文体分类练3　说明文之新发明、新产品类-2026版-新高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题突破

Page文体分类练(三)说明文之新发明/新产品类Passage1(2025山东济宁二模)主题:处理高盐有机废水的方法 词数:324难度:★★★☆☆ 限时:7分钟Numerousindustriesproducelargerquantitiesofwastewaterscontaininghighconcentrationsoforganicsubstancesandinorganicsalts.Dischargingthesewastewaterstotheenvironmentisharmfultotheecosystemandhumanhealth.However,thehighsaltcontentinthesewastewatersposesseriouschallengesforexistingtreatmentprocesses.ResearchersatRiceUniversity,inpartnershipwithGuangdongUniversityofTechnology,havedevelopedagroundbreakingmethodforit—adoptingdialysis(透析)technologycommonlyusedinmedicine.Theresearchersselectedcommercialultrafiltrationmembranes(超滤膜)whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthroughwhiletrappingorganicsubstances.Theysetupasystemwheresaltywastewaterandfreshwaterflowedinoppositedirectionsoneithersideofaspecialmembrane,withoutneedingpumps.Duetothedifferenceinsaltconcentrationsbetweenwastewaterandfreshwater,saltnaturallymovesintothefreshwaterwhileorganicsubstancesarekeptback.Totestthis,theycomparedtheamountoforganicmaterialsandsaltinthewastewaterbeforeandaftertreatment.Theresultsshowedthesystemcouldeffectivelyremovesaltwithoutusingextraamountsoffreshwater.Onesignificantadvantageofdialysisisitsresistancetofouling(积垢).Unlikepressure-drivensystems,dialysisexperiencednotablylessbuildupoforganicmaterialsonthemembranebecauseitdoesn’trelyonextrapressure.“Thiscouldtranslatetolowerenergyconsumption,lessmaintenance,andfewermembranereplacements,”saidElimelech,aresearcheronthestudy.Additionally,withsuitablemembranes,dialysiscanbetailoredtoseparatevariousorganiccompounds,enablingtheselectiverecoveryofvaluableresourcesfromwastewater.Inthisway,dialysiscreatesopportunitiesfortransformingwastewatertreatmentplantsintoresourcerecoveryfactories,aligningtheprinciplesofacirculareconomy.Overall,whiledialysisalonedoesn’tfullypurifywastewater,itcantransformthehigh-salinityorganicwastewaterstreamintoalow-salinityorganicwastewaterstreamthatcanbereadilytreatedbyconventionalmethods,whichrevolutionizesthetreatmentofsomeofthemostchallengingindustrialwastewaters.1.Whatisthemajorchallengefacedbythecurrentwastewatertreatment?A.Thelackofsufficienttreatmentdevices.B.Thehighsaltpercentageinwastewater.C.Thesubstantialvolumesofwastewater.D.Theconsiderablecostoftreatmentprocesses.2.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheprocessofdialysingwastewater?A.Themembranetransformedsaltintoorganiccompounds.B.Theextrapressurecontributedtosalttransport.C.Theconcentrationdifferenceplayedthekeyrole.D.Liquidsonbothsidesflowedinthesamedirection.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aligning”probablymeaninparagraph4?A.Matching. B.Establishing.C.Adjusting. D.Challenging.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitle?A.Dialysis:APioneeringBlessingforMedicineB.Membranes:AProtectiveScreenforFreshWaterC.Dialysis:ANewPathwayforWastewaterTreatmentD.High-SalinityWastewater:AThreattotheEnvironmentPassage2(2025湖北鄂州二模)主题:脑机接口技术 词数:370难度:★★★★☆ 限时:8分钟Afuturisticworldhasalwaysbeencharmingtohumans.Moviesandsci-finovelshavemadeusfantasizeaboutasocietyfloodedwithhumanoidrobotsthathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtaskswhilewefocusonthingsthatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax.Brain-computerinterface(BCI)(脑机接口)isonesuchtechnology.PioneeredbyElonMusk’sNeuralink,thesebrainimplantscouldenablemind-controlledcomputing—potentiallygoingfarbeyondjustreadingthoughts.Thiscansolvemanymedicalconditions,includingparalysis,anxiety,andaddiction.BCIchipsacquirebrainsignals,analyzethem,andtranslatethemintocommandssenttooutputdevicesthatcarryoutdesiredactions.Itdoesnotusenormalneuromuscular(神经肌肉的)outputpathways.Itisoftenusedasanassistedlivingdeviceforindividualswithneuromusculardisorderssuchasstrokeorspinalcordinjury.Basically,BCIresultsfromtheblendoftechnologiesfromthefieldsofelectricalengineering,computerscience,biomedicalengineering,andneurosurgery.TheseBCIdevicesareoftwotypes,namely,Non-invasive(非侵入式的)BCIandInvasiveBCI.Non-invasiveBCItoolsusesensorsappliedonorneartheheadtotrackandrecordbrainactivity.Theseonescanbeplacedandremovedeasily,buttheirsignalsmaybeindistinctandimprecise.However,InvasiveBCItoolsrequiresurgeryastheyaretobeimplantedbeneaththeskull,directlyintothebrain,totargetspecificsetsofneurons,thusprovidingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignalbetweenthebrainandthedevice.UsingBCIscanpotentiallyenhanceitspersonnel’sphysicalandcognitivepower.WhileBCIstrytoimitatethewayourbrainsfunction,understandingthemechanicscanbequitechallengingforresearchers.Further,therehavebeenconcernsonethicalgroundsaboutthisresearch.Thisincludesprivacyandsecurityissues.Ethicistsfearthatcapturedneuralsignalscanbeusedtogainaccesstoauser’sprivateinformation.Ontheotherhand,becauseBCIchipsanddevicescapturesignalsdirectlyfromasubject’snervoussystem,thistransmitteddatacanbeextractedforevilpurposes,oreventhewholeBCIsystemcanbebrokenintobycybercriminals.HopetheseissuesareaddressedbeforethecommerciallaunchofBCIsinthefuture.5.Accordingtothetext,whomaybenefitmostfromBCItechnology?A.Awomanlosingherabilitytospeak.B.Anengineerthirstyforhighproductivity.C.Apatientincapableofmovingafterinjuries.D.Anathleteaimingforimprovedperformance.6.WhatcanwelearnaboutBCIfromthethirdparagraph?A.Non-invasiveBCIprovidesclearersignals.B.InvasiveBCIenablespreciseneuralrecordings.C.InvasiveBCIcanbeeasilyremovedlikeaheadset.D.Non-invasiveBCIrequirespermanentskullimplants.7.What’sthepotentialriskBCItechnologymaybringinthetext?A.Theftofbraindata.B.Shortservicelifeofimplanteddevices.C.HighcostofBCIdevices.D.Difficultyinunderstandingbrainsignals.8.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsBCItechnology?A.Stronglynegative.B.Fullysupportive.C.Cautiouslyoptimistic.D.Completelyindifferent.Passage3(2025安徽马鞍山二模)主题:利用太阳能制造燃料 词数:346难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟Theresearchers,fromtheUniversityofCambridge,saytheirsolar-poweredreactorcouldbeusedtomakefueltopowercarsandplanes.Itcouldalsobeusedtogeneratefuelinremoteoroff-grid(没有电网的)locations.Unlikeconventionaltechnologies,thereactordevelopedbytheCambridgeresearchersdoesnotrequirefossil-fuel-basedpowerorthetransportandstorageofcarbondioxide(CO2),butinsteadconvertsatmosphericCO2intosomethingusefulusingsunlight.TheresultsarereportedinthejournalNatureEnergy.Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)hasbeenproposedasapossiblesolutiontotheclimatecrisis.However,itisenergy-intensiveandthereareconcernsaboutthelong-termsafetyofstoringpressurisedCO2deepunderground.“Whatif,insteadofpumpingCO2underground,wemadesomethingusefulfromit?”saidfirstauthorDr.SayaleeKatarfromCambridge’sYusufHamiedDepartmentofChemistry.“CO2isaharmfulgreenhousegas,butitcanalsobeturnedintousefulchemicals.”Thefocusoftheresearchgroupisthedevelopmentofdevicesthatconvertwaste,water,andairintopracticalfuelsandchemicals.Thesedevicestaketheirinspirationfromphotosynthesis(光合作用):theprocessbywhichplantsconvertsunlightintofood.Thedevicesdon’tuseanyoutsidepower:nocables,nobatteries—alltheyneedisthepowerofthesun.Theteam’slatestsystemtakescarbondioxidedirectlyfromtheairandconvertsitintosyngas,akeyelementintheproductionofmanychemicals.Atnight,specializeddevicestakeinCO2.Whenthesuncomesout,thesunlightheatsupthecollectedgas,startingachemicalreactionthatconvertsthegasintosolarsyngas.Amirroronthereactorconcentratesthesunlight,makingtheprocessmoreefficient.Theresearcherssaytheparticularlypromisingopportunityisthatthesyngascanbeconvertedintomanyoftheproductswerelyoneveryday,withoutcontributingtoclimatechange.Theyarebuildingalargerversionofthereactorandhopetobegintestsinthespring.9.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthereactorfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Itconsumessolarenergy.B.Itoperateswellinremotelocations.C.Itrequiresfewertechnologies.D.Itstoressolarenergyfortransportation.10.WhydoestheauthormentionKatar’swords?A.Tointroducetheiralternativethinking.B.Toshowtheoriginoftheirinspiration.C.Torecognizethevalueoftheirdevice.D.Toexplainthereasonsfortheirsuccess.11.Whatdoesparagraph6mainlytalkabout?A.Theefficiencyofdifferentdevices.B.Functionalprocessesofthesystem.C.Thecooperationoftheteammembers.D.Theworkingsurroundingsofthesystem.12.Whataretheresearchersplanningtodo?A.Producegreenenergy.B.Launchatrialofthereactor.C.Replaceexistingfuels.D.Createalarge-sizedmirror.

