2026年环境科学英语术语及翻译技能测试题

2026年环境科学英语术语及翻译技能测试题一、单选题（每题2分，共20题）说明：下列每题均有四个选项，请选择最符合题意的答案。1.Theprocessbywhichcarbondioxideisremovedfromtheatmosphereandconvertedintoorganiccompoundsiscalled______.A.PhotosynthesisB.RespirationC.DecompositionD.Nitrogenfixation2.Theterm"greenhousegas"referstoagasthat______.A.AbsorbsandemitsinfraredradiationB.IstransparenttosolarradiationC.PreventsozonedepletionD.Isnaturallyoccurringintheatmosphere3.ThephenomenonwhereheatistrappedintheEarth'satmosphereduetogreenhousegasesisknownas______.A.ThegreenhouseeffectB.TheozonelayerdepletionC.AcidrainD.Eutrophication4.Thelayeroftheatmospherethatabsorbsmostofthesun'sultravioletradiationiscalledthe______.A.TroposphereB.StratosphereC.MesosphereD.Thermosphere5.Theterm"eutrophication"describesasituationwhere______.A.Waterbodiesbecomenutrient-richB.Waterbodiesbecomenutrient-poorC.WaterbodiesexperienceacidificationD.Waterbodiesundergodesalination6.Theprocessofconvertingwasteintoreusablematerialsiscalled______.A.IncinerationB.CompostingC.LandfillingD.Recycling7.Theterm"biodegradable"referstoasubstancethat______.A.CanbebrokendownbymicroorganismsB.IsresistanttochemicaldegradationC.IsmadefromrenewableresourcesD.Isnon-toxictotheenvironment8.Theterm"carbonfootprint"referstothe______.A.TotalamountofcarbondioxideemittedbyhumanactivitiesB.AmountofcarbonstoredinaforestC.CarboncontentinfossilfuelsD.Carbonabsorptioncapacityoftheocean9.Theprocessofreducingwastegenerationthroughchangesinlifestyleandbehavioriscalled______.A.WasteminimizationB.WastemanagementC.WastedisposalD.Wastereduction10.Theterm"sustainabledevelopment"referstodevelopmentthat______.A.MaximizeseconomicgrowthatanycostB.MeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingfuturegenerationsC.PrioritizesindustrializationoverenvironmentalprotectionD.Focusessolelyontechnologicalinnovation二、多选题（每题3分，共10题）说明：下列每题均有四个选项，请选择所有符合题意的答案。1.Whichofthefollowingareexamplesofgreenhousegases?A.Carbondioxide(CO₂)B.Methane(CH₄)C.Nitrousoxide(N₂O)D.Oxygen(O₂)2.ThefollowingarecausesofwaterpollutionEXCEPT______.A.IndustrialdischargeB.AgriculturalrunoffC.NaturalmineraldepositsD.Householdwaste3.ThefollowingaremethodsofwastedisposalEXCEPT______.A.LandfillingB.IncinerationC.CompostingD.Windpowergeneration4.ThefollowingareeffectsofdeforestationEXCEPT______.A.IncreasedcarbonsequestrationB.HabitatlossC.SoilerosionD.Climatechange5.ThefollowingarerenewableenergysourcesEXCEPT______.A.SolarenergyB.WindenergyC.FossilfuelsD.Geothermalenergy6.ThefollowingarecomponentsofthecarboncycleEXCEPT______.A.PhotosynthesisB.RespirationC.VolcaniceruptionsD.Metalextraction7.ThefollowingarewaystoreduceairpollutionEXCEPT______.A.UsingpublictransportationB.BurningfossilfuelsC.PlantingtreesD.Usingenergy-efficientappliances8.ThefollowingarebenefitsofsustainableagricultureEXCEPT______.A.ReducedsoilerosionB.IncreasedpesticideuseC.ImprovedwaterqualityD.Enhancedbiodiversity9.Thefollowingareexamplesofnon-pointsourcepollutionEXCEPT______.A.IndustrialdischargeB.AgriculturalrunoffC.UrbanstormwaterrunoffD.Sewagetreatmentplanteffluent10.ThefollowingarechallengesofglobalwarmingEXCEPT______.A.RisingsealevelsB.IncreasedagriculturalproductivityC.ExtremeweathereventsD.Oceanacidification三、翻译填空题（每题4分，共5题）说明：请将下列中文句子翻译成英文。