2026年法律英语阅读与理解能力测试题集

2026年法律英语阅读与理解能力测试题集第一部分：多项选择题（共10题，每题2分，合计20分）说明：以下题目主要考察考生对英美法系法律文本的理解能力，涉及合同法、公司法、知识产权法等领域的实务案例。1.(2分)ThecontractbetweenPartyAandPartyBwasterminatedduetothelatter'smaterialbreach.AccordingtotheUniformCommercialCode(UCC),whichofthefollowingremediesisavailabletoPartyA?A.damagesequaltothecostofreplacementgoodsB.liquidateddamagesstipulatedinthecontractC.restitutionofthebenefitsconferredD.injunctiverelieftopreventfurtherbreaches2.(2分)Inadisputeoverpatentinfringement,thecourtfoundthatDefendantDusedthePlaintiffP'sinventionwithoutauthorization.WhichofthefollowingdamageswouldthecourttypicallyawardtoP?A.punitivedamagesformaliciousintentB.accountingofprofitsearnedbyDC.declinatorydamagesduetomarketdeclineD.compensatorydamagesbasedonthelostsalesvolume3.(2分)UndertheUKCompaniesAct2006,adirectorofapubliccompanymaybeheldpersonallyliableiftheyfailtoexerciseduediligenceintheirduties.WhichofthefollowingscenarioswouldNOTconstituteabreachofduediligence?A.directingatransactiontobenefitarelatedpartywithoutfairconsiderationB.providingfalseinformationtotheregulatorC.withholdingnecessaryinformationfromtheboardofdirectorsD.approvingabusinessplanwithreasonablecommercialrationale4.(2分)TheEuropeanUnion'sGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR)requirescompaniestoimplementdataprotectionimpactassessments(DPIAs)forhigh-riskprocessingactivities.WhichofthefollowingactivitieswouldlikelytriggeraDPIA?A.processingemployeepayrolldataB.collectingonlineadvertisementsC.storingcustomerinvoicesD.transferringpersonaldatatoathirdcountry5.(2分)InaclassactionlawsuitunderU.S.federallaw,theclassrepresentativemustmeettherequirementof"fairandadequaterepresentation."Whichofthefollowingfactorsiscriticalindeterminingthis?A.therepresentative'sfinancialinterestinthecaseB.thesimilarityoftheclassmembers'claimsC.therepresentative'spriorlitigationexperienceD.thenumberofclassmembers6.(2分)TheRestatement(Second)ofTortsdefines"negligence"asthebreachofadutyofcare,resultinginharm.WhichofthefollowingdefenseswouldNOTapplytoanegligenceclaim?A.fatalaccidentB.mistakeoffactC.resipsaloquiturD.contributorynegligence7.(2分)Inthecontextofinternationaltradelaw,a"forcemajeure"clauseinacontracttypicallyexcusesperformanceifanunforeseeneventmakesitimpossibletofulfillobligations.WhichofthefollowingwouldgenerallyNOTqualifyasaforcemajeureevent?A.naturaldisastersB.hostiletakeoversC.economicsanctionsD.insolvencyofasupplier8.(2分)TheSingaporeInternationalArbitrationCentre(SIAC)Rulesrequirepartiestodiscloseallrelevantdocumentstotheopposingside.Failuretodosomayresultinthecourtorderingadverseinremjudgment.Whichofthefollowingdocumentsmustbedisclosed?AprivilegeddocumentsheldbylegalcounselB.informationpertainingtonationalsecurityC.internalmemorandaofthecompanyD/documentsdirectlyrelevanttothedispute9.(2分)UndertheU.S.ForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA),acompanycanbeliablefor"secondaryliability"ifitfailstomaintainadequateinternalcontrols.WhichofthefollowingactionswouldNOTbeconsideredaviolationoftheFCPA'sinternalcontrolsprovision?A.lackofproperauthorizationforpaymentsB.documentingtransactionsinatransparentmannerC.withholdinginformationfromauditorsD.implementingacomplianceprogram10.(2分)InacommercialleaseagreementunderEnglishlaw,the"covenants"imposeobligationsonbothlandlordandtenant.WhichofthefollowingisNOTatypicalcovenantinacommerciallease?A.obligationtopayrentontimeB.righttosubletthepremisesC.provisionformaintenanceandrepairD.warrantyoftitletotheproperty第二部分：判断题（共10题，每题1分，合计10分）说明：以下题目考察考生对法律概念的理解是否准确，请判断正误。