《东北草甸草原家畜混合放牧技术规程》征求意见稿

1T/GSXXX—2026东北草甸草原家畜混合放牧技术规程本文件确定了东北草甸草原家畜混合放牧的程序，规定了测算最适利用率、测算放牧时间、确定放牧顺序、测定牧草产量、测算家畜采食量、测算混合放牧家畜适宜载畜量的操作指示，描述了记录和档案管理等追溯方法。本文件适用于东北以牛羊为主要家畜的草甸草原。2规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。NY/T635-2015天然草地合理载畜量的计算NY/T2998-2016草地资源调查技术规程NY/T4129-2022草地家畜最适采食强度测算方法3术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。3.1混合放牧mixedgrazing同时进行牛羊等家畜放牧的草地利用方式。3.2草地最适利用率optimumutilizationrateofgrassland为保持草地生态良性循环，在既充分合理利用又不发生草地退化的放牧（或割草）强度下，可供利用的草地牧草产量占草地牧草年产草量的百分比。3.3可食牧草edibleforage草地上可被家畜采食的植物。3.4日采食量dailyfeedintake维持家畜的正常生长、发育、繁殖及正常地生产畜产品，每头家畜每天所需摄取的饲草量。2T/GSXXX—20264确定草地最适利用率按照NY/T635的规定确定草地不同季节的最适利用率。5确定放牧时间5.1开始放牧时间由不同草地类型的优势牧草生长发育情况确定。以禾本科牧草为主的草地，应在禾本科牧草开始抽茎拔节时；以豆科和杂类草为主的草地，应在腋芽（或侧枝）发生时。放牧时间应避开不同地区春季休牧期。5.2结束放牧时间应在生长季结束前30d左右，这里的生长季是指能保证植物生长发育所需的生物学有效温度的5.3放牧时间在放牧开始至放牧结束之间适宜放牧的天数，混合放牧不同家畜放牧时间分别测算。6确定混合放牧顺序牛羊混合放牧时，应先放羊或牛羊同时放牧。7测定牧草产量7.1测算牧草总产量按照NY/T4129的规定测定草地牧草总产量。7.2确定家畜可食牧草种类按照NY/T4129的规定确定可食牧草种类。7.3测算可食牧草产量草地可食牧草产量按式（1）计算：式中：Ye——可食牧草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2n——可食牧草总物种数；T/GSXXX—2026i——第i种可食牧草；Yi——第i种可食牧草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2）。7.4测算可食禾草产量草地可食禾草产量按式（2）计算：式中：Yg——可食禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2n——可食禾草总物种数；i——第i种可食禾草；Gi——第i种可食禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2）。7.5测算可食非禾草产量草地可食非禾草产量按式（3）计算：式中：Yf——可食非禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2n——可食非禾草总物种数；i——第i种可食非禾草；Fi——第i种可食非禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2）。8测算家畜日采食量肉牛、奶牛和绵羊日采食量按照其平均体重计算，见附录A、B、C。9测算混合放牧家畜适宜载畜量9.1牛适宜载畜量牛适宜载畜量按公式（4）计算：式中：CC——牛适宜载畜量，单位是头每公顷每天（n/hm2•d）；A——草地面积，单位是公顷（hm2Yg——可食禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2T/GSXXX—20264U——草地最适利用率，单位是百分率（%）；IC——牛日采食量，单位是千克（kg）；Tc——牛放牧时间，单位是天（d）。9.2羊适宜载畜量羊适宜载畜量按公式（5）计算：式中：CS——羊适宜载畜量，单位是只每公顷每天（羊单位/hm2•d）；A——草地面积，单位是公顷（hm2Yf——可食非禾草产量，单位为克每平方米（g/m2U——草地最适利用率，单位是百分率（%）；IS——羊日采食量，单位是千克（kg）；TS——羊放牧时间，单位是天（d）。10档案管理应对东北草甸草原家畜混合放牧过程进行记录，将数据、图像、评价指标统计分析表、评价报告等建立档案并及时归档。档案长期保存，做到可追溯。T/GSXXX—2026（资料性附录）肉牛日采食量生长育肥牛、生长母、妊娠母牛和哺乳母牛日采食量见表A.1~表A.3。表A.1生长育肥牛和生长母牛日采食量体重（kg）日采食量（kg）生长肥育牛生长母牛02.662.660.33.293.290.43.493.490.53.703.700.63.913.910.70.84.334.330.94.544.544.754.754.95-5.16-02.982.980.33.633.630.43.853.850.54.074.070.64.294.290.74.514.510.84.724.720.94.944.945.165.165.38-5.59-20003.303.300.33.983.98T/GSXXX—202660.44.214.210.54.444.440.64.664.660.74.894.890.80.95.345.345.575.575.80-6.03-22503.603.600.34.314.310.44.554.550.54.784.780.65.025.020.75.265.260.85.495.490.95.735.735.965.966.20-6.44-25003.93.90.34.644.640.44.884.880.55.135.130.65.375.370.75.625.620.85.875.870.96.366.366.60-6.85-27504.194.190.34.964.96T/GSXXX—20260.45.215.210.55.475.470.65.725.720.75.985.980.86.236.230.96.496.496.746.747.00-7.25-30004.464.460.35.265.260.45.535.530.55.795.790.66.066.060.76.326.320.86.586.580.96.856.857.38-7.64-32504.754.750.35.575.570.45.845.840.50.66.396.390.76.666.660.86.946.940.97.217.217.497.497.76-8.03-35005.025.020.35.875.87T/GSXXX—202680.46.156.150.56.436.430.66.726.720.77.007.000.87.287.280.97.577.577.857.858.13-8.41-37505.285.280.36.166.160.46.456.450.56.746.740.67.037.030.77.327.320.87.627.620.97.917.918.208.208.49-8.79-40005.555.550.36.456.450.46.766.760.57.067.060.67.367.360.77.667.660.87.967.960.98.268.268.568.568.87-9.17-42505.80-