答案：Passage1【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了莱斯大学和广东工业大学的研究人员合作开发了一种开创性的处理高盐有机废水的方法——采用医学上常用的透析技术,阐述了该方法的原理、优势以及对废水处理的重要意义。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However,thehighsaltcontentinthesewastewatersposesseriouschallengesforexistingtreatmentprocesses.”可知,当前废水处理面临的主要挑战是废水中的高盐含量。2.C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Theysetupasystemwheresaltywastewaterandfreshwaterflowedinoppositedirectionsoneithersideofaspecialmembrane,withoutneedingpumps.Duetothedifferenceinsaltconcentrationsbetweenwastewaterandfreshwater,saltnaturallymovesintothefreshwaterwhileorganicsubstancesarekeptback.”可知,在处理废水的透析过程中,浓度差起到了关键作用。易错点拨:本题易错选B项。部分考生可能因“压力驱动”是常见的水处理技术(如反渗透)而误选B项,但透析技术的核心原理是浓度差驱动的扩散,而非压力。需注意原文细节的对比(如“withoutneedingpumps”和“doesn’trelyonextrapressure”)。3.A词句猜测题。根据第四段内容可知,透析为将废水处理厂转变为资源回收工厂创造了机会,这与循环经济的原则是一致的,所以“aligning”的意思最接近“Matching(匹配,相一致)”。4.C标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“ResearchersatRiceUniversity,inpartnershipwithGuangdongUniversityofTechnology,havedevelopedagroundbreakingmethodforit—adoptingdialysis(透析)technologycommonlyusedinmedicine.”以及下文对该方法的介绍可知,本文主要讲的是透析技术为废水处理提供了一条新途径。所以最佳标题为“透析:污水处理的新途径”。提分干货高频词汇1.substancen.物质2.contentn.含量3.amountn.数量 4.consumptionn.消费;消耗5.maintenancen.维护熟词生义1.concentration(生)n.浓度(熟)n.专心2.pose(生)n.造成;引起(熟)n.姿势重点短语1.largequantitiesof大量的2.beharmfulto对……有害3.setup建立4.relyon依赖5.o...把……转变为……难句分析Theresearchersselectedcommercialultrafiltrationmembranes(超滤膜)whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthroughwhiletrappingorganicsubstances.分析:本句为主从复合句。whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthrough为which引导的定语从句;whiletrappingorganicsubstances为状语从句的省略。译文:研究人员选择了商用超滤膜,它们的设计目的是让盐通过,同时捕获有机物质。Passage2【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑机接口技术及其利弊和潜在风险。5.C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Itisoftenusedasassistedlivingdevicesforindividualswithneuromusculardisorderssuchasstrokeorspinalcordinjury.”可知,脑机接口技术常被用于帮助患有神经肌肉疾病的人,受伤后无法移动的病人属于这类人群,所以他们可能从脑机接口技术中受益最多。6.B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However,InvasiveBCItoolsrequiresurgeryastheyaretobeimplantedbeneaththeskull,directlyintothebrain,totargetspecificsetsofneurons,thusprovidingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignalbetweenthebrainandthedevice.”可知,侵入式脑机接口能够实现精确的神经记录。易错点拨:本题易错选A项。原文明确提到,非侵入式BCI(Non-invasiveBCI)的信号可能模糊且不精确(“theirsignalsmaybeindistinctandimprecise”),而侵入式BCI(InvasiveBCI)由于直接植入大脑,能提供更清晰、更准确的信号(“providingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignal”)。因此,A项与原文完全相反,是错误选项。7.A细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Ethicistsfearthatcapturedneuralsignalscanbeusedtogainaccesstoauser’sprivateinformation.Ontheotherhand,becauseBCIchipsanddevicescapturesignalsdirectlyfromasubject’snervoussystem,thistransmitteddatacanbeextractedforevilpurposes,oreventhewholeBCIsystemcanbebrokenintobycybercriminals.”可知,脑机接口技术可能带来的潜在风险是大脑数据被盗取。8.C推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,使用脑机接口技术有可能增强使用者的身体和认知能力。此外,这项研究在伦理方面也存在一些令人担忧的问题。这其中包括隐私和安全问题。作者希望在未来脑机接口技术商业化推出之前,这些问题能够得到解决。由此可推知,作者一方面看到了脑机接口技术存在的问题和风险,另一方面又希望这些问题能得到解决,所以作者对脑机接口技术的态度是谨慎乐观的。提分干货高频词汇1.charmingadj.迷人的2.anxietyn.焦虑3.addictionn.瘾;嗜好4.basicallyadv.基本上5.accurateadj.准确的6.enhancevt.增强熟词生义1.pioneer(生)v.倡导(熟)n.先锋2.track(生)v.追踪;跟踪(熟)n.小道;足迹重点短语1.befloodedwith充满2.carryout执行,实施3.resultfrom由……引起4.gainaccessto获得进入权限;取得使用权难句分析Moviesandsci-finovelshavemadeusfantasizeaboutasocietyfloodedwithhumanoidrobotsthathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtaskswhilewefocusonthingsthatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax.分析:本句为主从复合句。thathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtasks为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词humanoidrobots;whilewefocusonthings为while引导时间状语从句;thatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词things。译文:电影和科幻小说让我们幻想着一个充斥着人形机器人的社