《能源学术英语》课件 第1册 Unit 4 Text 2 The Impossibility of Rapid Energy Transitions

Text2TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyTransitions

Unit4EnergyandSustainabilitysimile

/ˈsɪməli/

&metaphorsimile:aphrasethatusesthewords

like

or

as

todescribesomeoneorsomethingbycomparingitwithsomeoneorsomethingelsethatissimilar.metaphor:awordorphraseforonethingthatisusedtorefertoanotherthinginordertoshoworsuggestthattheyaresimilar.She’sasfierceasatiger.She’satigerwhenshe’sangry.RhetoricalDevice—AnalogyanalogyAcomparisonoftwothingsbasedontheirbeingalikeinsomewaye.g.He

drew/madeananalogy

betweenflyingakiteandfishing.[=hecomparedflyingakitetofishing;hesaidthatflyingakitewaslikefishing]RhetoricalDevice—AnalogyAnanalogyisacomparisoninwhichanideaorathingiscomparedtoanotherthingthatisquitedifferentfromit.Itaimsatexplainingthatideaorthingbycomparingittosomethingthatisfamiliar.Metaphorsandsimilesaretoolsusedtodrawananalogy.Therefore,analogyismoreextensiveandelaboratethaneitherasimileorametaphor.RhetoricalDevice—Analogye.g.Thestructureofanatomislikeasolarsystem.Thenucleusisthesun,andelectronsaretheplanetsrevolvingaroundtheirsun.RhetoricalDevice—Analogy

GlobalReadingScanthetextandtalkaboutthetextstructureandthemainpoints.Introduction(Paras.1-3)Theimpossibilityofrapidenergytransition.MainBody(Paras.4-8)Threemomentumsofthecurrentenergysystemsmakeitimpossibleforarapidenergytransition.Conclusion(Paras.9-10)Theimportanceofunderstandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentum.DetailedReadingPara.1Whatexamplesaregiventoillustratetheconceptsofinertiaandmomentuminthefirstparagraph?DetailedReadingInertia:Ifyoutrytopushaboulder,itpushesyouback.DetailedReadingMomentum:Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum.Afootballplayermovingatspeedhasalotofmomentum.DetailedReading1.Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems:inertiaandmomentum.惯性和动量是物理学中运动物体的两个属性，可以帮助理解能源体系中的“动力学”。DetailedReading2.Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.define:todescribeorshowsthaccuratelyWeneedtodefinethetaskaheadveryclearly.

我们需要明确今后的任务。法官的权力是由法律规定的。Thepowersofajudgearedefinedbylaw.一旦你让巨石滚动起来，它会产生动量，动量的大小是由它的质量和速度决定的。DetailedReading3.Momentumissaidtobe“conserved”,thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.toconserveenergy

节约能源(Tousecarefullyorsparingly,avoidingwaste)toconservewildlife

保护野生动物(Toprotectfromlossorharm;preserve)守恒

(Physics)Tokeep(aquantity)constantthroughphysicalorchemicalreactionsorevolutionarychangesTheideathatenergyisconservedisthefirstlawofthermodynamics.

能量守恒这一概念是热力学的第一定律。动量被认为是守恒的；也就是说，动量一经产生，就必须释放出来。DetailedReading4.Ifyouwanttochangehistrajectory,youhaveonlyafewchoices:Youcanintercepthim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergytoyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhistrajectory.如果你想改变他的运动路线，你只有几个选择：你可以拦截他，将其一部分动能转移到你自己的身体上（可能很痛）；或者你可以贴近他，逐渐施加压力以改变他的运动路线。DetailedReadingPara.2Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatasportsteamorapresidentialcampaignhasthe“BigMo”?The“BigMo”makesthemhardtostopordeflect.DetailedReadingWhetherit’sasportsteamorapresidentialcampaign,everybodyrelisheshavingthe“BigMo”,becauseitmakesthemhardertostopordeflect.relish:toenjoyortakepleasurein(something)Irelishtravelingtonewplaces.我喜欢到处旅游。Idon’trelishhavingtogetupsoearly.我可不乐意这么早就起床。