0.36.73-T/GSXXX—20260.47.04-0.57.35-0.67.66-0.77.97-0.88.29-0.98.60-8.91-9.22-9.53-45006.066.060.37.027.020.47.347.340.57.667.650.67.987.970.78.308.290.88.628.610.98.948.939.269.259.58-9.90-47506.31-0.37.30-0.47.63-0.57.96-0.68.29-0.78.61-0.88.94-0.99.27-9.60-9.93--50006.566.560.37.587.57T/GSXXX—20260.47.917.910.58.258.250.68.598.580.78.938.920.89.279.260.99.619.609.949.93--表A.2妊娠母牛日采食量体重（kg）妊娠月份日采食量（kg）30066.3276.4386.696.7735066.8676.9887.1597.3240067.3977.5187.6897.8445067.9078.0288.1998.3650068.4078.5288.6998.8655068.89T/GSXXX—202679.0089.1799.34表A.3哺乳母牛日采食量体重（kg）标准乳产量（kg）日采食量（kg）30004.4735.8246.2756.7267.1777.6288.0798.528.9735005.0236.3746.8257.2767.7278.1788.6299.079.5240005.5536.9047.3557.8068.2578.7089.1599.6045006.06T/GSXXX—202637.4147.8658.3168.7679.2189.66950006.5637.9148.3658.8169.2679.718955007.0438.3948.8459.2969.74789T/GSXXX—2026（资料性附录）奶牛日采食量成年母牛和种公牛日采食量、成年母牛每产1kg奶的日采食量、母牛妊娠最后四个月日采食量、生长母牛和生长公牛日采食量见表B.1~表B.4。表B.1成年母牛和种公牛日采食量成年母牛种公牛体重（kg）日采食量（kg）体重（kg）日采食量（kg）3505.025007.994005.556009.174506.067005006.568005507.049006007.526507.987008.447508.89--表B.2成年母牛每产1kg奶的日采食量乳脂率（%）日采食量（kg）2.50.31~0.353.00.34~0.383.50.37~0.414.00.40~0.454.50.43~0.495.00.46~0.525.50.49~0.55表B.3母牛妊娠最后四个月日采食量体重（kg）妊娠月份日采食量（kg）T/GSXXX—202635065.7876.2887.2398.740066.376.8187.7699.2245066.8177.3288.2799.7350067.3177.8288.78955067.8078.3189.26960068.2778.7889.73965068.7479.258970069.2279.718975069.65T/GSXXX—2026789表B.4生长母牛和生长公牛日采食量体重（kg）日采食量（kg）生长母牛生长公牛7000.30.40.52.030.62.212.10.72.392.30.83.612.50.9----00.30.40.52.162.10.62.342.30.72.572.40.82.792.70.9----9000.30.42.10.52.302.20.62.482.40.72.702.60.82.932.80.9----T/GSXXX—202600.32.072.00.42.252.20.52.432.30.62.662.50.72.842.70.82.90.9----00.32.392.30.42.572.50.52.792.70.63.022.90.73.240.83.513.30.93.743.64.053.802.212.20.32.702.70.42.882.80.53.00.63.333.20.73.603.40.83.833.70.94.103.94.414.202.482.50.33.022.90.43.203.20.53.423.60.63.653.80.73.923.8T/GSXXX—20260.84.194.00.94.504.34.824.620002.702.70.33.293.20.43.513.40.53.743.60.63.963.80.74.234.10.84.554.40.94.864.65.185.025003.203.20.33.833.80.44.054.00.54.324.20.64.594.50.74.864.70.85.185.00.95.545.35.905.630003.693.70.34.374.30.44.594.50.54.914.80.65.185.00.75.495.30.85.855.60.96.215.96.626.335004.10.34.864.80.45.135.0T/GSXXX—20260.55.455.30.65.765.60.76.085.90.86.396.20.96.846.67.297.040004.554.50.35.365.30.45.635.50.55.945.80.66.300.76.666.40.87.076.80.97.477.27.977.645005.005.00.35.805.70.46.106.00.56.506.30.66.806.70.77.207.00.87.707.40.98.107.88.608.250005.405.40.36.306.20.46.606.50.57.006.80.67.307.10.77.807.60.88.208.00.98.708.49.308.9T/GSXXX—202655005.805.80.36.806.70.47.106.90.57.507.30.67.907.70.78.300.88.808.50.99.308.99.909.560006.206.20.37.207.10.47.607.40.58.007.80.68.408.20.78.908.60.89.409.00.99.909.5T/GSXXX—2026（资料性附录）绵羊日采食量生长肥育绵羊羔羊、育成母绵羊、育成公绵羊、育肥绵羊、妊娠母绵羊和泌乳母绵羊日采食量见表C.1~表C.6。表C.1生长肥育绵羊羔羊日采食量体重（kg）日采食量（kg）40.10.20.360.10.130.20.130.30.1380.10.160.20.160.30.160.10.240.20.240.30.240.10.320.20.320.30.320.10.400.20.400.30.400.10.480.20.480.30.480.10.560.20.560.30.56T/GSXXX—2026200.10.640.20.640.30.64表C.2育成母绵羊日采食量体重（kg）日采食量（kg）2500.80.030.80.060.80.090.83000.030.060.093500.030.060.094000.030.060.094500.030.060.095000.030.060.09表C.3育成公绵羊日采食量体重（kg）日采食量（kg）T/GSXXX—2026200.050.90.100.90.15250.050.100.15300.050.100.15350.050.100.1540