型2胰腺癌TNM分期自1977年以来，美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)一直在为常见的实体器官肿瘤制定分期指南，胰腺癌第六版TNM分期2003开始使用，AJCC分别于2010年和2017年公布第七版和第八版TNM分期。从第五版到第六版胰腺癌TNM分期对胰腺癌分期系统进行了3次显著的改进：T1N0M0和T2N0M0分别分为IA和IB期；T1-3N1M0病从Ⅲ期分到了到ⅡB期，T4NXM0从IVA期转移到Ⅲ期，并对T分期的定义作了修改，强调了潜在可切除(T3)与局部晚期(T4)疾病之间的区别ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bilimoria</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>594</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>594</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616583519">594</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bilimoria,K.Y.</author><author>Bentrem,D.J.</author><author>Ko,C.Y.</author><author>Ritchey,J.</author><author>Stewart,A.K.</author><author>Winchester,D.P.</author><author>Talamonti,M.S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>NorthwesternUniversity,DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofSurgicalOncology,Chicago,IL60611,USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Validationofthe6theditionAJCCPancreaticCancerStagingSystem:reportfromtheNationalCancerDatabase</title><secondary-title>Cancer</secondary-title><alt-title>Cancer</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cancer</full-title><abbr-1>Cancer</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Cancer</full-title><abbr-1>Cancer</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>738-44</pages><volume>110</volume><number>4</number><edition>2007/06/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenocarcinoma/*pathology</keyword><keyword>DatabasesasTopic/statistics&numericaldata</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>NeoplasmStaging/*methods</keyword><keyword>PancreaticNeoplasms/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>ProportionalHazardsModels</keyword><keyword>SurvivalAnalysis</keyword><keyword>UnitedStates</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Aug15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-543X(Print) 0008-543x</isbn><accession-num>17580363</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/cncr.22852</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。第七版胰腺癌TNM分期基本与第六版基本相同，删除了Mx分期（远处转移无法评估），进一步明确M分期。由于胰腺相对较薄，大多数会有一些肿瘤成分延伸表面，因此绝大多数切除的病人被定义为T3肿瘤，同时临床实践中难以区分肿瘤是否累及胰腺以外器官或组织，这导致T分期中T2期和T3期难以区分。由于T分期的准确性和操作性存在很多争议，胰腺癌第八版TNM分期T分期删除了“肿瘤是否累及胰腺以外器官或组织”的相关定义，而是以肿瘤的最大径作为T分期的标准，该种分类简便易行，临床具有较强的可操作性。关于N分期，第六版和第七版胰腺癌TNM分期简单笼统分成有无淋巴结转移，没有反应不同淋巴结转移个数对预后的影响，第八版TNM分期增加类似于其他胃肠道疾病部位的N2分类，定义大于等于4个阳性淋巴结为N2分期，同时强调N2期的意义和对预后的价值ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨尹默</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616503393">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杨尹默</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">北京大学第一医院外科</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">;</style></auth-address><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">AJCC</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">第八版及日本胰腺学会第七版胰腺癌</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">TNM</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">分期的更新要点及内容评介</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中华外科杂志</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中华外科杂志</full-title></periodical><pages>20-23</pages><volume>55</volume><number>01</number><keywords><keyword>胰腺肿瘤</keyword><keyword>肿瘤分期</keyword><keyword>美国癌症联合会</keyword><keyword>日本胰腺学会</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0529-5815</isbn><call-num>11-2139/R</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]。AllenPJ等人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[15]研究了纪念斯隆·凯特林(MSK)、马萨诸塞州总医院(MGH)和约翰·霍普金斯医院(JHH)的前瞻性研究中2318例R0切除胰腺癌患者生存资料，证实了AJCC第八版TNM分期中T分期和N分期是有效的，同时T分期的可重复性更强。图2-2第七版和第八版胰腺癌TNM分期的比较3胰腺癌病理分型胰腺癌是具有多种组织学亚型的复杂肿瘤，胰腺恶性肿瘤目前根据肿瘤细胞的分化方向（导管、腺泡或神经内分泌）和肿瘤的宏观形态（实性或囊性）进行分类,其中胰腺导管腺癌是胰腺癌中的最常见的病理类型（约占90%）。胰腺囊性肿瘤最常见四种类型，胰管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)、黏液性囊腺瘤(SCN)、浆液性囊腺瘤(MCN)、实性假乳头状肿瘤(SPT)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[16]。