动量体现在运动队或者总统竞选中就是气势；每个人都渴望拥有这种气势，因为这种气势会让他们势不可挡。DetailedReadingInthisparagraphacomparisonismadebetweenourenergysystemsandanaircraftcarrier.Whatdotheyhaveincommon?(1)Theyareunbelievablyexpensive.(2)Theyarebuilttolastforaverylongtime.(3)Theyhaveahugeamountofinertia.(4)Theyhavealotofmomentumoncethey’resetinmotion.Para.3DetailedReadingPara.3Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime,orevenafewthousanddimes.turnonadime:usedtorefertoamaneuverthatcanbeperformedbyamovingvehicleorpersonwithinasmallareaorshortdistance在一个十分硬币上打转，指活动非常灵巧Myoldcarcanreallyturnonadime,justlikeoneofthoseexpensivesportscars.我那辆车开起来非常灵巧，就像那些价值昂贵的赛车那样。对于能源系统这样的巨轮而言，进行转身调头无论如何都不是一件轻而易举的事情。DetailedReadingSummaryTheconceptsofinertiaandmomentumintheenergysystemmayhelpusunderstandhowitworks.Thecurrentenergysystemhasalotof(1)_________,whichmakesithardtostopordeflect;whereasanewenergysystem,withalotof(2)______,isashardtobesetinmotion.Part1momentuminertiaDetailedReadingPara.4Whatdoestechnologicalmomentummean?DetailedReadingPara.4Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.一种技术得到应用之后，其影响远远超出技术自身。Considertheincandescentbulb,acurrentobjectofhatredofmanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.以白炽灯泡为例。白炽灯泡是当前许多环保主义者和能源效率倡导者的仇恨对象。DetailedReadingPara.4deploy1）toputsomethingintouse;tostartusingsomethinginarealsituation投入使用ThecityhasdeployedAIcamerastoimprovetrafficmanagement.该城市部署了人工智能摄像头来改善交通管理。2）tomovesoldiersorweaponsintoapositionwheretheyarereadyformilitaryaction部署，调度（军队或武器）2000troopsweredeployedinthearea.那个地区部署了2000人的部队。Atleast5000missilesweredeployedalongtheborder.沿边境至少部署了5000枚导弹。DetailedReadingPara.4Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.reveal:toshowsththatpreviouslycouldnotbeseenHelaughed,revealingalineofwhiteteeth.他笑了起来，露出一排洁白的牙齿。Thedooropened,revealingacozylittleroom.房门打开，一间温暖舒适的小屋展现在眼前。今天在一家照明商店可以看到其选择之多令人惊叹。DetailedReadingPara.5ExamplesoflampsDetailedReadingPara.5Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures.Alightfixtureisanelectricaldevicethatcontainsanelectriclamp.Alllightfixtureshaveafixturebodyandoneormorelamps.Thelampsmaybeinsocketsforeasyreplacement,or,inthecaseofsomeLEDfixtures,hard-wiredinplace.所有这些专门的灯泡需要专门制作的灯具。DetailedReadingPara.6Andthere’smoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshavealsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.house:tofixorfit(apartorfitting),esp.inordertoprotectit安装，放置Thegasmeterishousedinthecupboardunderthestairs.煤气表安装在楼梯底下的柜橱里。DetailedReadingPara.6inaccordancewith1）accordingto,inawaythatfollows(something,suchasaruleorrequest)按照（作状语）Hisfuneralwillbeprivate,inaccordancewithhiswishes.根据他的意愿，他的葬礼将私下举行。2）=inaccordwithinaccordwith:inagreementwith与…一致（作表语）Thisactionwouldnotbeinaccordwithourpolicy.这一行动不会符合我们的方针。Theseresultsareinaccordwithearlierresearch.这些结果与早期研究相符。DetailedReadingPara.6Andthere’smoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshavealsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.还有，不仅安装白炽灯泡的灯具的设计需要满足其基本功能特点，而且房间和整个建筑物的设计也要符合白炽灯灯光在墙壁和窗户上的反射规律。DetailedReadingParas.4-6Anexampleisgiventoillustratethesignificanttechnologicalmomentuminthelightingsystems,whichworkssimilarlyinthecurrentenergysystems:Itisquiteeasytochange(1)___________.Itishardertochange(2)___________________.Itisalsohardtochange(3)___________________________designedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.alightbulbthebulbanditsfixturetheroomsandentirebuildingsDetailedReadingPara.7Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.notonly放在句首引导倒装句，表示“不仅…而且…”...notonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshave

alsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.他不但看过这本书，而且记得书的内容。Notonlydidhereadthebook,buthealsorememberedwhathehadread.

而且，我们未来的新型能源从业人员不仅需要接受培训，还必须按照正确的顺序接受培训。DetailedReadingPara.7Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachcohortofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.cohort:

agroupofpeoplewhohavesomethingincommonTestswerecarriedoutontheentirecohortofthirdyearstudentsatprimaryschool.测试是在所有小学三年级学生中进行的。我们首先需要设计人员，也许还需要管理人员，之后才是建造人员和操作人员。每一批受训人员都应确信，毕业之后有相应的工作岗位在等着他们。DetailedReadingPara.7Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty,given