11.(1分)UndertheU.S.SupremeCourt'sdecisioninánalemma,acontractcanbeenforceableevenifitlacksconsideration.12.(1分)TheEuropeanCourtofJustice(ECJ)hasheldthattheEU'sGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR)preemptsnationallawsondataprotection.13.(1分)InabankruptcycaseunderU.S.law,theautomaticstaypreventscreditorsfrompursuingclaimsagainstthedebtor.14.(1分)UndertheUK'sConsumerRightsAct2015,aconsumerisentitledtoarefundifaproductisdefectiveandcannotberepaired.15.(1分)TheRestatement(Third)ofTorts:ApportionmentofLiabilitystatesthatmultipledefendantscanbeheldjointlyandseverallyliableiftheiractionsareindistinguishable.16.(1分)UndertheU.S.UniformCommercialCode(UCC),amerchantwhomakesafalserepresentationinacontractmaybeliableforfraudulentinducement.17.(1分)TheSingaporeInternationalArbitrationCentre(SIAC)RulesallowpartiestochooseEnglishorSingaporeanlawasthegoverninglawforthearbitration.18.(1分)UndertheU.S.AlienTortStatute(ATS),aforeignindividualcanbesuedinU.S.courtforviolatinginternationallaw.19.(1分)TheIndianCompaniesAct2013requireslistedcompaniestodiscloseenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)risksintheirannualreports.20.(1分)UndertheU.S.CopyrightAct,aworkmustberegisteredwiththeCopyrightOfficetobeprotected.第三部分：简答题（共5题，每题4分，合计20分）说明：以下题目要求考生用简明扼要的语言回答问题，不超过150字。21.(4分)Explainthedifferencebetween"damages"and"equitablerelief"inatortcase.22.(4分)UndertheUK'sEmploymentRightsAct1996,whatarethekeygroundsforunfairdismissal?23.(4分)Whatisthesignificanceofthe"publicpolicy"defenseincontractlaw?24.(4分)Describetheroleofa"disputeresolutionclause"inacommercialcontract.25.(4分)Whatarethemainrequirementsforavalid"powerofattorney"underU.S.law?第四部分：案例分析题（共5题，每题10分，合计50分）说明：以下题目基于具体案例，要求考生运用法律知识进行分析，并给出结论。26.(10分)CaseStudy:CompanyXenteredintoacontractwithCompanyYtosupplyrawmaterialsforaconstructionproject.Duetoasuddenpandemiclockdown,CompanyXfailedtodeliverthematerialsontime.CompanyYclaimedthatCompanyXbreachedthecontract.However,CompanyXarguedthatthelockdownconstitutedaforcemajeureevent,excusingitsperformance.Required:(a)UndertheUCC,canapandemiclockdownbeconsideredaforcemajeureevent?(b)WhatarethepotentiallegalremediesavailabletoCompanyY?27.(10分)CaseStudy:PlaintiffPdiscoveredthatDefendantDhadcopiedhersoftwarecodewithoutauthorizationanduseditintheirbusiness.Pfiledalawsuitforcopyrightinfringement.Darguedthatthesoftwarewasindependentlydevelopedandthatanysimilaritieswerecoincidental.Required:(a)UnderU.S.copyrightlaw,whatmustPprovetoestablishinfringement?(b)WhatdefensesmightDraise,andhowwouldPcounterthem?28.(10分)CaseStudy:Anemployee,E,wasdismissedbyheremployer,CompanyZ,for"poorperformance."Eclaimedthatthedismissalwasunfairbecauseshehadbeengivennopriorwarnings.Thecompanyarguedthatithadfolloweditsinternaldisciplinaryprocedures.Required:(a)UndertheUKEmploymentRightsAct1996,whatarethegroundsforunfairdismissal?(b)WhatevidencewouldEneedtosupportherclaim?29.(10分)CaseStudy:PartyAandPartyBenteredintoaninternationalsalescontractgovernedbytheCISG.PartyAshippedgoodstoPartyB,butthegoodsweredamagedduringtransit.PartyBrefusedtopayunderthecontract,claimingthatPartyAwasresponsibleforthedamage.Required:(a)UndertheCISG,whobearstheriskoflossfordamagedgoodsintransit?(b)WhatremediesareavailabletoPartyB?30.