而在所有其他恶性胰腺肿瘤如胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(pNET)、实性假乳头状肿瘤、腺泡细胞癌(ACC)和胰母细胞瘤中，神经内分泌肿瘤最为常见，约占胰腺恶性肿瘤5%，功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤因其经典的临床表现而闻名，其中包括Whipple三联症（胰岛素瘤）和Zollinger-Ellison综合征(胃泌素瘤)。2010年世界卫生组织(WHO)公布的第４版胰腺肿瘤病理分类中（如表2-1），除了上述胰腺癌病理类型，其他胰腺癌组织学亚型包括腺鳞癌、未分化癌、乳头状粘液癌、间质性癌等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[17]。WHO2019年公布的第5版胰腺肿瘤分类ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>于双妮</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>733</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>733</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1617288520">733</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">于双妮</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈杰</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院病理科</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">;</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院病理科</style></auth-address><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">解读</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">2019</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">版</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">WHO</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">胰腺肿瘤分类</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中华病理学杂志</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中华病理学杂志</full-title></periodical><pages>536-538</pages><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>胰腺肿瘤</keyword><keyword>WHO</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>0529-5807</isbn><call-num>11-2151/R</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]中新增了大细胞癌伴横纹肌样亚型和浸润性微乳头状癌亚型，并独立命名了胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（嗜酸细胞亚型）。在胰腺癌的病理分型中腺鳞癌和鳞癌(SCC)是胰腺癌的罕见组织学亚型，BoydADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Boyd</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>597</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>597</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616583931">597</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Boyd,C.A.</author><author>Benarroch-Gampel,J.</author><author>Sheffield,K.M.</author><author>Cooksley,C.D.</author><author>Riall,T.S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofSurgery,TheUniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,Galveston,TX77555-0541,USA.</auth-address><titles><title>415patientswithadenosquamouscarcinomaofthepancreas:apopulation-basedanalysisofprognosisandsurvival</title><secondary-title>JSurgRes</secondary-title><alt-title>TheJournalofsurgicalresearch</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JSurgRes</full-title><abbr-1>TheJournalofsurgicalresearch</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>JSurgRes</full-title><abbr-1>TheJournalofsurgicalresearch</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>12-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>1</number><edition>2011/08/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Carcinoma,Adenosquamous/*mortality/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>MiddleAged</keyword><keyword>NeoplasmStaging</keyword><keyword>PancreaticNeoplasms/*mortality/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>SurvivalRate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>May1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-4804(Print) 0022-4804</isbn><accession-num>21816433</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC3210865</custom2><custom6>NIHMS304835</custom6><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.015</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]等证明，腺鳞癌比腺癌更具有侵袭性，更多的出现在胰体尾部，肿瘤更大，分化程度相对较高。胰腺正常状态下没有鳞状细胞分化，但胰腺标本中普遍存在实质性鳞状化生，在尸检相关研究中，17%-48%的病例观察到鳞状化生ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[19,20]。尽管鳞状化生的频率相对较高，但胰腺鳞状细胞癌(SCC)是一种罕见的原发性胰腺恶性肿瘤。