1.水体富营养化是指水体中营养物质过多，导致藻类过度生长。______referstoasituationwhereexcessivenutrientsinwaterbodiesleadtoalgalblooms.2.气候变化导致极端天气事件频发，如洪水、干旱和热浪。Climatechangeresultsinthefrequentoccurrenceofextremeweatherevents,suchas______,______,and______.3.可持续发展是指在不损害后代利益的前提下满足当代人的需求。Sustainabledevelopmentreferstomeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithout______theabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.4.生物多样性是指地球上所有生物形式的多样性，包括植物、动物和微生物。BiodiversityreferstothevarietyofalllivingorganismsonEarth,including______,______,and______.5.碳中和是指通过减少温室气体排放或增加碳汇，使人为温室气体排放量与吸收量相等。Carbonneutralityreferstoachievingastatewhereanthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsare______bycarbonsinks.四、句子改写题（每题5分，共5题）说明：请将下列英文句子改写成另一种表达方式，保持原意不变。1.Theincreaseingreenhousegasemissionshascontributedtoglobalwarming.→______2.Deforestationleadstosoilerosionandlossofbiodiversity.→______3.Recyclinghelpsreducewasteandconservenaturalresources.→______4.Theuseofrenewableenergycanmitigateclimatechange.→______5.Airpollutionaffectshumanhealthandtheenvironment.→______五、段落翻译题（10分）说明：请将下列中文段落翻译成英文。中国近年来大力推进生态文明建设，采取了一系列措施来减少空气污染和水污染。政府鼓励使用清洁能源，如太阳能和风能，并限制化石燃料的使用。此外，中国还加强了对工业废水的处理，以保护河流和湖泊的生态环境。这些努力不仅改善了环境质量，也为全球可持续发展做出了贡献。答案及解析一、单选题答案1.A2.A3.A4.B5.A6.B7.A8.A9.A10.B解析：1.Photosynthesis（光合作用）是植物吸收二氧化碳并转化为有机物的过程。2.Greenhousegas（温室气体）指能吸收和发射红外辐射的气体。3.Greenhouseeffect（温室效应）是指温室气体导致地球变暖的现象。4.Stratosphere（平流层）含有臭氧层，能吸收紫外线。5.Eutrophication（富营养化）指水体因营养物质过多导致藻类过度生长。6.Composting（堆肥）是将有机废物转化为肥料的过程。7.Biodegradable（可生物降解）指能被微生物分解的物质。8.Carbonfootprint（碳足迹）指个人或活动产生的温室气体总量。9.Wasteminimization（减量化）指减少废物产生的措施。10.Sustainabledevelopment（可持续发展）指满足当代需求而不损害后代利益的发展模式。二、多选题答案1.A,B,C2.C,D3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.B9.D10.B解析：1.CO₂、CH₄和N₂O是温室气体，O₂不是。2.自然矿物沉积（C）和污水处理厂排放（D）不是水污染的典型原因。3.风能发电（D）不是废物处理方法。4.增加碳汇（A）是森林的作用，不是导致问题的原因。5.煤炭等化石燃料（C）是不可再生能源。6.金属提取（D）不属于碳循环。7.燃烧化石燃料（B）会加剧空气污染。8.增加农药使用（B）与可持续农业背道而驰。9.污水处理厂排放（D）是点源污染。10.增加农业生产力（B）不是全球变暖的挑战。三、翻译填空题答案1.Eutrophication2.floods,droughts,heatwaves3.compromising4.plants,animals,microorganisms5.offset解析：1.富营养化是学术术语，直接对应。2.极端天气事件列举时用逗号分隔。3.compromisetheability...是常见搭配。4.植物动物微生物是生物多样性的分类。5.offsetemissions指抵消排放。四、句子改写题答案1.→Globalwarminghasbeenexacerbatedbytheriseingreenhousegasemissions.2.→Deforestationcausessoilerosionandbiodiversityloss.3.→Recyclinghelpsreducewasteandconservenaturalresources.4.→Renewableenergyusagecanhelpmitigateclimatechange.5.→Airpollutionharmshumanhealthandtheenvironment.解析：改写时需保持原意，可调整语序或