theprevalenceoftenureinacademia.这里given

是一个介词（现在分词形式作介词用），意思是“考虑到；鉴于”，用来说明原因或背景条件。在某些情况下，高等院校可能不得不改变他们的培训计划；鉴于学术界终身职位盛行，这无疑进一步增加了人员培训的难度。DetailedReadingPara.7Thecurrentenergysystemshaveconsiderablelabor-poolmomentum,whichmeansconsiderableinertiainthenewenergysystems:Specialistsneededforthenewenergyindustryhaveto(4)_________first;andeducationtakestime.Prospectivenew(5)_____________havetobetrainedintherightsequence.Collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheir(6)________________,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.betrainedenergyworkerstrainingprogramsDetailedReadingPara.8Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.byfar:(usedwithcomparativeorsuperlativeadjectivesoradverbs)byagreatamountThelastofthesereasonsisbyfarthemostimportant.这些理由中最后一条比其他的重要得多。DetailedReadingPara.8Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.comeintoplay:tostarttohappenorhaveaneffectPersonalfeelingsshouldnotcomeintoplaywhenyouaremakingbusinessdecisions.作公务决策时不应掺入个人感情成分。能源体系转型时最大的动量因素是经济动量。DetailedReadingPara.8Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproductionandrefiningandelectricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespansandthathavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.installation:apieceofequipmentormachinerythathasbeenfixedinpositionandmadereadyforuse设备设施computerinstallations大型计算机设备aheatinginstallation供暖设施nuclearinstallations核设施DetailedReadingPara.8Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproductionandrefiningandelectricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespansandthathavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.recover:togetback(moneythathasbeenspent,invested,etc.)Legalactionisbeingtakentotrytorecoverthemoney.正在进行诉讼以收回那笔钱。TheBritishmarketalonewasnotlargeenoughtorecovertheircostsofproduction.单是英国的市场还不足以让他们收回生产成本。能源系统的主要组成部分，如燃料生产、炼油、发电、配电等设备设施，成本昂贵，使用寿命很长，要收回成本需要较长时期的运行。DetailedReadingPara.8Wheninvestorsputuptheirmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowerplant,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackovertheplannedlifeoftheplant.putup:Ifyouputupmoneyforsomething,youprovidethemoneythatisneededtopayforit.Thestateagreedtoputup$69,000tostarthiscompany.州政府同意为他创办公司出资69,000美元。Hewassupposedtoputuphalfthemoney,buthebackedout.他本应当出一半的钱，但他食言了。当投资者投入资金建造一座核电站时，他们期望在工厂的设计寿命内赚回这笔钱。DetailedReadingPara.8Thecurrentenergysystemshaveimmenseeconomicmomentum:Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystemsare(7)________________.Theyhave(8)________________.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopment(9)____________________.costlyinstallationslengthylifespanshavebeenrecoveredDetailedReadingParas.9-10Alltheforecasts,plans,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner.上面提到的所有预言、计划和预期都因其主导者和推动者的误判而以失败告终。他们以为他们希望实施的能源转型会有别于以往的能源转型，他们以为这一次他们会以前所未有的速度实现转型。DetailedReadingParas.9-10ByquotingVaclavSmil,theauthorsuggeststhatlessonsshouldbelearnedfrom(1)_______________________,allofwhichfailedbecause(2)______________provedtobeunlikely.Andunderstandingenergysystem(3)____________________canhelpyoudecidewhetherarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergyisfeasible.previousenergytransitionsinertiaandmomentumarapidprogressLanguagePracticePractice运动物体movingobject运动状态thestateofmotion高速运动moveatspeed动能kineticenergy总统竞选presidentialcampaignLanguagePractice能源转型energytransition航空母舰aircraftcarrier白炽灯泡incandescentlightbulb换灯泡changealightbulb台灯desklampLanguagePractice符合inaccordancewith履行carryout被裁员belaidoff按正确顺序intherightsequence在某些情况下insomecasesLanguagePractice培训课程trainingprogram产生作用comeintoplay使用寿命thelifespan收回成本recoverthecost投入商业运营gointocommercialserviceLanguagePractice前所未有的方式inanunprecedentedmanner燃油汽车gasoline-poweredcar电动汽车electriccar荧光灯fluorescentlightLanguagePractice1)Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.如果责任没有明确界定，就可能出现问题。Theremaybeproblemsifresponsibilitiesarenotclearlydefined.TranslateeachoftheChinesesentencesintoEnglishbyusingtheunderlinedphraseorstructureintheexample.LanguagePractice2)Soaheavyobjecthasalotofmomentum—thatis,oncehe’smoving,it’shardtochangehisstateofmotion.她被要求做售后服务，也就是说，她要上门帮顾客调琴。Shewasaskedtodotheafter-salesservice;thatis,shehadtotunethepianosforthecustomersintheirhomes.LanguagePractice3)Understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumiskeytojudgingwhetherarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergyisfeasible.良好的沟通是我们成功的关键。Goodcommunicationiskeytooursuccess.4)Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.房产新政的影响远不止房地产市场。Theinfluenceofnewhousingpoliciesreachesfarbeyondthehousingmarketalone.LanguagePractice5)Theincandescentlightbulb,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.他终于明白他只不过是个傀儡。Hecametorealizehewasonlyapuppet.6)Today,avisittoalightingstorerevea