Lowry等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lowry</Author><Year>1949</Year><RecNum>598</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>598</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616584021">598</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lowry,C.C.</author><author>Whitaker,H.W.,Jr.</author><author>Greiner,D.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Squamouscellcarcinomaofthepancreas</title><secondary-title>SouthMedJ</secondary-title><alt-title>Southernmedicaljournal</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SouthMedJ</full-title><abbr-1>Southernmedicaljournal</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>SouthMedJ</full-title><abbr-1>Southernmedicaljournal</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>753-7</pages><volume>42</volume><number>9</number><edition>1949/09/01</edition><keywords><keyword>*Carcinoma,SquamousCell</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pancreas</keyword><keyword>*PancreaticNeoplasms</keyword><keyword>*PANCREAS/cancer</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1949</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0038-4348(Print) 0038-4348</isbn><accession-num>18139941</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/00007611-194909000-00005</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]1949年首次进行了原发性胰腺鳞癌患者的个案报道，目前发表的关于胰腺癌鳞癌的数据非常有限，主要为个案报告或小病例系列研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[22-24]，人们对单纯鳞状细胞胰腺癌的流行病学和临床过程了解甚少。Makarova-Rusher等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Makarova-Rusher</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>602</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>602</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p0rwrp05g0x5toerpv7xwfd4sf25wd0dfta5"timestamp="1616584201">602</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Makarova-Rusher,O.V.</author><author>Ulahannan,S.</author><author>Greten,T.F.</author><author>Duffy,A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FromtheGastrointestinalMalignancySection,ThoracicandGIOncologyBranch,CenterforCancerResearch,NationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD.</auth-address><titles><title>PancreaticSquamousCellCarcinoma:APopulation-BasedStudyofEpidemiology,ClinicopathologicCharacteristicsandOutcomes</title><secondary-title>Pancreas</secondary-title><alt-title>Pancreas</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pancreas</full-title><abbr-1>Pancreas</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Pancreas</full-title><abbr-1>Pancreas</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1432-1437</pages><volume>45</volume><number>10</number><edition>2016/10/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenocarcinoma</keyword><keyword>Carcinoma,SquamousCell</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>NeoplasmStaging</keyword><keyword>PancreaticNeoplasms/*epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>SurvivalRate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0885-3177(Print) 0885-3177</isbn><accession-num>27214394</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5067965</custom2><custom6>NIHMS769711</custom6><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/mpa.0000000000000658</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]回顾性分析了SEER数据库中胰腺鳞癌患者（N=214），发现低分化的胰腺鳞癌患者的比例高于腺癌患者（73.0％vs43.7％，P<0.001），同时胰腺鳞癌患者的1年生存率（14.0％）低于腺癌患者（24.5％），这些结果表明与胰腺癌相比，男性、黑人和年长的年龄组原发性鳞状胰腺癌的发病率增加，鳞状细胞癌的组织学表现为低分化率高，生存率较低。表2-12010年第4版WHO消化系统胰腺恶性肿瘤病理分类ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[18,26,27]起源于胰腺导管上皮的恶性肿瘤起源于非胰腺导管上皮的恶性肿瘤导管腺癌腺泡细胞癌腺鳞癌腺泡细胞囊腺癌胶样癌（粘液性非囊性癌）导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤伴浸润性癌肝样腺癌混合性腺泡-导管癌髓样癌混合性腺泡-神经内分泌癌印戒细胞癌混合性腺泡-神经内分泌-导管癌未分化癌混合性导管-神经内分泌癌未分化癌伴破骨巨细胞样反应粘液性囊性肿瘤伴浸润性癌胰母细胞瘤浆液性囊腺癌实性-假乳头状肿瘤参考文献参考文献[1] SIMONECG,ZULUAGATOROT,CHANE,etal.Characteristicsandoutcomesofadenosquamouscarcinomaofthepancreas[J].Gastrointestinalcancerresearch:GCR,2013,6(3):75-9.[2] 史琳丽,宋斌,廖专,等.胰腺腺鳞癌研究进展[J].中华胰腺病杂志,2014,14(03):207-9.[3] 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