(10分)CaseStudy:AdirectorofCompanyWauthorizedatransactionthatbenefitedhissister’scompany,eventhoughthetransactionwasnotinthebestinterestsofCompanyW.Thecompany’sshareholdersfiledalawsuitagainstthedirectorforbreachinghisfiduciaryduties.Required:(a)UndertheUKCompaniesAct2006,whatarethefiduciarydutiesofadirector?(b)Whatarethepotentialconsequencesforthedirectorifthelawsuitissuccessful?答案与解析第一部分：多项选择题答案与解析1.A解析:UndertheUCC,amaterialbreachallowsthenon-breachingpartytoterminatethecontractandseekdamagesequaltothecostofreplacementgoods.2.B解析:AccountingofprofitsisacommonremedyforpatentinfringementunderU.S.law,asitcompensatestheplaintiffforthebenefitsthedefendantderivedfromtheinfringement.3.D解析:Duediligencerequiresdirectorstoactonreasonablecommercialjudgment.Approvingabusinessplanwithavalidrationaledoesnotconstituteabreach.4.B解析:Onlineadvertisingofteninvolvesprocessingpersonaldata(e.g.,cookies,userbehavior),whichmaytriggeraDPIAunderGDPR.5.B解析:Fairandadequaterepresentationrequirestheclassrepresentative’sintereststobesimilartothoseoftheclassmembers.6.D解析:Contributorynegligence(wheretheplaintiff’sownfaultcontributedtotheharm)isadefensethatnegatesliability,unliketheotheroptions.7.B解析:Hostiletakeoversarebusinessrisks,notunforeseenevents,anddonotqualifyasforcemajeure.8.D解析:Privilegeddocuments,nationalsecurityinformation,andinternalmemorandaaretypicallynotrequiredtobedisclosedunderarbitrationrules.9.B解析:Documentingtransactionstransparentlyispartofmaintainingadequateinternalcontrols,notaviolationofthem.10.B解析:Sublettingisusuallyanoptiongrantedtothetenant,notacovenantimposedonthelandlord.第二部分：判断题答案与解析11.正确解析:TheU.S.SupremeCourtinánalemmarecognizedimplied-in-factcontracts,whichneednothaveexplicitconsideration.12.错误解析:GDPRdoesnotpreempnationallaws;itsetsaminimumstandardthatcountriescanstrengthen.13.正确解析:Theautomaticstayunder11U.S.C.§362prohibitscreditorsfromtakingactionagainstthedebtorduringbankruptcy.14.正确解析:TheConsumerRightsAct2015entitlesconsumerstorefundsfordefectivegoodsthatcannotberepaired.15.错误解析:Restatement(Third)ofTorts:ApportionmentofLiabilityallowsjointandseveralliabilityonlyifeachdefendant’sconductwasidentifiableandcontributedequally.16.正确解析:UnderUCC§2-409,fraudulentinducementoccurswhenafalserepresentationinducescontractformation.17.正确解析:SIACRulesallowpartiestochoosethegoverninglawforthearbitration.18.正确解析:TheATS(28U.S.C.§1782)allowslawsuitsforviolationsofinternationallawbyforeignentities.19.正确解析:TheIndianCompaniesAct2013mandatesESGdisclosuresforlistedcompanies.20.错误解析:CopyrightprotectionunderU.S.lawisautomaticuponcreation,registrationisoptional.第三部分：简答题答案与解析21.答案:Damagesaremonetarycompensationforloss,whileequitablereliefincludesinjunctionsorspecificperformance.解析:Damagesareacommonremedyintorts,butequitablereliefmaybegrantedwhendamagesareinadequate.22.答案:Unfairdismissalgroundsincluderedundancy,misconduct,orunreasonabledisciplinaryaction.解析:TheActprovidesmultipledefensestoemployers,butdismissalwithoutfairnoticeisillegal.23.答案:Thepublicpolicydefenseexcusescontractperformancewhenitviolatesmoralorlegalprinciples(e.g.,illegalcontracts).解析:Courtsmayrefusetoenforcecontractsthatcontravenepublicpolicy.24.答案:Adisputeresolutionclausespecifiesmethods(e.g.,arbitration,litigation)forresolvingcontractdisputes.解析:Suchclausesaimtoavoidlitigationandstreamlineconflictresolution.25.答案:Avalidpowerofattorneyrequiresclearauthority,intent,andnotarization(variesbystate).解析:Mentalcapac